In this review we systematically examine covalent organic framework (COF)-modified electrodes for enzymatic and nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors, with an emphasis on structure-property-performance relationships. The five failure modes of conventional sensing materials biological fragility, low conductivity, alkaline pH dependence, aqueous instability, and poor selectivity in complex matrices are identified as the central design problem, and the four structural advantages of COFs that simultaneously address these failure modes are analyzed mechanistically. The design, synthesis, functionalization and electrode integration procedures of COFs are critically compared, with particular attention to how linkage chemistry, pore geometry, π-conjugation length, and heteroatom identity quantitatively determine sensing performance parameters including limit of detection, sensitivity, linear range, and operational stability. Both enzymatic (Generation 1-4) and nonenzymatic sensing mechanisms are discussed comparatively. Current challenges are critically evaluated alongside emerging opportunities in wearable devices, molecularly imprinted COF platforms, and smartphone-enabled colorimetric sensing. Specific research directions required to bridge the gap between laboratory proof-of-concept and clinically viable glucose monitoring devices are outlined.

Anthropogenic activitieshave elevated the concentration of atmospheric CO2 substantially. This increase has eventually participated to change in climate and global warming. The 1.1% increased of global CO2 emissions observed in 2023 by reaching a total of 37.4 Gt. Many adsorbents materials were used in previous research but covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have shown significant potential. They are formed by chemically linking organic building blocks into a periodic framework, resulting in an ordered porous crystalline structure with high gas adsorption and retention capacity. COFs possess unique architecture, excellent crystallinity, high surface area, and high porosity which are the ideal condition for a good adsorbents. This review deeplyexplored the application of multidimensional (1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) COFs frameworks for CO2 adsorption. The CO2 adsorption capacity of each dimensional class of COFs has been investigated in detail. This review also provides recent research and future direction in this particular field.

Anthropogenic activitieshave elevated the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 substantially. This increase has eventually participated to change in climate and global warming. The 1.1% increased of global CO 2 emissions observed in 2023 by reaching a total of 37.4 Gt. Many adsorbents materials were used in previous research but covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have shown significant potential. They are formed by chemically linking organic building blocks into a periodic framework, resulting in an ordered porous crystalline structure with high gas adsorption and retention capacity. COFs possess unique architecture, excellent crystallinity, high surface area, and high porosity which are the ideal condition for a good adsorbents. This review deeplyexplored the application of multidimensional (1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D) COFs frameworks for CO 2 adsorption. The CO 2 adsorption capacity of each dimensional class of COFs has been investigated in detail. This review also provides recent research and future direction in this particular field.

Mg alloys/Mg-based composites are utilized significantly in the construction of missiles, aerospace and automobiles due to their lightweight, specific strength, and hardness. In the recent work, Mg-based two-components (Mg-TiO2/Mg-Al2O3) and three-components (Mg-TiO2-Al2O3) composites were fabricated through solid-phase synthesis (powder metallurgy method). Temperature (30 C-degrees), pressure (760 mm Hg) and concentration factors were optimized prior to experiments. The characterization of obtained composites were performed through different physicochemical methods like Surface analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis verified the composite fabrication. SEM determined microstructures and particle size of the materials in mu m dimensions. XRD confirmed the homogeneity and crystalline nature of the obtained composites. The surface area of the produced samples was observed to vary from 40 to 70 m(2)/g. These properties allow the prepared composites to play the main role in different adsorption applications and catalytic analysis. The prepared materials were considered to be used as catalyst for the formation of CNTs. The catalytic efficiency was observed to be 80 % for the growth of CNTs.

Herein, we produced POT polymer-based tungsten (IV) oxide, (WO 2 ), cerium (IV) oxide, (CeO 2 ) and iron (III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) novel composite materials by emulsion polymerization and one pot blending techniques. UV–Vis analysis confirmed various electronic transitions in π–π* and n–π* levels. FT-IR spectra showed the integration of reinforcement particles within the polymer matrix by the engagement of free functionalities of the polymer by the metal oxide moieties. SEM analysis described the diverse morphology (spherical, pellets, porous and rod-shaped) of the synthesized materials while the complete dispersion of reinforcement particles in the polymer matrix. Extensive cyclic voltammetry studies were done and the materials were found to be used as electroactive agents as they deliver reversible anodic and cathode peaks. The materials are less resistive toward the mobility of ions thus offering good electrical and storage properties. The prepared are proposed to be efficient in electrode and capacitors production technologies.

•Fourier Transform near Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis techniques were used to discriminate between ice cream samples containing pork or non-pork gelatin.•All the ice cream samples were measured with the FT-NIR spectrophotometer in the reflection mode.•PLS-DA model with Unit Vector Normalization (UVN) spectral transformations for 1% pork gelatin adulteration is the optimal one which was based on a compromise between the lowest value of RMSECV for the calibration set.

Mg alloys/Mg-based composites are utilized significantly in the construction of missiles, aerospace and automobiles, due to their light weight, specific strength, and hardness. In the recent work, Mg-based 2-components (Mg-TiO2/Mg-Al2O3) and 3-components (Mg-TiO2-Al2O3) composites were fabricated through solid-phase synthesis (Powder metallurgy method). Temperature, pressure and concentration factors had been optimized prior to experiment. Temperature at 30o­C and pressure at 760 mm Hg (1atm) were also utilized under various situations. Mg-based TiO2/Al2O3 and their unalloyed component were placed under hydraulic pressure of about 50 tons, to produce their discs/pellets having diameters ranging from 10 to 20cm. These pellets were placed in an electric furnace at 600oC temperature for about 1 hour, to get the homogenous 2/3component composites via sintering process. The characterization of obtained composites were performed through different physicochemical methods like Surface analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), or X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis verified the composite fabrication. SEM has been used for microstructural analysis of the prepared composites which disclosed that in µm. XRD confirmed the homogeneity and crystalline nature of the obtained composites. It appeared that there is no second phase but all the composites exist in one-phase with 2/3-component systems when fabricated via the PM method. The surface area and pore structure of the prepared samples were analyzed by BET equation (absorption isotherm equation). The surface area of the produced samples was observed to vary from 40-70m2/g. These properties allow the prepared composites to play the main role in different adsorption applications and catalytic analysis.

The ceramic industry is a bit new in Pakistan, and the wastes produced during industrial processes are not properly managed. No effective reusing and recycling schemes have been developed. These wastes are contributing greatly to environmental pollution. In this study, an effort has been made to recycle and use the ceramic wastes as reinforcement fillers in polymeric composites, helping an ecologically and economically possible alternative for the disposal of these wastes. PANI-based ceramic composite samples were prepared and characterized morphologically and electrically. Ceramic wastes were also investigated for purification purposes of municipal wastewater. It was observed that prepared materials are capable for capacitor production. Wastes were found to be 50% efficient in removing methyl orange from water in a specific time. This suggests that the prepared materials can be used in energy harvesting appliances (i.e., capacitors) while the ceramic waste can be applied for purifying polluted water coming out from industrial as well as municipal sewerages.

In the present study, ceramic wastes collected from the premises of industrial zone in Peshawar, KP Pakistan were investigated. An effort has been made to recycle and use the ceramic wastes as fillers in polymeric composites. The negative cost ceramic wastes were purified and activated thermally. The elemental composition and pellets of the wastes were investigated through SEM/EDX analysis. Waste/Polyaniline (PANI) composite was synthesized via in-situ free radical polymerization technique. SEM of the composites showed the uniform distribution of fillers particles in the PANI matrix. XRD studies confirmed that the prepared composite material had a face- centered cubic geometry with distinct preferential orientations. Dielectric analysis showed that the materials exhibit active performance at high frequency regions (3MHz to 3GHz) at room temperature. The results show decrease in dielectric losses and capacitance (1.6 pF) at high frequency regions. AC conductivity of the composite has been increased up to 37.95 Scm -1 . This revealed the effect of PANI on the ceramic wastes while increasing its conductance performance. This suggests that the composite material can be investigated for use in photovoltaic detectors, electro-responsive capacitors and power applications.

Natural resources are non-renewable and facing a regular depletion due to their immense use which demands new and additional material's reserves, recycling technologies and materials with no or less bad environmental effects. Reuse of waste materials will be rewarding technically, economically and environmentally. Here, we report the incorporation of industrial ceramic wastes in polymer matrix as composite materials to investigate their potentials for various applications. Ceramic wastes were collected from the premises of ceramic producing industries located at Peshawar (Pakistan). The composites of ceramic particles and polyaniline (PANI) were produced via in-situ free polymerization technique. SEM and FT-IR analysis confirmed composite formation. Thermal, dielectric and mechanical properties of the prepared materials were studied. It was found that both the constituent materials (ceramic and polymer) have a synergistic effect on each other. At one hand, ceramic wastes support and enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer in composites and the polymer in turn beautify the wastes with good dielectric and electrical properties. Based on their properties, the low cost and environmentally friendly novel composites could be used for various applications such as semi-conductors, capacitors and microwave devices.

Based on low density, Mg metal-based composites exhibit high specific mechanical properties and are actively used for weight critical structural application. In the present study, Mg-matrix based TiO2/Al2O3 composite materials were synthesized by using the powder metallurgy (Solid-phase) technique. Parameters such as the concentration of the components, temperature, and pressure were optimized before experiments. Different conditions such as temperature (30 °C) and pressure (760 mm of Hg) were also optimized. Pellets of the Mg-based composites and their pure constituent counterparts of various diameters (10–20 cm) were prepared under 50 tons of hydraulic pressure. Single-phase homogenous composites were obtained by undertaking the pellets through sintering in an electric furnace at elevated temperature (600 °C) for 1 h. The prepared materials were tested for different properties using various physicochemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Surface area analyzer. FTIR results confirmed composite formation. SEM revealed microstructures of all materials in the µm range. XRD proved the phase-distribution and crystallinity of the prepared materials. It was found that 2 and 3-component systems are homogenized when prepared by the powder metallurgy technique. The surface area of all materials was confirmed using the BET adsorption isotherm equation. The surface area of the prepared composites was found to be in the range from 40 to 70 m2/g. Such properties enable these materials for potential application in solar reflectance and as a catalyst in liquid phase hydrogenation.

Organochlorine compounds (OCs) are very toxic, highly persistent, and ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Degradation of lindane, a selected OC, by simulated solar light-activated TiO2 (SSLA-TiO2) photocatalysis was investigated. The film types of the TiO2 photocatalyst were prepared using a dip-coating method. The physical properties of the films were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The SSLA-TiO2 photocatalysis led to a lindane removal of 23% in 6 h, with 0.042 h−1 of an observed pseudo first-order rate constant (kobs). The SSLA-TiO2 photocatalysis efficiency was greatly enhanced by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), persulfate (S2O82−), or both combined, corresponding to a 64%, 89%, and 99% lindane removal in the presence of 200 µM of H2O2, S2O82−, or equimolar H2O2-S2O82−, respectively. The hydroxyl and sulfate radicals mainly participated in lindane degradation, proven by the results of a radical scavenger study. The degradation kinetics were hindered in the presence of the water constituents, indicated by a 61%, 35%, 50%, 70%, 88%, and 91% degradation of lindane in 6 h, using a SSLA-TiO2/S2O82−/H2O2 photocatalysis system containing 1.0 mg L−1 humic acid (HA), or 1 mM of CO32−, HCO3−, NO3−, SO42−, and Cl−, respectively. The TiO2 film demonstrated high reusability during four runs of lindane decomposition experiments. The SSLA-TiO2/S2O82−/H2O2 photocatalysis is very effective for the elimination of a persistent OC, lindane, from a water environment.

In the present study, mixed-metal ceramic Fe0.01Al0.5La.0.01Zn0.98O particles and their composites with polyaniline (PANI) were prepared via sol-gel and in situ free-radical polymerization techniques, respectively. Particles and composite formation was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. SEM studies showed the Fe0.01Al0.5La.0.01Zn0.98O particle’s homogeneous dispersion in the polymer matrix. Ceramic particles were found to be in microdimensions. XRD analysis confirmed crystallite size in the range from 22 to 28 nm. Extensive rheological characterization was performed to check the durability of the materials for possible applications. Flow-curve tests suggested that the prepared materials are non-Newtonian (shear thinning) in nature. Increasing temperature have no appreciable effect on the viscosity which confirmed the mechanical stability of the materials. Based on frequency sweep test findings, the mechanical rigidity of the polymer has been enhanced (G′ = 2 × 102−5.22 × 103 Pa) by the introduction of ceramic particles. Conversely, creep compliance has been decreased considerably.

Graphene oxide (GO) based Barium titinate (BaTiO3) biphasic composite films were prepared by applying in-situ modified Hummer and ex-situ one pot blending techniques. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis and composite formation of GO and GO-BaTiO3 composites. Glass transition (Tg) and crystallization temperature (Tc) values were obtained from TGA. X-ray diffraction was performed for a preliminary phase and structural analysis. Extensive dielectric and conductivity data was analyzed in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz at ambient temperature. The results suggest the suitability of the prepared materials for applications in embedded capacitors.

In the present study, we explored whether different characteristics of graphene oxide prepared via two different routes have been modified. It was observed that samples obtained via both routes have nearly the same physico-chemical characteristics. Spectral (FT-IR and UV-vis) studies showed the synthesis and optical properties of the materials respectively. Optical band gap (Eg) was found to be in the range of 3.1–3.9eV. Thermal studies demonstrated that the prepared materials exhibited stability up to 550°C. X-ray diffraction evaluated the semi-crystalline nature of the materials with crystallite size in the range from 27–28nm. Dielectric study showed that the materials are active at low frequency range due to interfacial polarization while at higher frequency the dipoles present in the materials show relaxation behavior. The lowest value of dielectric tan. loss (0.03–0.39) acquired by both the samples is of immense importance for capacitors. Based on the observations, graphene oxide prepared is suggested to be used a possible material in thermally stable capacitors and in composite materials.

Micro/nanohybrid materials have vast applications due to their great potentialities in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein we report an investigation on the fabrication and physicochemical characterization of ceramic ( Fe0.01La0.01Al0.5Zn0.98O) and hybrid ceramic-polyaniline nano-composits. Ceramic nano-particles were prepared by sol-gel technique while optimizing the molar ratios of the constituent's metal nitrates. The prepared inorganic particles were then embedded in the polymer matrix via one-pot blending method. The prepared ceramic particles and their composites with polyaniline were analysed under FTIR, SEM and TGA. The presence of some chemical species was observed at the interface of the compositing materials. TGA analysis showed the thermal stability of the composite material. Frequency dependent dielectric properties were analysed and it was found that conducting polyaniline has an additional effect on the electrical behaviour of the composite. Rheology study showed enhanced mechanical properties of composite material as compared to their constituting counterparts.

Plastic wastes disposal can be done by various methods such as landfill, incineration, mechanical and chemical recycling but these are restricted due to some environmental, economic and political problems. Conversion of these plastic wastes into valuable products by degradation is the best option. In the present work waste low density polyethylene was degraded by catalytic process using CaO/SiO2 as mixed catalyst. The conditions for catalytic degradation were optimized for the production of maximum liquid fuel. It was found that the yield of liquid product was up to 69.10 wt% at optimum condition of temperature (350 °C), time (90 min) and catalyst feed ratio (1:0.4). Liquid fuels obtained from the catalytic degradation were further separated into various fractions by fractional distillation. Composition of liquid fuels was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy, which showed that the liquid fuels mostly consist of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. Different fuel properties such as density, specific gravity, American petroleum institute gravity (API gravity), viscosity, kinematic viscosity, refractive index, refractive intercept and flash point of both the parents and various fractional fuels were determined. All the properties of the obtained fuels are in close agreement with the fuel properties of gasoline, kerosene and diesel. It was found that our catalyst is very much efficient in terms of time, degradation temperature and amount of catalyst.

In Pakistan, ceramic industry has been known to produce large quantities of waste that have become an environmental concern due to their misplace disposal. Solutions to reuse and incorporate industrial ceramic waste can be rewarding for many reasons, specifically for environmental, economic and technical aspects. In the present study, three ceramic waste collected from the premises of ceramic factories located in Hayatabad industrial zone, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan are characterized. Chemical composition of this waste was determined by energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX) which showed that the waste is the mixtures of various metal oxides. The effect of chemical composition was observed in the variation of physical properties of the materials. Many physicochemical parameters such as thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dielectric properties and rheology were investigated in detail. TGA confirmed that the materials are thermally stable up to 700 degrees C with a little weight loss. Extensive dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, capacitance and conductivity in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 3 GHz at ambient temperature showed that ceramic waste will be best alternatives for application in embedded capacitors. Absorption behavior of the ceramic waste was checked for methyl orange dye based waste water. All the samples succeeded in removing the dye from the water with absorption efficiency in the range 30-60%. Rheology studies showed that the materials are mechanically rigid and stiff drawing attention to the reusability of these waste in mechanically tough composites. Microstructures and chemical composition of the waste were found to have key factors for rheological characteristics. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, novel three-phase hybrid (inorganic-organic) composite comprising Fe0.01La0.01Al0.5Zn0.98O ceramic particles (FLAZPs), conducting polymer polyaniline (PANI) and grapheme oxide (GO) was synthesized. The ceramic particles were produced by sol-gel technique. For the homogeneous dispersion of FLAZPs particles in the PANI matrix, in-situ free-radical polymerization of aniline (PANI precursor) was performed. FLAZPs distributed in the matrix during the polymerization process. GO was synthesized via modified Hummer's method which was then blended with two-phase composite using simple one-pot blending technique. The prepared materials were subjected to FT-IR, TGA, XRD and SEM to analyze their physical properties. FT-IR showed the successful complexation of the materials with one another. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature and phase distribution in the composites. FLAZPs enhanced the thermal stability of PANI and GO in the composites. SEM showed that ceramic particles are in the range from micro to nanometer and are well dispersed in the PANI matrix in two-phase composite. Furthermore, GO prevented the agglomeration of particles while interacting with PANI in the three-phase composite. Extensive dielectric studies were carried out which showed that PANI and GO have about the same additional effect on various dielectric properties of FLAZPs. The AC conductivity (sigma = 7.79 x 10(-1) Omega(-1)cm(-1)) achieved by two-phase and three-phase composites is much higher in comparison to pure FLAZPs (s = 3.17 x 10(-1) Omega(-1)cm(-1)).