On the basis of related literatures and interviews,it proposes the questionnaire to survey and sta-tisticly analyze the perceive problem of risk management in our venture capital firms,so as to realize the per-ceive actuality and thus provide empirical support to push risk management in venture capital.

The conventional marketing theory is changed on internet market and the classical theory as 4Ps has been developed in this new marketing environment. The concept of product, price, distribution and promotion are all extended. Meanwhile, the consumer awareness, the reference group, the company's brand and image, and the logistic have been become more important, and have new meaning for online marketing. These eight factors construct the model for internet marketing.

The purpose of this article is to explore the fact why China lacks indigenous innovation.By examining the technology evolution in China and indeed worldwide,this article highlights the fact that few Chinese companies invest on radical innovation.Moreover,this article presents the idea of radical innovation as the engine for catching-up.Finally,the Conclusion looks to the future,showing how developing country strategies will need to evolve further,in order to realize sustainable growth through radial innovation.

本文基于对循环经济缘起的回顾,对德国、日本、美国等发达国家发展循环经济的主要做法和实践进行了系统的分析,总结了这些国家发展循环经济的主要经验和启示,以对中国发展循环经济提供政策借鉴。

In view of foreign experiences to create beneficial macro-environment for venture capital ,the paper analyzes the structure of macro-environment system and points out that some problems are existing in the macro-environment in our country.AHP is used to evaluate the macro-risk of venture capital in China,which directs how to solve the difficulty of macro-environment to the development of venture capital in China.

This paper focuses on carrying on demonstration study on the management factors of radical innovation. At first relevant theories are piven. Secondly the analysis gets relevant materials and data through questionnaire investigation and uses SPSS software to analyze each management factor to the radical innovation and incremental innovation. Finally the conclusion is obtained which can. promote enterprise carrying on radical innovation.

Venture has its own features.These risk teatures of venture capital decide its option traits. Entrepreneurs extensively muse of real options in decision-making to control losing and prevent risk so as to realize maximum revenue.The paper is intended to offer beneficial refenence to Chinese venture development.

本文从历史的角度,对技术发展史上特别是工业革命时期突破性创新而引起链式反应进而形成突破性产业或产业群这一历史现象的分析,提出突破性创新而不是渐进性创新是后发国家实现科技经济赶超的根本.同时,从企业兴衰角度,分析了这一观点的微观基础,并指出,突破性创新是新兴小企业战胜成熟型大企业的利剑.在此基础上分析了渐进性创新对后发国家的所造成的依附性危害,阐述了发展中国家从渐进性创新向突破性创新战略转移的可能性和可行性.

For keeping the competition advantage, firms must organize project of radical innovation with project of incremental innovation.But mature firms often failed in the process of the radical innovation according to the practice. On the basis of analyses to organizational dilemma of mature firms that carried out the project of radical innovation,this paper deemed that the ambidextrous organization can be the best organizational mode for radical innovation with its advantages analyzed. Some advices about mature firms in our country are brought forward.

概述了以往的创新研究学者们对于突破性创新和渐进性创新的定义,并指出了他们的不足之处.在此基础上,重点阐述了突破性创新的特征,提出区分突破性创新和渐进性创新的重要标志是创新的改进轨道.这样的区分对于创新理论研究,指导企业的创新实践以及公司进行有效的战略思考和技术管理都有重要意义.

大多数发达国家与地区设立了鼓励新创企业的项目,这些项目被广泛称之为公共创业投资项目.本文从制度经济学角度出发,给出了公共创业投资项目存在的理由.通过对公共创业投资项目进行分类,分析研究各国公共创业投资项目的发展过程及其对创业经济活动的影响,总结了发展经验与教训.最后提出了新形势下公共创业投资项目面临的难题与挑战,为我国政府设立公共创业投资项目,有效引导和促进创业投资活动提供借鉴.

It analyses the dilemma of radical product innovation:how can a good idea be selected from thousands of ideas. On the basis of a summary of the traditional methods of radical product innovation,it analyses the idea of FFE and its contents and approaches. A detailed discription is made on it. It is helptul to bring about and identify the ideas on radical product innovation.

创业企业家对宏观经济发展和微观企业成长具备双重作用,通过对创业企业家与传统企业家的对比分析,指出创业企业家与传统企业家之间的最大区别在于有无创业精神,创业精神是创业企业家的必备要素.并通过对创业精神的理论研究和实证研究的综述,总结了创业精神形成过程中的影响因素.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本文分析了技术创新从渐进性创新向突破性创新转变的历史趋势 ,指出突破性创新是后发国家和企业实现经济赶超与跨越的根本途径 ,在对国内外突破性创新定义综述与渐进性创新与突破性创新比较的基础上 ,总结给出了突破性创新的根本特点 ,做为进行突破性创新识别与管理的基础</span>

创业投资家的代理风险 在创业投资中,投资者与创业投资家之间存在着典型的委托--代理关系,而信息不对称是创业投资的最重要特征.投资者与创业投资家之间的信息不对称,一方面表现为,作为委托人的投资者,无法在事前准确地甄别作为代理人的创业投资家的真实能力.以投资收益来甄别创业投资家的能力只是属于事后的判别,以此来遴选创业投资家并不是一种有效的安排.

科学与技术是人类认识世界改造世界智慧活动的结晶.尽管不同领域和流派的学者从来没有在科学和技术的概念上达成完全一致.但是,在科学与技术反映的是不以人的主观意志为转移的客观事物的规律这一点上是达成共识的.科学技术(特别是自然科学)是普适性的."具有明显的非阶级性和超民族性"①."无论它们是什么样的科学规律,在世界所有各个部分是相同的,与当地的文化和当地盛行的意识形态无关"②.虽然后来英国科学哲学家波普尔提出科学的可证伪原则,但通过对科学的真理性即关于绝对真理和相对真理的讨论和强调性诠释,从而化解了波普尔的质疑.随着科学真理观和超民族性特点成为科学的一种信仰,③不同国家、不同文化背景的科学家就用相同的规则来做实验,用相同的科学语言来交流研究成果.一个地方的科学家可以另一个地方科学家的研究成果为基础来进行进一步的科学实验.这种科学技术交流、扩散和发展的前提假设就是科学的普遍真理性和超民族性.

浙江省面临着工业化和信息化的双重任务,基本思路是以信息化带动工业化、以工业化促进信息化,实现经济的跨越式发展.在这个发展模式中,信息化是重点、途径与工具.为此,浙江省各级政府和企业已经和正在实施大量的信息化建设工程项目,并就如何确保这些建设工程的质量和效益作为我省经济工作的主要内容之一.从目前国内外的情况来看,浙江省建设信息化项目监理制度势在必行.

On the basis of related literatures and interviews, the paper design the questionnaire to survey and statistic analyze the risk factors existing in macro environment in our primary venture capital and related improve measures, in order to provide empirical support to realize the macro risk of venture capital and solve the development bottle-neck.

1.引言:创业投资家与创业企业家的委托-代理冲突 创业企业家需要资金来创办或开展有良好发展前景的新企业或项目,而创业投资家恰可提供资金,两者之间就形成了委托-代理关系.关于创业投资中的委托-代理问题,已经有大量的学术文献述及(Hart,2000),主要是针对代理人/创业企业家和委托人/创业投资家之间的利益冲突进行理论分析和实证研究.有关理论分析已经找出多种创业投资家/委托人用来缓解这种利益冲突的方法,其中最主要的有三种:第一,创业投资家可以构造投资契约,从而为创业企业家的最佳表现提供激励.第二,创业投资家可以在决定是否投资之前进行信息搜集,以便事先筛选掉不赚钱的项目和差的创业企业家.第三,创业投资家可以在投资后项目进行过程中进行信息搜集和监控活动.本文着重介绍上述方法在实践中的应用和存在的有关问题.