Background and objectives. - Pregnancy is a developmental crisis with multiple impacts on the mother-to-be and the unborn baby. The psychic dynamics of the pregnant woman can, in turn, have a considerable effect on the bond between mother and fetus, and on the mothers behavior and mental health after childbirth. A womans bond with her child develops during pregnancy, and is accompanied by the representations she develops of herself as a future mother, and of her future baby. Pregnancy is a time of great vulnerability, as evidenced by the frequency and intensity of depressive symptoms. Because of this vulnerability, the perinatal period activates the pregnant womans attachment system. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate the extent to which the attachment strategies of mothers-to-be have an impact on their depressive symptomatology, their maternal representations and their prenatal attachment (maternal-fetal bond). To our knowledge, no study has jointly evaluated these variables. Methods. - Two hundred and twelve pregnant women have been invited to participate in the study during their prenatal appointments in two Parisian maternities in France. They completed questionnaires and scales assessing, respectively: attachment strategies (Relationship Scale Questionnaire [RSQ]), prenatal attachment (Prenatal Attachment Inventory [PAI]), prenatal depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]), and representations of themselves as future mothers and of their future children (scales from the Sterns R Interview). Results. - Mothers mean age is 32 years. Most participants have higher education qualifications (81.13%), compared with 59.4% of women in the French general population, according to data from the latest French national perinatal survey in 2021. Overall, 84.9% of the women in our sample are employed, also a higher proportion than in the general population of French women (67.9%). Similarly, 46.23% of the women are managers, compared with 17.8% of women in the general population. With regard to obstetrical data, 38.68% of women in our sample are primiparous, compared with 41.3% in the general population. Women are at an average of 28.35 weeks' amenorrhea at the time of their participation in the study (SD = 7.88; min = 12; max = 42). Nearly a quarter of women (24.06%) report having experienced complications in previous pregnancies, as well as in the current pregnancy. Regarding attachment strategies, participants have a slightly higher mean than the general population in the French validation study of the RSQ for the secure strategies (m = 3.2 > m = 3.13), and lower for fearful (m = 2.6 < 3), preoccupied (m = 2.78 < 2.97) and detached (m = 2.87 < 3.22) strategies. Prenatal attachment scores range from 10 to 80, with a mean of 56.42 (SD = 11.53), slightly lower than in the French validation study of the PAI (m = 60.11). With regard to depressive symptomatology, EPDS scores range from 0 to 24 (m = 6.99, SD = 4.53) and 20.76% of women show depressive symptoms. Womens representations of their future child are globally more positive than those they elaborate of themselves as future mothers. Attachment strategies predict a small but significant proportion of the variance of depressive symptomatology, the more or less positive quality of maternal representations and the intensity of the prenatal bond of pregnant women to their fetus. The more secure the attachment is, the more positive the maternal representations are. In addition, secure attachment is negatively related to depressive symptoms, while these latter are positively correlated with insecure fearful and preoccupied attachment strategies. With regard to pregnancy term, in line with previous research, this study confirms that maternal-fetal attachment increases as pregnancy progresses. Finally, contrary to previous research, preoccupied attachment is positively correlated with prenatal attachment. Conclusions. - A pregnant womans attachment strategies play a role in how she experiences her pregnancy, imagines her baby and projects herself as a mother. Depressive symptoms, maternal representations and maternal-fetal attachment are partly predicted by pregnant womens attachment strategies. As indicators of the type of support they need, taking pregnant womens attachment strategies into account can contribute to the provision of appropriate support, help prevent symptoms of psychological distress and improve the experience of pregnancy. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

The illusion of control (IoC) is a cognitive distortion implicated in risky and problem gambling. This study aimed to validate a comprehensive IoC measure, the Multi-Dimensional Rating Scale for Illusion of Control in Gambling (EEMDIC), in a large non-clinical sample of adult and aging gamblers, and to clarify how IoC relates to gambling severity, game type, and age. A total of 1,311 participants aged 40-75 completed the EEMDIC, the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), and questions on gambling habits and sociodemographics. Exploratory (n = 649) and confirmatory (n = 662) factor analyses assessed scale structure. ANOVAs, linear regressions, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlations examined associations with game category, PGSI scores, education, occupation, and age. Factor analyses supported a reduced 14-item EEMDIC with four coherent factors: Luck, Skill, Strategy, and Rituals/Superstitious Behaviors. Higher EEMDIC scores, especially on primary-control dimensions (Skill, Strategy), were associated with greater gambling severity and engagement in strategic betting (sports, horse racing). Education correlated negatively with IoC, and occupational differences emerged. Age was modestly but significantly associated with lower IoC: it explained approximate to 2.8% of total variance and 0.9-4.1% across factors. Framing on gains or losses showed no age effect after controlling for PGSI. The EEMDIC is a reliable, multidimensional tool distinguishing primary and secondary control beliefs. Findings link primary-control beliefs to gambling harm and show modest age-related declines in IoC. The scale can inform targeted prevention and tailored interventions across game types and sociodemographic groups.

Objectifs Cette étude a pour objectif d’investiguer dans quelle mesure les stratégies d’attachement des futures mères ont un impact sur leur symptomatologie dépressive, leurs représentations maternelles et leur attachement maternofœtal. Méthodes Deux cent douze femmes enceintes ont été sollicitées à participer à l’étude lors de visites prénatales dans deux maternités parisiennes. Elles ont complété des mesures permettant d’évaluer : les stratégies d’attachement (Relationship Scale Questionnaire), l’attachement prénatal (Prenatal Attachment Inventory), la dépression prénatale (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) et les représentations que les femmes enceintes ont d’elles-mêmes et de leur futur enfant (échelles de l’Entretien R). Résultats Les stratégies d’attachement permettent de prédire une faible part, mais significative, de la variance de la symptomatologie dépressive, de la qualité plus ou moins positive des représentations maternelles et de l’intensité de l’attachement prénatal des femmes enceintes envers leur fœtus. Par ailleurs, plus les scores d’attachement sécure sont élevés, plus les représentations maternelles sont positives. L’attachement sécure est en revanche négativement corrélé aux symptômes dépressifs, alors que ces derniers sont positivement corrélés aux stratégies d’attachement insécures (craintives et préoccupées). Enfin, contrairement à des études précédentes, notre étude montre que l’attachement préoccupé est positivement corrélé à l’attachement maternofœtal. Conclusions Les stratégies d’attachement de la femme enceinte jouent un rôle dans la façon dont elle vit sa grossesse, imagine son bébé et se projette en tant que mère. Les symptômes dépressifs, les représentations maternelles et l’attachement maternofœtal sont en partie prédits par les stratégies d’attachement des femmes enceintes. En tant qu’indicateurs du type de soutien dont elles ont besoin, la prise en compte des stratégies d’attachement des femmes enceintes peut contribuer à la proposition d’un accompagnement ajusté, à prévenir des symptômes de détresse psychologique et à améliorer le vécu de la grossesse.

BACKGROUND:Due to the diversity of self-help smoking cessation programs, the effects of those programs on smoking and the factors involved in their efficacy remain unclear, with contradictory results. PURPOSE:The purpose of this review was to systematically analyze literature from 2000 to 2023 to evaluate the effectiveness of various self-help smoking cessation programs including a follow-up at 6 months postintervention and to identify if any specific type of material proved to be more effective than others. METHODS:Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses method, 17 studies were included in this review. RESULTS:Results suggest that programs actively involving users are the most effective ones. While technological self-help smoking cessation programs are prevalent, they do not inherently surpass traditional print-based methods in effectiveness. Technology alone does not necessarily enhance smoking cessation outcomes. The findings also highlight specific limitations associated with assessing the effectiveness of interventions: numerous studies primarily compare various intervention types, often lacking a suitable control condition, and frequently involve numerous confounding variables. Additionally, most interventions lack a clearly defined timeline, impeding a precise assessment of real-time effects. Finally, the results raise questions about the duration of protocols: 6 months may not always be adequate to observe the progression of an individual's nicotine addiction. CONCLUSIONS:This study considers the factors involved in the effectiveness of self-help smoking cessation programs, provides insight into the existing limitations of current research and suggests potential avenues for future studies.

Self-stigma, defined as the internalization of stereotypes, is well documented among people suffering from mental illness, including people with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Progressive model of self stigma states that alcohol users internalized stigma through four successive steps: awareness, agree, application, and harm. Simultaneously, people with AUDs are subject to shame and guilt. Even if any consensus appears, it seems that shame improves alcohol consumption, whereas guilt acts as a protective factor. Although many studies have emerged over the past decades regarding self-stigma, few have studied the implications of emotions in the process of self-stigma. Moreover, no study has been conducted with alcohol users in France. This quantitative study aims to explore the relations between self-stigma process, guilt, and shame in AUD. One hundred fourteen participants recruited in an addiction care center near Paris, France took part in the study. Participants responded through seven preexisting self-report scale investigated alcohol dependence, drugs dependence, depression and anxiety symptoms, perceived stigma, self-stigma, guilt, and shame. Through hierarchical multiple regression, the implications of guilt and shame in the process of self-stigma were highlighted. While internalization of stigma occurs in successive stages, according to theoretical model, shame seems to predict each stage. In contrast, guilt is not linked to any stage of self-stigma. The results suggest a deleterious role of shame toward alcohol consumption as well as the internalization of stigma. Moreover, the progress of research on the involvement of reflexive emotions in self-stigma makes it possible to think about a global and adapted therapeutic accompaniment for people with AUDs.

Regular cannabis use during adolescence can lead to cognitive, psychological, and social consequences, causing significant distress. Although psychological interventions are the mainstay type of treatment for cannabis use disorder, the results remain mixed among youths. The objective of this review is twofold: to identify the existing psychological interventions for cannabis use among youths, and to assess the evidence regarding the effectiveness of those interventions. Randomized controlled trials focused exclusively on cannabis use among adolescents and young adults were included. Three databases-Embase, PsycInfo, and PubMed-were searched to identify relevant peer-reviewed manuscripts published before February 2022 in English and French. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials were included. Fourteen studies reported a significant outcome related to cannabis use. These were mainly non-intensive, online interventions that aimed to improve the patients' relationships and emotion regulation. This review highlights the need to conduct additional randomized control trials that target cannabis use disorder specifically among adolescents. These randomized control trials should also aim to reduce the risk of bias related to psychiatric comorbidities as well as detection and attrition problems.

The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.

Poker is a game of chance and strategy in which the situations that arise and the outcome can cause gamblers to experience intense emotions, both pleasant and unpleasant, which can alter decision-making and lead to loss of control. This qualitative study aimed to identify elements that could contribute to better emotional regulation and gambling practices among experienced poker gamblers. A thematic analysis was carried out on 21 interviews conducted with male poker gamblers. It revealed four main themes: a confrontation with intense feelings (tilt, chasing, adrenaline), learning about and around the game (rules, jargon, knowledge of probability and statistics), a change in perception of poker (game as a sport, competition and improvement motives), and emotional detachment from the game over time. Acquiring knowledge about the game, attributing a word to each of the unfolding events, approaching poker in a scientific and serious manner, and introspection to improve poker practice seem to help poker gamblers regain control after being in the grip of intense emotions. This study provides access to the path taken by poker gamblers to respond to their desire to continue the gambling activity and to no longer be plagued by intense feelings.

Studies using person-centered approaches to further explore the profiles of pornography users throw their psychiatric features are lacking. This study was designed to examine the different profiles of pornography users based on the addictive dimensions of Problematic Pornography Use (PPU) and to characterize these profiles according to psychopathological variables such as depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A sample of 1001 French adults participated to a survey containing scales related to psychopathological variables, cybersexual addiction and PPU. PPU was assessed with the French Version of Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (Fr-PPCS-18). An Agglomerative Hierarchical Classification was performed on the basis of FR-PPCS-18. A student's t-test was used to observe PPU and psychopathological differences between profiles. Findings revealed three profiles of users: non-problematic users (66.5%), at-risk users (29.9%), and problematic users (3.6%). There were significant differences between the three profiles concerning levels of global PPU, PPU mechanisms, cybersexual addiction symptoms, ADHD symptomatology and depressive symptomatology. Results confirmed the existence of different levels of severity of pornography use corresponding to three different profiles. Also, findings revealed the influence of ADHD symptoms, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressive symptoms on PPU.

Gambling is a field of study that has grown since the 2000s. Much research has focused on adolescents and youth as a vulnerable population. The rate of aging gamblers is increasing; however, evidence-based knowledge of this population is still too sparse. After introducing the issue (1), this article provides a narrative review of older adults' gambling through three sections: (2) older adult gamblers (age, characteristics, and motivations), (3) gambling as a risky decision-making situation, and (4) gambling disorder related to older adults. By drawing on the existing literature from a problematization perspective, this type of review can highlight complex and original research topics and provoke thought and controversy to generate avenues for future research. This narrative review provides an overview of the existing literature on gambling among older adults and offers perspectives on how aging can affect decision-making and thus gambling for this population. Older adults are a specific population, not only in terms of the consequences of gambling disorders but also in terms of the motivations and cognitions underlying gambling behaviors. Studies on behavioral science focusing on decision-making in older adults could help in the development of public policy in terms of targeted prevention.

Introduction. - Even though Instagram use and popularity have been developed increasingly, many studies investigating have been carried out on problematic social networks use or problematic Facebook use. However, problematic Instagram use and underlying factors related to it are little known. Objective. - Based on the I-PACE model (Brand et al., 2016), the aim of this exploratory study is to assess problematic Instagram use and to examine the links between behavioural characteristics (number of hours spent on Instagram, of self-photos, of likes on posts and followers), social comparison orientation, physical and social self-esteem, and problematic Instagram use in a sample of young adults French university students from 20 to 26 years old. Method. - Sixty-six participants have completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires including the Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS), the physical appearance subscale of "Physical Self-Perception Profile" (SEISP), the "Social Self-Esteem Inventory" (IESS), and the Iowa -Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM). Results. - Thirty percent of participants have a problematic Instagram use. Correlational analysis revealed that behavioural characteristics and social comparison orientation are positively associated with problematic Instagram use, while physical and social self-esteem were negatively associated with it. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that social comparison orientation, physical self-esteem, number of hours spent on Instagram and number of followers were the most powerful predictors of problematic Instagram use. Conclusion. - Results provide a better understanding regarding to psychological factors linked to problematic Instagram use and allow to consider therapeutic and preventive interventions.(c) 2022 Societe Franc,aise de Psychologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Introduction and aims. . While most of pornography users have recreational and pleasurable use, with no associated psychosexological consequences, between 3% and 15% of them may develop what the literature identifies as a "Problematic Pornography Use" (PPU). Detecting PPU is complex and requires the clinician's ability to adequately discriminate between recreational and problematic use. Standardized assessment tools allow for a targeted and objective detection of PPU, avoiding the interference of ideological or cultural biases. However, no French-language assessment scale for PPU exists to date. Thus, the aim of this study is on the one hand, to explore the psychometric properties of the French version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale-18 (PPCS-18) and on the other hand, to verify its convergent validity with the s-IAT-sexe, a French scale for the assessment of cybersex addiction (W & eacute;ry et al., 2016), allowing an exploration of the addictive conceptualization of PPU. Method. The PPCS-18 was subjected to a rigorous four-step translation-backtranslation procedure. Then, 1001 individuals aged 18 to 35 years from the general French population completed an online protocol containing the French version of the PPCS-18 (Fr-PPCS-18), the s-IAT-sex scale exploring cybersexual addiction, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The Ethic Committee of the Universit & eacute; Paris Cit & eacute; approved the study. Results. . The overall reliability of the Fr-PPCS-18 is excellent (alpha alpha = .93; omega = .96). The correlation between the Fr-PPCS-18 and s-IAT-sex scales is positive, high and significant (r = 0.79; p<.001). The PCA revealed a five factors structure (Mood Modification, Tolerance, Relapse, Conflict and Withdrawal) that explain 72.9% of the total variance. Conclusion. . This study is a first step in a psychometric validation process of the Fr-PPCS-18, which has been shown to be robust and reliable in discriminating recreational from pathological users, as well as in exploring the etiological mechanisms underlying the psychosexological manifestations of PPU. Also, the strong relationship between the Fr-PPCSand the s-IAT-sexe may support the addictive conceptualization of the PPU.

The Laboratory of Psychopathology and Health Processes (LPPS) is a research unit that conducts work on individual mental functioning and its evolution in people confronted or not with disorders (autism spectrum disorders, addictions, chronic diseases, etc.). Mental health as a theme that cuts across the three axes of the LPPS was selected during the oral presentation during the session "Research issues: laboratory dynamics", at the Institute's centenary ceremony, on September 10, 2021. Mental health is increasingly a national and international concern due to the consequences it entails, particularly in terms of suffering, stigmatization and costs. Whether in terms of screening, evaluation, treatment and prevention in mental health, the LPPS devotes a great deal of research to it and some of its members are recognized and solicited as experts by various national and international organizations.

For decades, alcohol use disorder has been investigated in an attempt to understand its processes and implications. However, among all of the factors involved in alcohol use disorder, the role of guilt in alcohol use remains poorly explained, with many contradictory results. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to conduct a systematic analysis of the literature from 1990 to 2022 to review the studies investigating the link between guilt and alcohol consumption. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, 31 studies were included in this review. The results of this work enable to highlight the plurality of guilt that has been studied in the literature. Grouped in two categories: state guilt and trait guilt, they seem to have diverse implications towards alcohol use or misuse. Guilt proneness seems to act as a protective factor towards alcohol use, except for the few studies conducted on a clinical population. Numerous studies indicated that state guilt is deleterious toward alcohol use, even if some results are contradictory. Furthermore, this work allows us to shed light on the limits of the studies currently carried out, and thus to propose new directions for future studies.

Bien que l'utilisation et la popularité d'Instagram se sont développées de façon exponentielle, les études portent essentiellement sur l'utilisation problématique des réseaux sociaux en général ou de Facebook mais très peu sur Instagram et les facteurs sous-jacents qui s'y rapportent. S'inscrivant dans le modèle I-PACE (Brand et al., 2016), cette étude exploratoire évalue l'utilisation problématique d'Instagram et examine les liens entre certaines caractéristiques comportementales (nombre d'heures passées sur Instagram, de photos de soi, de like et d'abonnés), l'orientation à la comparaison sociale, l'estime de soi physique et sociale et l'utilisation problématique d'Instagram dans un échantillon de jeunes adultes étudiants universitaires français âgés de 20 à 26 ans. Soixante-six participants ont complété quatre auto-questionnaires au format papier/crayon : l'Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS), la sous-échelle d'apparence physique (SEISP), l'Inventaire d'Estime de Soi Sociale (IESS) et l'Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM). Trente pour cent des participants présentent une utilisation problématique d'Instagram. Les analyses statistiques corrélationnelles ont révélé que les indicateurs comportementaux et l'orientation à la comparaison sociale sont positivement associés à une utilisation problématique d'Instagram, tandis que l'estime de soi physique et sociale y sont négativement associées. L'analyse de régression multivariée a indiqué que l'orientation à la comparaison sociale, l'estime de soi physique, le nombre d'heures et d'abonnés étaient les prédicteurs les plus puissants de l'utilisation problématique d'Instagram. Les résultats apportent des éléments de compréhension concernant les facteurs psychologiques liés à l'utilisation problématique d'Instagram et permettent d'envisager des pistes d'interventions thérapeutiques et préventives. Even though Instagram use and popularity have been developed increasingly, many studies investigating have been carried out on problematic social networks use or problematic Facebook use. However, problematic Instagram use and underlying factors related to it are little known. Based on the I-PACE model (Brand et al., 2016), the aim of this exploratory study is to assess problematic Instagram use and to examine the links between behavioural characteristics (number of hours spent on Instagram, of self-photos, of likes on posts and followers), social comparison orientation, physical and social self-esteem, and problematic Instagram use in a sample of young adults French university students from 20 to 26 years old. Sixty-six participants have completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires including the Instagram Addiction Scale (IAS), the physical appearance subscale of "Physical Self-Perception Profile" (SEISP), the "Social Self-Esteem Inventory" (IESS), and the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM). Thirty percent of participants have a problematic Instagram use. Correlational analysis revealed that behavioural characteristics and social comparison orientation are positively associated with problematic Instagram use, while physical and social self-esteem were negatively associated with it. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that social comparison orientation, physical self-esteem, number of hours spent on Instagram and number of followers were the most powerful predictors of problematic Instagram use. Results provide a better understanding regarding to psychological factors linked to problematic Instagram use and allow to consider therapeutic and preventive interventions.