We aimed to determine the relationships between intestinal mucosal injury (based on diamine oxidase [DAO] concentrations), physiological modulators of intercellular tight junctions, and leaky gut biomarkers (based on zonulin concentrations) in dogs with atopic dermatitis. We previously demonstrated that gut restoration alleviates canine atopic dermatitis (CaD) based on the interaction between the gut microbiome and dermatological diseases, which is referred to as the "gut-skin axis." However, we observed the reverse in this study. This short-term, open-label, non-repeated study involved 30 owned dogs with CaD. Their CaD was clinically subclassified based on their Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index version 4 (CADESI-04) scoring based on proposed benchmarks for mild (10), moderate (35), and severe (≥60) AD skin lesions]. Clinical interpretation and laboratory examination were composed of epidermal corneometric analytes (epidermal hydration and pH), CADESI-04 scores, and intestinal biomarkers. The DAO concentrations for the mild (≤10; Group I), moderate (≥11-35; Group II), and severe (≥60-180; Group III) groups were 2.1-6, 0.9-5.2, and 0.4-4.1 ng/mL, respectively. The data on the decline in DAO concentrations with disease progression were valuable (p = 0.031). The zonulin concentrations (ng/mL) for Groups I, II, and III were 14.67 ± 2.45, 13.40 ± 4.56, and 10.89 ± 6.49, respectively (p = 0.008). Their epidermal hydration levels for Groups I, II, and III (59.90 ± 17.77, 30.75 ± 14.59, and 17.58 ± 11.71, respectively) were statistically significant. However, their pH values for Groups I, II, and III (5.02 ± 0.64, 4.47 ± 0.35, and 4.66 ± 1.07, respectively) were not. This study highlights the exploration of the gut-brain-skin axis and leaky gut.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar simultáneamente los niveles de zonulina en heces y sangre como un verdadero biomarcador para la detección y la gravedad del intestino permeable, que puede desarrollarse debido a diarrea infecciosa o no infecciosa de diversas causas etiológicas en perros. Cincuenta y cuatro perros, 45 con gastroenteritis y 9 perros sanos, fueron llevados a la clínica con antecedentes de diarrea de al menos un día de duración y fueron clasificados según su etiología según análisis clínicos de laboratorio. Los niveles de zonulina se determinaron a partir de muestras de sangre y heces mediante el ensayo de inmunoadsorción ligado a enzima. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el grupo sano y todos los grupos en cuanto a zonulina sérica y fecal. Los niveles de zonulina fecal en el grupo enfermo difirieron significativamente entre el grupo con coronavirus y los grupos con giardia y parvovirus, mientras que los niveles séricos de zonulina también difirieron significativamente en el grupo con moquillo. Los hallazgos sugieren que los niveles de zonulina fecal y sérica pueden utilizarse como un biomarcador no invasivo de disfunción de la barrera hematoencefálica en perros con gastroenteritis.

L-citrulline is a precursor for endogenous arginine synthesis, supporting nitric oxide production and urea cycle function, yet its pharmacokinetics in neonatal calves are unknown. This study characterized and compared the pharmacokinetics of L-citrulline after intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration in healthy neonatal Holstein calves and evaluated associated amino acid responses and short-term clinical and laboratory tolerability. Six healthy male calves (2-4 weeks old) received a single 150 mg/kg dose of L-citrulline as extemporaneously prepared 5% (w/v) IV and 10% (w/v) PO formulations in a randomized 2-period crossover design with a 7-day washout. Blood samples were collected pre-dose and up to 48 h post-dose. Plasma amino acids were quantified by LC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental analysis. After IV administration, the highest observed total plasma L-citrulline concentration was detected at the first post-dose sampling time, 5 min after bolus administration (Cpeak 2213 ± 629 μmol/L; range, 1329-2830 μmol/L). After PO administration, Cmax was 1107 ± 371 μmol/L (range, 623-1478 μmol/L), with a median Tmax of 60 min (range, 45-120 min). Baseline-corrected non-compartmental analysis yielded t1/2 values of 2.32 ± 0.79 h after IV administration and 2.23 ± 0.60 h after PO administration, with AUC0-∞ values of 4130 ± 558 and 3444 ± 1067 μmol·h/L, respectively. Absolute oral bioavailability was 0.86 ± 0.32 (range, 0.52-1.28). Both routes increased plasma arginine (max +159% IV; +122% PO) and ornithine (max +132% IV; +149% PO) with no clinically relevant adverse effects or laboratory abnormalities during short-term monitoring of clinical, hematological, biochemical, blood gas/electrolyte, and coagulation variables. These findings support further evaluation of L-citrulline as a nutritional and/or therapeutic supplement in neonatal calves.

This study aimed to simultaneously determine zonulin levels in feces and blood as a reliable biomarker for the detection and severity of intestinal permeability ("leaky gut"), which may develop due to infectious or non-infectious diarrhea of various etiologies in dogs. Fifty-four dogs, 45 with gastroenteritis and 9 healthy controls, were presented to the clinic with a history of diarrhea lasting at least one day and were classified according to etiology based on clinical laboratory analyses. Zonulin levels were measured in blood and fecal samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant differences in both serum and fecal zonulin levels were found between the healthy group and all diseased groups. Fecal zonulin levels in the diseased dogs differed significantly between the coronavirus group and the giardia and parvovirus groups, while serum zonulin levels also differed significantly in the distemper group. These findings suggest that fecal and serum zonulin levels may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in dogs with gastroenteritis.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on serum leptin levels in neonatal Holstein calves over a 28-day period. Neonatal calves were allocated into three groups: probiotic administered from birth (Group 1), probiotic administered from the third day after birth when feeding with milk commenced (Group 2), and a non-probiotic control group. Leptin levels were measured on days 0, 14, and 28. A significant decrease (P = 0.013) in leptin levels was observed in Group 2 on the 14th day compared to the Control group. Conversely, a significant increase (P = 0.017) in leptin levels was detected in Group 1 on the 28th day compared to the Control group. Changes in body weight over time were not statistically significant (P > 0.05) across the groups. No significant association between leptin levels and body weight was observed at the end of the intervention. These findings indicate that probiotic supplementation, regardless of the timing of initiation after birth, does not have a substantial impact on serum leptin levels during the neonatal period in Holstein calves. Further research with larger sample sizes and consideration of additional factors influencing leptin levels is warranted.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a major vector-borne disease with zoonotic potential, and oxidative stress plays an important role in its pathogenesis. CanL is a chronic, progressive disease in which clinical signs may develop gradually over months or even years, depending on host immune response and parasite burden. This study aimed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage in dogs with CanL by measuring urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and oxidative stress markers. A total of 54 dogs, including 34 dogs with CanL and 20 healthy controls, were included. Urinary 8-OHdG and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using ELISA method, whereas serum TAC and TOC were determined using automated colorimetric method. Dogs with CanL showed significantly higher TAC (1.30 ± 0.05 vs. 1.04 ± 0.06 mmol/L, p = 0.001) and TOC levels (18.91 ± 3.29 vs. 8.23 ± 1.61 μmol H2O2 Eq/L, p = 0.002) compared with healthy controls. Although urinary 8-OHdG and MDA levels were higher in infected dogs, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These findings indicate a disturbance in oxidative balance in dogs with CanL, characterized by simultaneous increases in both oxidant and antioxidant parameters, while urinary 8-OHdG, as measured by ELISA, may have limited ability to reflect cellular oxidative DNA damage in dogs with CanL, rather than indicating an absence of DNA damage.

BACKGROUND:Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease and is primarily associated with systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and immune dysregulation. Although angiopoietins (Ang) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are key regulators of vascular homeostasis, their roles in CanL have remained unclear. OBJECTIVES:The present study aimed to evaluate Ang-1, Ang-2 and VEGF levels in CanL, in relation to disease severity and inflammatory markers. METHODS:The study included 74 dogs (52 with CanL and 22 healthy controls). The dogs with CanL were categorized into four groups based on disease severity. Plasma levels of Ang-1, Ang-2 and VEGF were measured with commercial ELISA kits. The correlations of these parameters with disease progression and inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin, were statistically analysed. RESULTS:Ang-1 and VEGF levels were significantly elevated in advanced stages of CanL, suggesting a compensatory response to vascular damage and chronic inflammation. Ang-2 levels increased in both early and late stages, indicating endothelial destabilization and inflammatory progression. VEGF correlated with disease severity and aligned with enhanced vascular permeability. CRP and ferritin levels increased with disease severity and reflected systemic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS:This study highlights the potential role of VEGF, Ang-1 and Ang-2 in CanL progression. High levels of VEGF and Ang-2 suggest enhanced vascular permeability and inflammation, whereas elevated Ang-1 may indicate a compensatory response. Overall, these parameters have the potential to be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease progression and as targets for therapy. Additional studies with larger cohorts and advanced imaging techniques are needed to validate these findings.

This study aims to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) in the Aegean Region of Türkiye. Using a questionnaire-based approach, this study intends to fill the gaps in existing knowledge regarding the prevalence and determinants of these infections. A retrospective analysis of 781 dogs presented to Aydın Adnan Menderes University Small Animal Clinic from 2019 to 2024 was conducted. Among these, 205 dogs were confirmed to have at least one CVBD using rapid diagnostic tests (SNAP 4DX PLUS and SNAP Leishmania) with confirmatory methods. Data on dog demographics, lifestyle, and environmental exposure were collected using structured questionnaires. Prevalence rates were calculated based on the at-risk population, and logistic regression determined associations between risk factors and disease occurrence. Overall CVBD prevalence was 26.3%, with Ehrlichiosis (9.9%) and Leishmaniasis (7.4%) being the most common infections. Co-infections were present in 8.3% of cases. Geographical factors significantly influenced infection rates, particularly in Aydın compared to İzmir and Muğla, while demographics like age, breed size, gender, and outdoor activity had no significant impact. This highlights the necessity for region-specific control measures and the need for consistent adherence to preventive protocols to mitigate CVBD prevalence in high-risk areas.

Objective. The aim of this study is to investigate the variation in the serum zonulin and diamine oxidase levels in calves with diarrhea. Material and methods. 61 calves with neonatal diarrhea were enrolled. These calves were between 1-28 days old and had been diagnosed with relevant diseases through rapid diagnostic test kits. Serum levels of diamine oxidase and zonulin were examined among different infection groups including as Cryptosporidium spp., E. coli, Cryptosporidium + Clostridium perfringens, E. coli + Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium + Coronavirus, and a healthy control. Results. In the Cryptosporidium spp. group, serum diamine oxidase and zonulin levels were 7.97 ± 1.86 ng/mL and 46.71 ± 5.81 ng/mL, respectively. In the E. coli group, diamine oxidase was 5.6 ± 0.59 ng/mL, while zonulin was 76.64 ± 2.80 ng/mL. The Cryptosporidium + Clostridium perfringens group showed diamine oxidase at 7.99 ± 0.55 ng/mL and zonulin at 57.14 ± 8.98 ng/mL. In the E. coli + Clostridium perfringens group, diamine oxidase and zonulin were 7.38 ± 0.72 ng/mL and 36.56 ± 6.88 ng/mL, respectively. The Cryptosporidium + Coronavirus group had diamine oxidase at 3.77 ± 0.78 ng/mL and zonulin at 46.71 ± 7.11 ng/mL. In healthy controls, diamine oxidase was 16.91 ± 1.09 ng/mL and zonulin was 35.69 ± 3.69 ng/mL. Conclusion. These findings suggest that infections may have an impact on intestinal barrier function, and serum zonulin levels may reflect this effect.

Several bacteria could selectively use substrates among a combination of different carbon sources. Activated carbons exhibit a position for essential medicines and are involved in battling gastrointestinal and dermatological issues by removing toxins from the skin. Herein, in this research, we hypothesized that activated carbon nose pore strips could have helped diminish erythema scores, which is a concern for owners at initial dermatological referral. For this purpose, 116 pure or cross-bred owned dogs, from several different breeds, age and of both sexes, were deemed available for enrollment in 3 different groups. For a tentative diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (n=57, group I), cutaneous adverse food reaction (n=40, group II) and demodicosis (n=19, group III); epidermal corneometric analytes (skin pH and hydration), in vitro Ig E detection, dermatoscopy, bioresonance, breath nitric oxide test (low grade systemic inflammation), skin cytology along with visual analogue scale erythema severity score were deemed available. Erythema scoring was graded as 0 to 3. Skin microbiome manipulation by use of Activated charcoal (A-ch) nose strips was based on previously defined methodology by the same researcher group. A-ch Nose Pore Strips were placed onto the lesional skin, moistened, for at least 10 minutes. This allowed probable withdrawal of pathogens (removal), which were then A-ch strips removed. Day 10 measurements for the Visual analogue scale erythema severity score (VAS-ESS) revealed a difference between group II and others (p

Veteriner hekimliği alanındaki ilerlemeler ve evcil hayvanların aile üyeleri olarak giderek daha fazla kabul görmesiyle birlikte, köpeklerin ve kedilerin yaşam süreleri önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Bunun sonucunda, yaşa bağlı hastalıklar daha yaygın hale gelmiştir. Kognitif Disfonksiyon Sendromu (KDS), özellikle yaşlı ve geriatrik hayvanları etkileyen, insanlardaki Alzheimer hastalığına benzer nörodejeneratif bir durumdur. Klinik belirtiler geniş bir çeşitlilik gösterirken genellikle azalmış aktivite, dikkat eksikliği, anksiyete, idrar kaçırma, amaçsız dolaşma, uyku-uyanıklık döngüsü bozuklukları, mekânsal dezoryantasyon, hafıza kaybı ve davranış değişikliklerini içermektedir. Etkilenen hayvanların beyinlerinde, beta-amiloid plakları sıklıkla, hem ekstraselüler yaşlı plaklar hem de kan damarlarının etrafında gözlemlenmektedir. Kaydedilen ilerlemelere rağmen, KDS' nin tanı ve tedavisi hala zorluklar içermektedir. Bu derlemede, KDS' ye ilişkin güncel gelişmeler sunulmaktadır.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relaxation, stress reduction and behavioral changes observed after manual therapy applied to horses exposed to racing and physical training stimulus. This descriptive approach is aimed at veterinary clinicians to evaluate the therapy process more effectively with behavioral feedback. For this purpose, the study was conducted in two different equestrian clubs in Adana (Adana Mediterranean and Suvari Equestrian Clubs) between 2023 and 2024. A total of 32 racehorses (16 Thoroughbred, 16 Arabian; 16 female, 16 male) of different ages, genders and breeds were included in the study. Five minutes of manual therapy was applied for each of 7 different muscle groups. After the massage, behavioral observations were made for 10 min by moving 2 m away from the animals, and no separate baseline assessment was performed prior to the intervention. The application was carried out by a veterinarian with 15 years of experience. Importantly, no separate baseline assessment or control group was performed, and only behavioral responses were evaluated, which represents a major limitation of this pilot study. Among the observed behaviors in all horses, blinking, muscle twitching, respiratory changes, lip relaxation, licking and chewing were recorded for all horses. Relaxation signs such as head dropping (78.1%), yawning (34.4%), and ears falling to the side (62.5%) were frequently observed. Behaviors such as the appearance of the third eyelid (3.1%), grunting (12.5%) and sneezing (15.6%) were observed at a low percentage. Individual variables such as gender and breed did not have a statistically significant effect on the percentage of behavior (Chi-square test, p > 0.05). In conclusion, these preliminary findings suggest that manual therapy applications might be effective in reducing stress by triggering relaxation behaviors in riding horses, as these behaviors have been previously reported in the literature as reliable indicators of relaxation. Evaluation of behavioral responses after massage could be an important tool in determining physiotherapeutic effects. The fact that the application is performed by experienced people is an important factor that increases the success of the therapy and shows that manual therapy provides relaxation regardless of individual differences. Future controlled studies integrating physiological stress biomarkers are warranted to confirm these observations.

This study aimed to assess the severity of anemia, associated parameters, and their impact on cardiac function in dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis ( E. canis ), a zoonotic pathogen primarily transmitted by the brown dog tick. Forty-seven dogs, comprising 38 infected and 9 healthy controls, were classified into non-anemic (n=12), mildly mild (n=9), moderately (n=11), severely (n=4), and very severely anemic (n=2), groups. Hematological and echocardiographic assessments were performed, along with separate measurements of cardiac biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponin I [cTnI]) and iron metabolism biomarkers (e.g., serum iron, total iron-binding capacity [TIBC], and transferrin saturation). Hematological analysis revealed a significant reduction in hematocrit (17.11±1.34%), hemoglobin (5.22±0.88 g/dL), and platelet counts (38.25±22.62×10⁹/L) in severely anemic dogs compared to other groups. Echocardiographic findings demonstrated increased interventricular septal thickness during diastole (1.16±0.60 cm) and systole (1.38±0.10 cm) in moderately anemic dogs, indicating compensatory adaptations. Dogs with severe anemia exhibited elevated left ventricular end-diastolic (3.56±0.54 cm) and end-systolic dimensions (1.71±0.22 cm) in comparison to control dogs (p<0.05). Fractional shortening (53.83±7.71%) and ejection fraction (77.58±8.19%) were diminished among the severely anemic group, denoting altered cardiac function. Elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels (up to 0.29±0.22 ng/mL) were noted in a limited number of cases, suggesting that myocardial injury was not widespread. This study demonstrated that anemia severity significantly influences myocardial and hematological parameters in E. canis -infected dogs, with evidence indicating compensatory cardiac remodeling in response to chronic anemia. Further research utilizing advanced diagnostic techniques is recommended to better understand disease progression and associated complications.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada amaç, fonksiyonel gıda özelliğine sahip olan Ürolithin-a' (Ür-a)’nın enfeksiyöz olmayan ishalli buzağılarda doğal tedavi katılımcısı olarak etki edip edemeyeceğini multidisipliner olarak tespit etmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu amaçla 1 ila 28 günlük ishalli neonatal buzağılar arasından seçilerek, non-enfeksiyöz etiyolojiye sahip olan 40 buzağı çalışmaya dahil edildi. Enfeksiyöz ve enfeksiyöz olmayan ishaller arasında ayırıcı tanı için mikrobiyolojik, parazitolojik ve virolojik laboratuvar testlerine dayalı bir algoritma kullanıldı. Dışkı puanlaması 0 (normal kıvam) ile 3 (sıvı form) arasında bir ölçekle yapıldı. Ür-a, herhangi bir yan etki olmaksızın 10 ardışık gün boyunca 50 mg/kg dozunda oral yoldan uygulandı. Bulgular: Ür-a uygulamasına ilişkin olarak dışkı skorları (ortalama±standart sapma) önceki başlangıç değerleri olan 1.826 ± 0.242'ye (p < 0,01) kıyasla 0'a düştü. Sonuç: Elde edilen veriler, bu ön sonuçların non-infeksiyöz ishalli buzağılarda Ür-a'nın gastrointestinal sağlığı destekleyici etkinliğine sahip olabileceğini gösterebilir. İleriki çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesi gerekliliği, bir sonraki çalışmamızın amacı olacaktır

Gastrointestinal fizyolojide ve hastalıklarda kritik rolde olan izoenzim grubuna ait biyobelirtec olan fekal intestinal alkalen fosfataz’ın (F-IAP), beyin-bağırsak-deri ekseninde tanısal manada etkin olup olmadığının belirlenmesi hipotezinden yola çıkılarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma çift-kör, randomize, prospektif olarak planlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada bağırsak-beyin-deri ekseni odaklı değerlendirmede, aynı çalışma ekibinin önceki birikimleri, deneyimler ve çalışmaları bir adım öteye taşınarak atopik dermatitli köpeklerde alanımızda ilk olarak F-IAP aktivitesindeki değişimin, i) yeni bir gastroentero-dermatolojik sağlık biyobelirteci potansiyelini taşıyıp taşımayacağının belirlenmesi, ii) çinko seviyeleri ile olan ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi, iii) intestinal mukoza koruyucu etkisinin bu hastalık aktivitesine ilişkin olarak azalıp azalmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamına alınan n=14 atopik dermatitli ve karşılaştırmalı n=12 sağlıklı köpekte F-IAP ve serum çinko seviyeleri ölçüldü. Atopik dermatitli köpeklerde ortalama F-IAP değeri 13,8 IU/L iken sağlıklı kontrol grubunda 56,8 IU/L olarak ölçüldü (P = 0,0001). Benzer şekilde, serum çinko düzeyleri de atopik dermatitli bireylerde anlamlı derecede azalmış olup, bu grupta ortalama çinko düzeyi 0,696 mg/L, sağlıklı grupta ise 7,588 mg/L olarak belirlendi (P = 0,0001). Elde edilen sonuçlara bakıldığında atopik dermatitli köpeklerde gerek F-IAP gerekse Zn aktivitelerinde değişim meydana geldiğini öne sürmek yerinde olacaktır. Bulgular, sağaltım protokollerinde değişimi zorlayacaktır.

Bu çalışmada hiper- ya da hipotirodizmli köpeklerde insidensinin belirlenmesi hedeflemektedir. Farklı yaş, ırk ve her iki cinsiyetteki köpekler arasından gruplandırılan 104 köpekte total T4 (TT4) analizleri yapılmış ve TT4 < 1.0 µg/dL olanlar hipotiroidi, 1.0–4.0 µg/dL aralığında olanlar eutiroidi, > 4.0 µg/dL olanlar ise hipertiroidi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirilen 104 köpeğin 79 tanesi sağlıklı, 13 tanesi hipertiroid, 12 tanesi de hipotiroid tanısı almıştır. Hipotiroidi tanısı alan bireylerde letarji, kilo artışı, cilt kuruluğu, hipotermi ve bradikardi gibi belirtiler gözlemlenirken; hipertiroidi grubundaki bireylerde kilo kaybı, huzursuzluk, hiperaktivite, taşikardi ve poliüri-polidipsi gibi semptomlar ön plana çıkmıştır. Üç grup arasındaki TT4 düzeyi açısından anlamlı farklılık saptanmıştır (p

Kanin Monositik Ehrlichiosis vektör kaynaklı bulaşıcı ve ölümcül seyreden bir hastalıktır. Hastalık asemptomatik enfeksiyondan şiddetli ve hatta yaşamı tehdit eden boyuta kadar değişebilmektedir ve enfekte hayvanlarda depresyon, ateş, lökopeni ve trombositopeni gibi klinik belirtiler görülmektedir. Trombosit ve albümin düzeyleri inflamasyonun bir göstergesi olabilmekte ve inflamasyon şiddetine göre düzeyleri değişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ehrlichiosis ile enfekte köpeklerde trombosit-albumin oranının (TAO) aneminin şiddeti ile ilişkisini değerlendirerek, hastalığın klinik seyrindeki potansiyel prognostik öneminin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Kanin Monositik Ehrlichiosis’li olduğu tespit edilen 45 enfekte hayvan çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hayvanlar hematokrit değerine göre anemik olmayan (HCT (%) ≥37), Hafif anemik (HCT (%) ≥30,

OBJECTIVE To assess the clinical and immunological effectiveness of resveratrol alone or combined with allopurinol for treating canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). METHODS This study included 50 dogs, 30 diagnosed with CVL and 20 healthy controls. Dogs were classified based on their treatment regime (receiving resveratrol [200 mg/dog/d] and/or allopurinol [10 mg/kg/d]). Clinical scores, anti-leishmanial antibody titers, and routine blood parameters were evaluated on days 0, 15, and 30 after treatment. RESULTS Dogs treated with the combination therapy showed the most substantial improvements, with a 75.77% reduction in clinical scores and an 81.25% reduction in antibody titers. Dogs receiving allopurinol exhibited a 56.25% reduction in clinical scores, while those treated with resveratrol showed a 42.82% reduction. Antibody titers were less significantly reduced in the resveratrol group (67.5%) compared to the allopurinol group (45%). CONCLUSIONS Combining resveratrol with allopurinol enhances the therapeutic efficacy for CVL, leading to significant clinical improvements and reductions in antibody titers. Resveratrol alone also demonstrates promising anti-leishmanial effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Resveratrol, either alone or in combination with allopurinol, offers a feasible and effective alternative for improving clinical outcomes in CVL. Its incorporation into standard protocols may enhance treatment strategies in veterinary medicine.