The properties of rice flour gel relative to yeast-leavened bread baking potential have been investigated. Twelve rice varieties were dry-milled to flour. Firm gels with a jelly-like consistency, only formed in high and intermediate amylose content (AC) varieties, including Goamibyeo, Milyang260, Suweon517, and Milyang261. These varieties maintained their shape after baking, yielding bread volumes comparable to that of wheat bread. Eight low AC varieties that did not form hard gels were unsuitable for bread-making due to shrinkage during cooling. Specific bread volumes correlated positively (p < .01) with gel hardness, elasticity, and cohesiveness. Crumb firmness correlated negatively (p < .01) with gel hardness and elasticity. Gel fracturability also correlated (p = .015) with crumb firmness. Hard gel formation was the primary determinant of rice suitability for yeast-leavened bread. Secondarily, the gel should be elastic and non-brittle. The physical properties of rice flour gels can be useful for predicting rice flour bread-making potential.

Background : This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extract from different parts of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow). Methods and Results : The total polyphenol content of pericarp and seed extract was 438.31 ㎎/g and 25.32 ㎎/g respectively. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 values) of pericarp and seed extract were 5.28 ㎍/㎖ and 355.51 ㎍/㎖ respectively. In addition, the pericarp extract showed strong reducing power. In the MTT assay, the pericarp extract significantly inhibited the viability of A549, AGS, HeLa, PC-3, HCT116, HT29 and SW620 cell lines compared with the seed extract. Conclusions : These results suggest that T. japonica Flerow extracts have significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity.

Background : This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow) extract. Methods and Results : The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 100% methanol extract of water chestnut were investigated. The methanol extract was evaluated for its total phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH•(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity,reducing power, andeffect on nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The total phenolic content was 438.31 ㎍ allic acid equivalent (GAE)/㎎ extract and the total flavonoid content was 61.40 ㎍ quercetin equivalent (QE)/㎎ extract. In addition, results revealed the extract possessed antioxidant activity (DPPH• free-radical scavenging activity) with IC50 value of 5.28 ㎍㎖ The reducing power of the extract was assayed spectro photometrically and showed Abs of 0.71 at 100 ㎍㎖ Furthermore, extracts of water chestnut exhibited no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, the NO assay revealed that LPS-induced NO production was significantly inhibited following treatment with water chestnut extracts. The expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The water chestnut extract also decreased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release. Conclusion : Therefore, the present findings provide scientific evidence for the nutritional potential, chemical composition, and biological activities of Trapa japonica Flerow anddemonstrate its potential use as a functional food forapplication in the pharmaceutical industry

The root of Platycodon grandiflorum is conventionally used as either foodstuff or a traditional medicine in Korea. The effects of different cooking methods on the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of P. grandiflorum root were evaluated. Compared with the raw roots of P. grandiflorum , the vitamin C content was significantly reduced in the samples subjected to all cooking treatments ( p <0.05). The total polyphenol, total flavonoid, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and reducing power of the root extract were significantly decreased ( p <0.05) after blanching and boiling treatments. On the other hand, steaming treatment preserved or increased the content of all phytochemicals and the antioxidant activities evaluated herein, with the exception of the vitamin C content and reducing power. The overall results of this study suggest that steaming was the method of choice for retaining the optimum benefits of the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of P. grandiflorum root.

시설 및 노지에서 재배된 오디를 숙기별로 분획하여 phenolic acid, flavonoid, anthocyanin의 구성성분 함량을 HPLC를 이용하여 측정하였다. 주요 phenolic acid로 caffeic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid가 확인되었고, 각각 96.37~824.00 μg/g, 19.45~68.23 μg/g, 4.50~18.66 μg/g, 15.61~29.27 μg/g 범위 수준을 나타내었다. 시설 및 노지 오디의 caffeic acid 및 sinapic acid의 함량은 숙기 초기에는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Coumaric acid는 일정 함량을 유지하였다가 마지막 단계에서 감소하였으며, ferulic acid는 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 시설 및 재배방법 간에는 전체적으로 노지 재배 오디의 phenolic acid의 함량이 높은 경향을 보였다. Flavonoid 성분 중 quercetin과 kaempferol의 함량은 각각 44.17~1,661.73 μg/g 및 108.67~360.20 μg/g의 범위 수준을 나타내었다. Quercetin은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였고, kaempferol은 노지 재배 오디의 경우 일정량을 유지하였으나 시설 재배 오디의 경우 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 재배방법 간에는 quercetin이 노지 재배 오디의 함량이 전체적으로 높게 나타났으나, kaempferol은 노지 재배 오디의 함량이 초기에는 높았다가 중간 단계에서는 낮았고 마지막 단계에서는 차이가 없었다. Anthocyanin 중 주요성분은 cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin이 검출되었으며, 각각의 함량은 30.43~6,443.88 μg/g, 0~52.10 μg/g, 1.06~1,650 μg/g, 1.92~401.97 μg/g 범위 수준으로 나타났다. Anthocyanin은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 재배방법별로는 노지 재배 오디의 함량이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 숙성되었거나 숙성 전단계의 오디가 활성성분이 가장 많이 함유되어 있으며, 시설 재배보다는 노지 재배 오디의 성분 함량이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 기능성 성분이 풍부한 함량을 가진 숙기 단계를 고려하여 오디를 수확한다면 기능성 소재로서 활용성이 더욱 높아질 것으로 기대된다.

가열 조건에 따른 단호박 페이스트를 제조하기 위해, 단호박을 15분 간 초벌 증숙한 뒤, 고압가열 처리 0분(A), 10분(B), 20분(C), 40분(D) 실시하여 실험군의 품질특성 을 조사하였다. 그 결과 일반성분의 경우, 대체적으로 고 압가열 처리 유무에 따른 유의적 차이가 관찰되었으며, 고압가열 처리한 B, C, D 실험군의 수분함량, 조단백질, 조섬유가 고압가열 무처리군 A에 비해 감소하였고, 가용성 무질소물은 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 가열 조건별 단호박 페이스트의 수용성식이섬유는 고압가열 20분 처리군인 C의 측정치가 2.02로 가장 높았으며 무처리군인 A의 1.60 보다 증가하였고, 고압가열 처리 40분의 경우 오히려 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 색도의 L 값은 고압가열 무처리군인 A가 52.20에서 고압가열 처리 10분, 20분, 40분으로 시간이 증가함에 따라 각각 50.33, 49.46, 48.06으로 감소하였고, a 값과 b 값 또한 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하였다. 현미경을 통한 단호박 페이스트의 현탁액 입자를 관찰한 결과 카로티노이드를 포함하는 유세포가 관찰되었으며 고압가열 처리와 그 시간이 증가함에 따라 단호박 유세포의 변형이 뚜렷하게 관찰되었으나, 부유안정성 실험 결과 실험군 A, B, C, D 간 차이가 없었다. 이때, 가열조건의 선택은 수용성 식이섬유의 증가, 환원당 증가, 단맛의 관능특성이 유의적으로 높고, 전반적 기호도가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타난 고압가열 처리 20분인 C 실험군으로 결정하였다. 선택된 조건의 단호박 페이스트에 식품가공 시 널리 사용되는 검류인 xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum을 단호박 페이스트에 종류별로 첨가하여 부유안정성을 확인하였는데, 이 결과 guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum 순으로 부유안정성 효과를 나타냈으며 locust bean gum과 xanathan gum은 비슷한 정도의 효과를 보였다. 또한 관능검사를 통한 기호도 확인 결과 텍스쳐와, 전반적인 기호도가 가장 우수했으므로 locust bean gum(0.2%) 첨가 단호박 라떼의 품질이 가장 적절할 것으로 판단된다. For the production of pumpkin paste with respect to heating conditions, we steamed the pumpkin for roughly 15 min, heated it with high pressure treatment for 0 min (A), 10 min (B), 20 min (C), 40 min (D), and subsequently investigated the quality characteristics. Generally a significant difference was observed between the pumpkin paste treated with and without high-pressure heat. The values of water content, crude protein and crude fiber of the high-pressure heat-treated groups B, C, D were decreased compared with untreated group A. The soluble fiber in experimental group B sweet-pumpkin paste treated with high-pressure heat for 20 min was higher than the control, and the highest value at 2.02. Experimental group D sweet-pumpkin paste treated with high-pressure heat for 40 min was found to have a decreased soluble fiber content relative to the control. The L value for the color of the group A untreated control sweet-pumpkin paste (no high-pressure heating) decreased as the time increased from 10 min to 40 min, with L values of 50.33, 49.46, and 48.06, respectively. The b value for the color of the sweet-pumpkin paste also decreased, showing a significant difference. Taking into account all the results, we chose experimental group B in order to prepare sweet-pumpkin latte. We used 0.2% gum (xanthan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum) as a stabilizer. Sweet-pumpkin latte with xanthan and locust bean gum has a suspension stability effect that lasts 90 min. The L and b values of sweet-pumpkin latte with gums increase and a value decrease compared with the control. In terms of the overall acceptance of the sweet-pumpkin latte, the experimental group with xanthan gum scored the best.

This study tried to develop Siraegi by boiling it down in soy seasoning sauce with excellent sensory attributes and evaluate the quality characteristics in order to enhance the value of traditional agricultural products, dried radish leaves. Sugar content of the seasoning sauce were finally established at 30% (w/v) compared with the starch syrup, which was added to the sauce through sensory evaluation among four groups, 0%, 30%, 60% and 100%. The texture (breaking strength) of Siraegi which was boiled for 30 minutes in water with baking powder was reduced by showing softening effect ranging from 7.6% to 42.1% as the amount of added baking powder was increased. The color of braised Siraegi produced with prepared a seasoning sauce and different content of baking powder, the brightness significantly decreased with an increase of baking powder. The reduction effects of breaking strength ranged from 25.6% to 43.9%, resulting a significant difference. The pH of braised Siraegi with a seasoning sauce significantly increased from 5.71 to 6.04 as the amount of added baking powder was increased, while its acidity was decreased. Sensory evaluation showed significant values for hardness and toughness as the values dropped when compared with the control (p<0.001), and overall acceptability of the group with adding 0.2% baking powder was best (p<0.001). In conclusion, baking powder could be considered as softening agent shorting the cooking time and improvement of the acceptability. Furthermore, it was expected that the newly developed soy sauce barised Siraegi using the dried radish leaves would be successfully utilized by side dishes in the food preparation industry.

Applied Plant Sciences Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, KoreaAbstract - There has been little research on the harvesting time-dependent changes in the antioxidant activities of new varieties of highland cultures of Gomchwi (Ligularia fischeri) crossed with Turcs (Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.)) and Nakai (Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis), namely Sammany (S), Gommany (G) and Damogy (D). This study was conducted to assess the effect of different harvesting times on nutritional and health-related properties such as total phenolic contents, flavonoids, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrasyl) free radical scavenging activities and reducing power. From these harvests, extracts were prepared using methanol. Total phenolic content in Jul 14-G (Gommany harvested on July 14, 0.172 ㎎·GAE/㎖) was higher than that in other products harvested after the same period (S, 0.154; D, 0.141 ㎎·GAE/㎖). Flavonoid content was higher in Jul 3-G (0.114 ㎎·QE/㎖), compared to Jul 3-S (0.113 ㎎·QE/㎖) and Jul 14-D (0.089 ㎎·QE/㎖). Antioxidant activities were higher in samples harvested after June 12 in all cases. On July 14, the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activities among all harvest dates were seen (92.875~94.595%). The reducing power was also dependent on harvest day (Abs 0.5~0.6 on July 14), showing a pattern similar to that of DPPH free radical-scavenging activities. Antioxidant activity and harvesting times seem to correlate with total polyphenol and flavonoid contents.

본 연구에서는 고품질 오디 생산과 기능성 제품 개발을 위한 기초자료 제공을 목적으로 작성하였다. 시설 및 노지 재배한 오디의 숙기별 pH, 적정산도, 유리당, 유기산, 총 폴리페놀, 총 플라보노이드, 총 안토시아닌, 항산화 활성 및 항산화력을 비교 분석하였다. pH와 적정산도는 시설의 경우 각각 3.52~4.91 및 0.47~2.63% 범위였고, 노지의 경우 각각 3.52~4.70 및 0.43~2.19% 범위로 숙도 단계에 따라 유의적인(P0.05) 차이를 보였다. 숙도별로 pH는 점차 높아졌고, 적정산도는 반대의 경향을 보였다. 재배 방법별로는 후기 단계로 갈수록 시설 재배가 유의적으로(P0.01) pH와 적정산도 모두 높아졌다. 주요 유리당으로는 fructose와 glucose가 검출되었고 함량은 각각 0.44~4.85% 및 0.43~4.79% 범위 수준으로 나타났으며, 숙도에 따라 유의적으로(P0.05) 증가하였다. 재배 방법별로는 유의적으로(P0.01) 시설 재배의 유리당 함량이 높았다. 주요 유기산으로는 citric acid, D-malic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid가 검출 되었고, 각각의 함량은 0.47~2.50 g/100 g, 0.22~0.53 g/100 g, 0.23~0.49 g/100 g, 0.29~ 1.04 g/100 g의 범위 수준으로 나타났다. 숙도가 증가함에 따라 점차 감소하였는데, 주로 citric acid의 급격한 감소의 영향으로 보인다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 노지 재배 오디는 171.74~482.98 mg/100 g, 시설 재배 오디는 126.21~471.41 mg/100 g의 범위 수준을 나타내었고, 숙도에 따라 유의적으로(P0.05) 증가하였다. 유의적인 차이가 없는 마지막 단계를 제외하고, 나머지 단계에서 유의적인(P0.05) 차이로 노지 재배 오디의 함량이 시설 재배 오디에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 62.72~174.60 mg/100 g, 94.34~197.53 mg/100 g의 범위 수준을 나타내었다. 숙도가 진행됨에 따라 노지 및 시설 재배의 경우 모두 함량은 유의적으로(P0.05) 감소하였다가 증가하였다. 노지 재배 오디의 함량이 시설 재배에 비하여 모든 숙도 단계에서 유의적으로(P0.05) 높게 나타났다. 총 안토니시아닌 함량은 각각 0.00~337.43 mg/100 g, 0.00~349.85 mg/100 g의 범위로 나타났고, 숙도별로 유의적인(P0.05) 차이를 보였다. DPPH 항산화 활성은 각각 62.15~337.76 mg AA eq./g, 81.57~313.23 mg AA eq./g 범위를 나타내었다. 숙도가 진행됨에 따라 항산화력은 증가하였고, 숙도 말기에 급격히 증가하였다. ABTS 항산화력은 각각 61.10~663.03 mg AA eq./100 g, 77.02~784.43 mg AA eq./100 g 범위를 나타내었다. 숙도가 진행됨에 따라 총 항산화력은 증가하였고 숙도 말기에 급격히 증가하였다. 이 결과로 보아 오디의 경우는 충분히 숙성된 후 수확하여 이용하는 것이 좋은 것으로 판단된다. 또한 품질 상 차이가 없고 장마철 수확기인 오디의 특성상 수확량이 많고 오염의 가능성이 적은 시설재배가 바람직한 것으로 보인다.

The in vitro digestibility as well as the molecular and crystalline structures of waxy rice starches isolated from brown rice, germinated brown rice (GBR), ultrasonicated GBR, and heat-moisture treated GBR were investigated. The germinated brown rice starch (GBRS) had a lower average molecular weight and a higher proportion of DP 6-12 in amylopectin than brown rice starch (BRS). The relative crystallinity, intensity ratio of the band at 1047 cm(-1) and 1022 cm(-1), gelatinization temperature and pasting temperature of waxy rice starch were reduced by germination. However, the ultrasonication and heat-moisture treatment of GBRS increased the relative crystallinity and gelatinization temperature. The digestibility of starch from brown waxy rice was increased by germination. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents were 50.5%, 42.4%, and 7.1% in BRS, and 69.0%, 27.9% and 3.1% in GBRS, respectively. The ultrasonication and heat-moisture treatment of GBRS reduced RDS content and increased RS content in raw and gelatinized starches. The decrease in starch digestibility of cooked GBR was more pronounced after heat-moisture treatment than after ultrasonication. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The pre-treatment conditions of butterbur stem such as blanching, freezing, and thawing were studied to optimize it for producing frozen butterbur stem to improve its storage ability. Butterbur stems were hot water blanched at 100°C for 3, 5, or 7 min respectively and then soaked in cold water. After peeling out and cutting into blocks (4.5×1.0×0.5 cm), butterbur stems were air-dried for 5, 10, or 15 min respectively. Dried samples were analyzed for their physicochemical properties. With blanching, the hardness value increased from 2.91 kg to 3.64 kg (p>0.05); however, adhesiveness decreased drastically after 5 min of blanching (p<0.05), which changed to a crisp texture. In addition, considering other physicochemical properties, it was assumed that 5-min blanching was optimal pre-treatment to maintain the original quality of butterbur stem for freezing. Five-minute blanched butterbur stems were airdried 5 min, frozen and thawed with several methods, and analyzed for their properties. Considering the thawing loss, hardness, and color change, the fastest freezing and thawing method had the lowest changes on the quality of frozen butterbur stem. Therefore, to produce frozen butterbur stem, it was assumed that immersion freezing and running water or room temperature thawing (25°C) were the best process.

This study investigated the quality properties of glutinous rice Gochujang produced by regional rural families in order to determine the present state of quality of traditional Gochujang. A total of 80 Gochujang samples were collected from nationwide rural families and their physicochemical characteristics were analyzed. Based on regional mean, ranges of moisture contents, pH, acidity, crude protein contents, and salinity of Gochujang were 44.31±5.73%~50.50±5.65%, 4.59±0.36~4.79±0.15, 1.18±0.22%~1.54±0.36%, 5.28±0.90%~6.93±.09%, and 5.55±0.85%~8.29±1.19%, respectively. The mean contents of amino type N, reducing sugars, and capsaicinoids were 488.81±79.74 mg%~715.16±78.09 mg%, 22.32±9.43%~28.61±8.80%, and 44.31±18.71 mg/kg~65.15±47.98 mg/kg, respectively, and differences were significant among the Gochujang samples. Hunter color values (L, a, and b) of Gochujang were 4.84±3.08, 21.26±10.53, and 8.20±5.91, respectively, and the range of viscosity was 31,511±11,764~72,923±32,555 cP. The acidity, salinity, moisture, crude protein, and amino type N contents of Gochujang produced from the Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do areas were significantly higher than those of other regions. According to principal component analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of Gochujang produced by rural families, the salinity, acidity, moisture, crude protein, and amino type N contents were strong characteristics of Gochujang produced by Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. These results indicate that traditional Gochujang produced by rural families shows various quality properties and regional differences in physicochemical characteristics.

This study investigated the quality characteristics of baked rice cake added with maltitol syrup. The hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of baked rice cake significantly decreased (P<0.05) according to the level of added maltitol syrup. Hunter's color values of baked rice cake did not differ significantly according to the level of added maltitol syrup. Sensory evaluation indicated that appearance, moistness, chewiness, hardness, and overall acceptance of baked rice cake prepared with added maltitol syrup were improved compared to those of baked control rice cake. Hunter's color values and texture properties of baked rice cake added with 10% maltitol syrup were compared with those of baked control rice cake during storage at room temperature for 3 days. Hunter's color L values of baked rice cake decreased during storage, whereas a and b values increased. The rate of hardness increase in baked rice cake with maltitol syrup was lower than that in baked control rice cake during storage. The Avrami exponents (n) of baked control rice cake and baked rice cake added with 10% maltitol were 2.418 and 2.098, respectively. The time constants (1/k) of the former and latter were 43.860 and 60.976, respectively. Overall, addition of 10% maltitol syrup improved the texture, sensory properties, and retarding retrogradation of baked rice cake.

대기업 생산 고추장의 소비 증가로 인한 고추장 특성의 획일화를 개선하기 위해 전국의 중소업체 생산 고추장 29종을 강원도, 경기도, 경상도, 전라도, 충청도에서 수집하여 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 수집된 고추장의 지역별 평균값은 수분함량 34.32-45.53%, 조단백질 함량 5.07-5.68%, pH 4.61-4.92, 산도 3.30-3.72%, 염도 9.93-16.14%의 범위를 보이는 것으로 측정되었다. 또한 환원당 함량이 16.81-29.81%, 아미노태질소 함량이 191.72-660.55 mg%, 캡사이시노이드 함량이 32.49-79.58 mg/kg로 나타나 지역별로 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, ${\alpha}$-amylase 활성과 ${\beta}$-amylase 활성은 각각 2.52-4.15 U/g과 26.36-36.47 U/g의 범위로 측정되었다. 또한 전체 중소업체 생산 고추장의 경우 수분함량 23.93-55.64%, 조단백질 함량 4.01-7.30%, 아미노태질소 함량 105.47-1092.00mg%, 캡사이시노이드 함량 8.74-181.50mg/kg으로 다양한 분포를 보이는 것으로 나타났고 대부분 한국산업표준(KS)에 적합하였다. To improve the standardized quality of gochujang produced by major companies, the quality characteristics of 29 gochujang samples produced by regional small- and medium-scale manufacturers were determined. The average moisture content, crude protein content, pH, acidity, and salinity of gochujang from regional manufacturers were found to be 34.32-45.53%, 5.07-5.68%, 4.61-4.92, 3.30-3.72%, and 9.93-16.14%, respectively. The contents of reducing sugar, amino type N, and capsaicinoids were found to be 16.81-29.81%, 191.72-660.55 mg%, and 32.49-79.58 mg/kg, respectively, and the ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-amylase activity were 2.52-4.15 and 26.36-36.47 U/g, respectively. These values varied significantly across regional manufacturers. In addition, overall, gochujang had a range of 23.93-55.64% moisture content, 4.01-7.30% crude protein content, 105.47-1092.00 mg% amino type N content, and 8.74-181.50 mg/kg capsaicinoid content. These results indicate that the quality characteristics of gochujang showed a wide distribution but met the Korean Industrial Standards. Therefore, these data can be used for quality control of gochujang.

조미액의 식초 함량을 달리하여 제조한 차잎 피클의 pH는 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 소폭 감소하였고, 총산도는 증가하였다. 차잎 피클의 색도는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 L값은 감소, a값은 증가함을 보였으며 식초 20% 실험군을 제외하고는 L값의 저장기간에 따른 유의적 차이가 없었다(p<0.05). 경도는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 꾸준히 감소하였는데 식초 10% 실험군은 15일부터 식초 20%, 30% 실험군은 5일부터, 식초 40% 실험군은 3일부터 경도에 유의적인 차이가(p<0.05) 나타난 것으로 보아 조미액의 식초함량이 피클의 연화현상에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보이며 조미액의 식초의 함량에 따라 경도 감소 시기의 차이가 나타나는 것은 조미액 별 산성 조건이 다르므로 탈메틸화(demethylation)가 진행되는 정도의 차이 때문인 것이라 사료된다. 관능검사 결과 떫은맛의 기호도는 저장기간이 지남에 따라 대체로 증가하였으며 전반적 기호도는 식초 함량 40% 실험군 제외한 모든 실험군에서 20일차에 점수가 가장 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05) 그 중 식초 함량 20% 실험군이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 차잎피클 제조시 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 총 페놀화합물 함량, 플라보노이드 함량은 감소하였으며 식초 함량 40% 실험군에서 가장 많이 감소함을 보였다. 또한, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능도 저장기간에 따라 꾸준히 감소하며 조미액의 식초의 함량 40% 실험군에서 가장 많이 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 종합해 볼 때 조미액의 식초함량을 달리하여 제조한 차잎 피클은 식초 20% 함량으로 저장 20일차에 섭취할 때 전반적인 기호도가 가장 우수하며 저장기간에 따라 항산화 화합물 함량 및 항산화 활성능이 감소하므로 가능한 빠른 시일에 섭취하는 것이 생리활성 물질의 이용면에서 우수할 것으로 사료된다. This study investigated the quality characteristics of tea leaf pickle with different pickling solutions. Blanched tea leaf at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3 min was pickled using pickling solutions (mixture of water, soy sauce, sugar and vinegar) with different vinegar contents (10, 20, 30 and 40%, v/v). and stored for 30 days at $4^{\circ}C$. The color values, hardness, pH, total acidity, sensory evaluation, antioxidant compound contents, DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging of the pickled tea leaf during storage were determined. The pH of tea leaf pickles decreased consistently and total acidity was increased during storage. The L-value of tea leaf pickles was decreased and the a-value was increased significantly during storage; however, the b-value had no significant changes (p<0.05). The hardness of the tea leaf pickles decreased consistently during storage. On the sensory evaluation, the highest score of overall acceptance was presented to the tea leaf pickle using a 20% vinegar pickling solution stored for 20 days. The antioxidant compound contents and antioxidant activity consistently decreased during storage; further, the experimental group of vinegar with 20% content tea leaf pickle displayed the lowest antioxidant compound content and antioxidant activity.

This study was performed to identify the physicochemical properties of acetylated mungbean starch (AMS) and acetylated acorn starch (AAS). AMS and AAS were prepared by the reaction of mungbean and acorn starch with acetic anhydride and passed through a 100-mesh sieve. The blue values of AMS and AAS were higher than those of native starch. Swelling power and solubility were increased by acetylation reaction. As for Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) properties, the pasting temperature of AMS and AAS was decreased to 64.4 and 74.8°C, respectively, lowering 2-6°C in temperature by acetylation reaction. But peak viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, and setback were decreased in AMS, while AAS was increased. AAS gels were significantly decreased in TPA features, including hardness, springiness, chewiness, and gumminess.

본 연구에서는 열처리가 야콘의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 열처리 온도(100 및 $121^{\circ}C$)와 시간(15, 30 및 60분)에 따른 항산화 성분 및 항산화 활성 변화를 조사하였다. 열처리 후 야콘의 갈변도, 유리형 및 결합형 폴리페놀 함량, 유리형 및 결합형 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH radical 소거 활성 및 ABTS radical 소거 활성을 측정하였다. 열처리 후 야콘의 갈변도, 유리형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성은 열처리 온도와 시간에 따라 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였고, 결합형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 감소하였다. 야콘의 유리형 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 $121^{\circ}C$, 60분 열처리 시 생야콘에 비해 각각 1.2배 및 1.1배로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가하였다. 또한, 야콘의 DPPH radical 소거 활성 및 ABTS Radical 소거 활성도 $121^{\circ}C$, 60분 열처리 시 생야콘에 비해 각각 1.7배 및 2.0배로 유의적(p<0.05)으로 증가였다. 야콘의 갈변도, 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거 활성 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 높은 상관관계(p<0.01)가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과, 열처리 방법을 통해 야콘의 항산화 성분과 항산화 활성을 강화시킬 수 있으며, 이를 활용한 기능성 식품 소재 개발이 가능할 것으로 생각된다. This study was investigated the effects of heat treatment on polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of yacon. Raw yacon was heated at $100^{\circ}C$ and $121^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30, or 60 min by using an autoclave. The browning intensity, levels of free and bound phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) radical-scavenging activity of yacon extracts following heat treatment were measured. The browning index, free polyphenolic content, and antioxidant activities in the extracts were significantly increased (p<0.05) with both increased heating temperature and time, while bound polyphenolic levels were decreased. The levels of free phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the yacon extract heated to $121^{\circ}C$ for 60 min were increased by 1.2 and 1.1 folds compared to raw yacon respectively. Moreover, DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities of the yacon heated to $121^{\circ}C$ for 60 min were 1.7 fold and 2.0 fold higher, respectively, than those of raw yacon. A significant (p<0.01) correlation was observed among browning intensity, free and bound phenolic and flavonoid levels, and DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities in heated yacon extract. Thus, heat treatment can be used as a method to enhance the antioxidant compound content in and the antioxidant activity of yacon.