Verkehrsunfälle und ihre Verletzungsfolgen stellen eine häufige traumatische Ursache für das Versterben und für das Auftreten von irreversiblen Schäden bei Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Bei Motorradunfällen unterscheiden sich dabei Verletzungsmuster abhängig vom Patientenalter. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die typischen Verletzungsmuster nach Motorradunfällen im Kindes- und Jugendalter vergleichend zu beschreiben, da diese einen ausschlaggebenden Einfluss auf die Prävention sowie die adäquate Behandlung der jeweiligen Patientengruppen bieten können. In die Studie wurden innerhalb der Jahre 2002–2018 22.923 Patienten aus dem TraumaRegister der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU®) eingeschlossen. Die Auswertung erfolgte in 4 Altersgruppen: Gruppe 1 (4 bis 15 Jahre), Gruppe 2 (16 bis 17 Jahre), Gruppe 3 (18 bis 20 Jahre) sowie Gruppe 4 (21 bis 50 Jahre) als Kontrolle. In Gruppe 2 stellten Extremitätenverletzungen das häufigste Verletzungsmuster dar und traten überwiegend im Bereich der unteren Extremität auf. Zudem ergab die Analyse, dass Gruppe 1 häufiger ein schweres Schädel-Hirn-Trauma erleidet, trotz initial schlechtem Zustand aber ein besseres Outcome aufweist. Thorakale, abdominelle sowie Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenverletzungen kommen bei den jüngeren Altersgruppen seltener vor. Insbesondere stellen Rippenfrakturen eine Rarität bei Kindern dar. In der Diagnostik werden Kinder im Vergleich zu Erwachsenen seltener einer Ganzkörper-CT-Diagnostik zugeführt. Die Studie deckt altersabhängige Unterschiede in den Verletzungsmustern von Patienten auf, die als Beifahrer oder Fahrer eines Motorrades in einen Unfall involviert waren. Zudem konnten ebenso Unterschiede in der prä- und innerklinischen Versorgung herausgearbeitet werden.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund In der prähospitalen Versorgungsphase schwer verletzter Patienten steht die Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter im Vordergrund. Die zügige und möglichst genaue Einschätzung des vorliegenden Verletzungsmusters durch den Notarzt ist entscheidend für die Auswahl der Zielklinik und die Initialbehandlung. Ziel der Arbeit Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu eruieren, welchen Einfluss die notärztliche Einschätzung der Verletzungsschwere auf die prähospitale Versorgung und die Schockraumbehandlung hat. Material und Methoden Es erfolgt eine Analyse der Daten des TraumaRegister DGU® im Fünfjahreszeitraum von 2015–2019 innerhalb Deutschlands. Die prähospitale notärztliche Einschätzung des Verletzungsmusters wurde anhand des Notarzteinsatzprotokolls erfasst und mit den innerklinischen dokumentierten Diagnosen gemäß den Abbreviated Injury Scale Codes abgeglichen. Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 47.838 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Injury Severity Score (ISS) von 18,7 Punkten (SA 12,3) eingeschlossen. Zusammenfassend wurden innerklinisch 127.739 verletzte Körperregionen dokumentiert. Von diesen wurden 68,8 % prähospital vom Notarzt richtig vermutet. Somit wurden 31,2 % verletzte Körperregionen nicht detektiert. In insgesamt 42.530 Fällen wurde eine Körperregion als verletzt vermutet, ohne dass sich der Verdacht innerklinisch betätigte. Bei den fehleingeschätzten Verletzungen wurden Schädel-Hirn-Traumata und Gesichtsverletzungen am häufigsten überdiagnostiziert (13,5 % bzw. 14,7 % notärztlich dokumentiert bei nichtvorliegender Diagnose). Thoraxverletzungen wurden am häufigsten unterdokumentiert (17,3 % notärztlich nichtdokumentiert bei abschließend gesicherter Diagnose). Die tatsächliche Gesamtmortalität aller Gruppen entsprach nahezu der erwarteten Mortalität, berechnet mit dem Revised Injury Severity Classification II(RISC II)-Score (12,0 % vs. 11,3 %). Diskussion In der prähospitalen Phase der Versorgung von schwer verletzten Patienten wird die durch den Notarzt erfasste Gesamtverletzungsschwere gut eingeschätzt und korreliert mit den eingeleiteten Therapien, der Auswahl der Zielklinik als auch dem innerklinischen Verlauf sowie dem Outcome des Patienten. Die Erfassung von Verletzungen einzelner Körperregionen scheint prähospital jedoch herausfordernd zu sein.

BACKGROUND:Traffic accidents and the traumatic injury consequences are frequent causes of mortality and irreversible damage in children and young adults. In motorcycle accidents the injury patterns differ depending on the age of the patient. OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to describe the typical injury patterns after motorcycle accidents involving children and adolescents as these can have a decisive influence on the prevention and the adequate treatment in the respective patient groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS:The study included 22,923 patients from the years 2002-2018 which were extracted from the TraumaRegister DGU®. Injury patterns of 4 age categories were analyzed: group 1 (4-15 years), group 2 (16-17 years), group 3 (18-20 years) and group 4 (21-50 years). RESULTS:In both younger age groups, limb injuries mostly of the lower extremities, showed the highest incidence. Moreover, younger patients with traumatic brain injury showed better outcomes despite of initially poor conditions. Ribcage, abdominal, pelvic and spinal injuries are the least frequent in younger patients. In terms of diagnostics, children are less likely to undergo whole-body computed tomography (CT) diagnostics than adults. CONCLUSION:The study revealed age-specific differences with respect to injury patterns in patients involved in motorcycle accidents, either as drivers or co-drivers. Furthermore, the analysis of preclinical and in-hospital treatment elucidated the relevance of preventive and protective measures.

PURPOSE:When revision surgery is needed in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) the most frequent reasons are aseptic loosening (AL) and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). However preoperative distinction between AL and PJI remains challenging. Aim of this study is to determine the incidence of PJI in patients with suspected AL after TKA and to evaluate a diagnostic algorithm for reliable differential diagnosis.METHODS:In this study a total of 149 symptomatic patients with radiographic signs of prosthetic loosening and suspected AL were included. Preoperatively all patients underwent a standardized diagnostic algorithm. For each patient demographics, as well as the results of laboratory and microbiological testing were collected from the medical records.RESULTS:Of the included patients 117 (78.5%) were diagnosed with AL and 32 (21.5%) with PJI. The latency period from primary arthroplasty to the presentation with symptomatic implant loosening was significantly shorter for PJI compared to AL (p < 0.05). The initial CRP values were significantly higher in patients with PJI compared to patients with AL (p < 0.05). Elevated count of white blood cells or percentage of neutrophils within the synovial fluid support the diagnosis of PJI. The sensitivity of synovial cell count (CC) count for PJI in patients with radiographic signs of loosening was 0.84 (CI 0.81-0.87) with a specificity of 0.96 (CI 0.92-0.98). The single best measure for the diagnosis of PJI was synovial fluid cultures with a specificity of 1, however this measure provides poor sensitivity.CONCLUSION:Patients with radiographic signs of loosening in TKA need thorough diagnostics. Information about primary TKA, serological testing, and results of joint aspiration can rule out a PJI in most cases.

PURPOSE:Aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of the patient related factors body mass index (BMI), urinary tract infection, current smoking, gender, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification on the incidence of acute and chronic deep periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). METHODS:All patients undergoing revision surgery for a deep PJI of primary TKA between July 2012 and December 2016 were included in this study. All relevant data was collected from the medical records. Acute deep PJI was defined when PJI was diagnosed within the first 6 weeks after primary TKA, chronic PJI was defined when patients demonstrated PJI later than 6 weeks after primary TKA. RESULTS:A total of 57 patients was included in this study with 13 cases of acute PJI and 44 of chronic PJI. Overweight patients (BMI > 25 kg/m2) represent a significantly larger proportion in both PJI groups (p < 0.05). Current smokers had an significantly increased risk for acute and chronic PJI (p < 0.05). In the acute PJI group 46.2% patients had an postoperative urinary tract infection. CONCLUSION:An elevated BMI (>25 kg/m2), current smoking and urinary tract infection are possible risk factors for acute and chronic deep PJI. After primary TKA screening for urinary tract infection is recommendable to prevent predominantly acute deep PJI.

Zusammenfassung Die distale Radiusfraktur (DRF) repräsentiert den häufigsten Knochenbruch des Menschen. Während die Therapie über Jahrzehnte durch konservative Maßnahmen oder durch geschlossene operative Verfahren wie die perkutane Bohrdrahtosteosynthese oder die Behandlung im Fixateur externe geprägt war, setzte durch die Einführung und rasante Verbreitung der palmaren winkelstabilen Plattenosteosynthese (POS) ein Paradigmenwechsel ein. Das neue Verfahren wurde bald zum „Goldstandard“ ausgerufen und für nahezu alle Frakturformen am distalen Radius angewendet. Neben klinischen Misserfolgen, z. B. die mangelnde Adressierung dorsal gelegener Kantenfragmente oder dem Auftreten von Streck- und Beugesehnenirritationen, führte auch die Veröffentlichung verschiedener prospektiv randomisierter Studien und Metaanalysen zu einer gewissen Ernüchterung. Im Vergleich zwischen perkutaner Drahtosteosynthese und palmarer POS konnte hier kein Unterschied im klinischen Ergebnis ein Jahr postoperativ festgestellt werden, sodass offenbar wurde, dass mit dem innovativen Instrument der winkelstabilen Platte nicht alle Probleme am distalen Radius gelöst werden konnten. Der vorliegende Artikel soll eine Übersicht über aktuelle Erkenntnisse geben und die Expertenmeinung zu gegenwärtigen Konzepten in der Behandlung der DRF widerspiegeln. Veranschaulicht wird dies anhand repräsentativer Falldarstellungen.

Radial head arthroplasty represents a widely accepted treatment for elbow injuries with non-reconstructible radial head fractures. The aim of this retrospective multicenter study was to assess mid-term results of patients with clearly defined elbow injuries including type III fractures of the radial head according to Mason’s classification type III after primary arthroplasty using a cemented bipolar design.

ZusammenfassungDie distale Radiusfraktur (DRF) reprasentiert den haufigsten Knochenbruch des Menschen. Wahrend die Therapie uber Jahrzehnte durch konservative Ma ss nahmen oder durch geschlossene operative Verfahren wie die perkutane Bohrdrahtosteosynthese oder die Behandlung im Fixateur externe gepragt war, setzte durch die Einfuhrung und rasante Verbreitung der palmaren winkelstabilen Plattenosteosynthese (POS) ein Paradigmenwechsel ein. Das neue Verfahren wurde bald zum Goldstandard ausgerufen und fur nahezu alle Frakturformen am distalen Radius angewendet. Neben klinischen Misserfolgen, z.B. die mangelnde Adressierung dorsal gelegener Kantenfragmente oder dem Auftreten von Streck- und Beugesehnenirritationen, fuhrte auch die Veroffentlichung verschiedener prospektiv randomisierter Studien und Metaanalysen zu einer gewissen Ernuchterung. Im Vergleich zwischen perkutaner Drahtosteosynthese und palmarer POS konnte hier kein Unterschied im klinischen Ergebnis ein Jahr postoperativ festgestellt werden, sodass offenbar wurde, dass mit dem innovativen Instrument der winkelstabilen Platte nicht alle Probleme am distalen Radius gelost werden konnten. Der vorliegende Artikel soll eine ubersicht uber aktuelle Erkenntnisse geben und die Expertenmeinung zu gegenwartigen Konzepten in der Behandlung der DRF widerspiegeln. Veranschaulicht wird dies anhand reprasentativer Falldarstellungen. AbstractDistal radius fractures represent the most frequent bone fractures in humans. Although the treatment was dominated for decades by conservative measures or closed surgical procedures, such as percutaneous wire osteosynthesis, aparadigm shift was instigated by the introduction and rapid dissemination of volar locking plate osteosynthesis (VLP). The novel procedure was soon proclaimed to be the gold standard and applied for practically all forms of fractures of the distal radius. In addition to clinical mishaps, e.g. failure to address dorsal edge fragments or the occurrence of extensor and flexor tendon irritation, the publication of various prospective randomized studies and meta-analyses led to acertain degree of disillusionment. In comparison to percutaneous wire osteosynthesis, no differences in the clinical result could be established for VLP 1year postoperatively. It was therefore obvious that not all problems of the distal radius could be solved using the innovative instrument of volar locking plates. This article gives an overview on the current insights and reflects the current expert opinion on the present concepts for the treatment of distal radius fractures. This is illustrated by comprehensive case presentations.

AimsThe aim of this retrospective multicentre study was to evaluate mid-term results of the operative treatment of Monteggia-like lesions and to determine the prognostic factors that influence the clinical and radiological outcome.Patients and MethodsA total of 46 patients (27 women and 19 men), with a mean age of 57.7 years (18 to 84) who had sustained a Monteggia-like lesion were followed up clinically and radiologically after surgical treatment. The Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS), Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Broberg and Morrey Score, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were used for evaluation at a mean of 65 months (27 to 111) postoperatively. All ulnar fractures were stabilized using a proximally contoured or precontoured locking compression plate. Mason type I fractures of the radial head were treated conservatively, type II fractures were treated with reconstruction, and type III fractures with arthroplasty. All Morrey type II and III fractures of the coronoid process was stabilized using lag screws.ResultsGood results were found for the MMWS, with a mean of 88.4 (40 to 100). There were 29 excellent results (63%), nine good (20%), seven satisfactory (15%), and one poor (2%). Excellent results were obtained for the MEPS, with a mean of 90.7 (70 to 100): 31 excellent results (68%), 13 good (28%), and two fair (4%). Good results were also found for the functional rating index of Broberg and Morrey, with a mean score of 86.6 (57 to 100). There were 16 excellent results (35%), 22 good (48%), six fair (13%), and two poor (4%). The mean DASH score was 15.1 (0 to 55.8). Two patients had delayed wound healing; four patients had nonunion requiring bone grafting. One patient had asymptomatic loosening of the radial head prosthesis.ConclusionMonteggia-like lesions are rare. With correct identification, classification, and understanding using CT scans followed by appropriate surgical treatment that addresses all components of the injury, good to excellent mid-term results can be achieved. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:212–18.

INTRODUCTION:Large bone defects are a therapeutic challenge to surgeons and are often associated with a high morbidity. The use of autologous cancellous bone graft represents an essential therapeutic option and is considered the gold standard. However, the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for improving bone defect healing has been discussed controversially. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of a diaphyseal long-bone defect in a rabbit model with a combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A monocortical long-bone defect in the radial diaphysis of 24 New Zealand white rabbits was filled either with autologous cancellous graft as a control group or with autologous cancellous graft combined with autologous PRP. Histomorphometrical and radiological analysis as well as quantification of platelets and growth factors were performed. The animals were euthanatized after three and six weeks according to the study arms. RESULTS:A significant improvement in bone healing was observed histomorphometrically in the PRP group in the central area of the defect zone (p <0.01) as well as the cortical defect zone (p <0.01). The radiological findings were in accordance with the histomorphometrical results. Comparing native blood and PRP, an enrichment of growth factors and platelets was detectable in the PRP. CONCLUSION:Within this animal study, the combination of PRP and autologous cancellous bone grafts improved bone healing significantly compared to the sole application of autologous bone. Therefore, further efforts should be initiated to establish the composite of PRP and autologous bone for bone healing disorders in clinical use.

We report the functional and radiographic results of 16 patients with fracture-dislocations of the ring and little finger carpometacarpal joints and 23 cases with fracture-dislocations of only the little finger carpometacarpal joint treated between 2006 and 2012. The above two cohort populations of patients were treated with either open reduction and pin fixation or closed reduction and pin fixation. These patients were followed for a mean of 13 months (range 9 to 48). The DASH scores for patients with fracture-dislocations of the ring and little finger carpometacarpal joints were 6.0 and of the little finger carpometacarpal joint 7.2. We found no functional differences in term of DASH scores after treatment between patients with fracture-dislocations of only the little finger carpometacarpal joint and both the ring and little finger carpometacarpal joints. Level of evidence: IV

Neoangiogenesis represents an essential part of bone regeneration. Therefore the improvement of neovascularization is the subject of various research approaches. In addition autologous mesenchymal stem cells concentrate in combination with bone substitute materials have been shown to support bone regeneration. In a rabbit model we examined the proposed synergistic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC) with porous calcium phosphate granules (CPG) on neoangiogenesis and osseous consolidation of a critical- size defect. The animal groups treated with HBOT showed a significantly higher microvessel density (MVD) by immunhistochemistry. Furthermore HBOT groups presented a significantly larger amount of new bone formation histomorphometrically as well as radiologically. We conclude that the increase in perfusion as a result of increased angiogenesis may play a key role in the effects of HBOT and consequently promotes bone healing.

Besides the use of autologous bone grafting several osteoconductive and osteoinductive methods have been reported to improve bone healing. However, persistent non‐union occurs in a considerable number of cases and compromised angiogenesis is suspected to impede bone regeneration. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) improves angiogenesis. This study evaluates the effects of HBO on bone defects treated with autologous bone grafting in a bone defect model in rabbits. Twenty‐four New‐Zealand White Rabbits were subjected to a unilateral critical sized diaphyseal radius bone defect and treated with autologous cancellous bone transplantation. The study groups were exposed to an additional HBO treatment regimen. Bone regeneration was evaluated radiologically and histologically at 3 and 6 weeks, angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemistry at three and six weeks. The additional administration of HBO resulted in a significantly increased new bone formation and angiogenesis compared to the sole treatment with autologous bone grafting. These results were apparent after three and six weeks of treatment. The addition of HBO therapy to autologous bone grafts leads to significantly improved bone regeneration. The increase in angiogenesis observed could play a crucial role for the results observed. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:513–520, 2015.

The Essex-Lopresti injury (ELI) of the forearm is a rare and serious condition which is often overlooked, leading to a poor outcome.The purpose of this retrospective case study was to establish whether early surgery can give good medium-term results.From a group of 295 patients with a fracture of the radial head, 12 patients were diagnosed with ELI on MRI which confirmed injury to the interosseous membrane (IOM) and ligament (IOL). They were treated by reduction and temporary Kirschner (K)-wire stabilisation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). In addition, eight patients had a radial head replacement, and two a radial head reconstruction.All patients were examined clinically and radiologically 59 months (25 to 90) after surgery when the mean Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS) was 88.4 (78 to 94), the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (MEPS) 86.7 (77 to 95) and the mean disabilities of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score 20.5 (16 to 31): all of these indicate a good outcome.In case of a high index of suspicion for ELI in patients with a radial head fracture, we recommend the following: confirmation of IOM and IOL injury with an early MRI scan; early surgery with reduction and temporary K-wire stabilisation of the DRUJ; preservation of the radial head if at all possible or replacement if not, and functional bracing in supination. This will increase the prospect of a good result, and avoid the complications of a missed diagnosis and the difficulties of late treatment.

Bone marrow concentrate (BMC) contains high densities of progenitor cells. Therefore, in critical size defects BMC may have the potency to support bone healing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BMC in combination with calcium phosphate granules (CPG) on bone defect healing in a metaphyseal long bone defect in mini-pigs. A metaphyseal critical-size bone defect at the proximal tibia of 24 mini-pigs was filled with CPG combined with BMC, CPG solely (control group) or with an autograft. Radiological and histomorphometrical evaluations after 6 weeks (42 days) showed significantly more bone formation in the BMC group in the central area of the defect zone and the cortical defect zone compared to the CPG group. At the same time the resorption rate of CPG increased significantly in the BMC group. Nevertheless, compared to the BMC group the autograft group showed a significantly higher new bone formation radiologically and histomorphometrically. In BMC the count of mononuclear cells was significantly higher compared to the bone marrow aspirate (3.5-fold). The mesenchymal progenitor cell characteristics of the cells in BMC were confirmed by flow cytometry. Cells from BMC created significantly larger colonies of alkaline phosphatase-positive colony forming units (CFU-ALP) (4.4-fold) compared to cells from bone marrow aspirate. Nevertheless, even in the BMC group complete osseous bridging was only detectable in isolated instances of the bone defects. Within the limitations of this study the BMC+CPG composite promotes bone regeneration in the early phase of bone healing significantly better than the isolated application of CPG. However, the addition of BMC does not lead to a solid fusion of the defect in the early phase of bone healing an still does not represent an equal alternative to autologous bone.

Autologous bone marrow plays an increasing role in the treatment of bone, cartilage and tendon healing disorders. Cell-based therapies display promising results in the support of local regeneration, especially therapies using intra-operative one-step treatments with autologous progenitor cells. In the present study, bone marrow-derived cells were concentrated in a point-of-care device and investigated for their mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics and their osteogenic potential. Bone marrow was harvested from the iliac crest of 16 minipigs. The mononucleated cells (MNC) were concentrated by gradient density centrifugation, cultivated, characterized by flow cytometry and stimulated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Cell differentiation was investigated by histological and immunohistological staining of relevant lineage markers. The proliferation capacity was determined via colony forming units of fibroblast and of osteogenic alkaline-phosphatase-positive-cells. The MNC could be enriched 3.5-fold in nucleated cell concentrate in comparison to bone marrow. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a positive signal for the MSC markers. Cells could be differentiated into the three lines confirming the MSC character. The cellular osteogenic potential correlated significantly with the percentage of newly formed bone in vivo in a porcine metaphyseal long-bone defect model. This study demonstrates that bone marrow concentrate from minipigs display cells with MSC character and their osteogenic differentiation potential can be used for osseous defect repair in autologous transplantations.

Bezüglich der Behandlung einer traumatischen N.-radialis-Parese (TNRP) besteht trotz entsprechender Empfehlungen in der Literatur kein Konsens. Die TNRP stellt die häufigste traumaassoziierte periphere Nervenverletzung mit einer Prävalenz von 2–17% dar. Die Behandlungsoptionen variieren zwischen direkter Exploration des vermeintlich nachhaltig geschädigten Nervens und abwartenden Prozederes mit engmaschigen, klinischen Kontrollen. Mehrere Studien konnten zeigen, dass im Falle einer TNRP mehr als drei Viertel aller Paresen sich ohne chirurgische Intervention vollständig erholen. Liegt aber eine Schädigung des Nerven im Sinne einer Kontinuitätsunterbrechung oder Interposition in den Frakturspalt vor, sind die klinischen Ergebnisse nach zeitlicher Verzögerung in der Regel schlechter als im Falle einer frühen Nervenrevision. Die engmaschige klinische Kontrolle der Patienten ist wichtig. Erholt sich der Nerv wider Erwarten nicht spontan, darf das Zeitfenster einer Erfolg versprechenden Revisionsoperation nicht überschritten werden. Aufgrund der hohen Rate an spontanen Remissionen sollte die frühe Nervenexploration nur im Ausnahmefall nach Güterabwägung erfolgen.

Die ärztliche Versorgung von Verletzungen durch Gewalt stellt das Gesundheitswesen vor vielfältige Herausforderungen. Für die Versorgungsqualität spielen v. a. die Zugangswege für Opfer von Gewalt eine große Rolle.

Carpometacarpal (CMC) fracture dislocations of the 2nd through 5th ray are rare injuries whose extent is regularly underestimated in the initial radiographic evaluation of the hand. Obtaining a computed tomography scan is imperative due to the radiographic underrepresentation of the full bone and joint injury. Restoration of bone and joint anatomy of the affected region is of paramount import to prevent joint deterioration and loss of hand durability and dexterity. Early surgical intervention can lead to good functional results. Different operative treatment strategies exist with a common approach being Kirschner wire, screw or plate fixation after closed or open fracture reduction and joint relocation.