This study was designed to find the most suitable method and wall material for microencapsulation of the Lactobacillus plantarum to maintain cell viability in different environmental conditions. To improve the stability of L. plantarum, we developed an encapsulation system of L. plantarum, using water-in-oil emulsion system. For the encapsulation of L. plantarum, corn starch and glyceryl monostearate were selected to form gel beads. Then 10% (w/v) of starch was gelatinized by autoclaving to transit gel state, and cooled down at 60ºC and mixed with L. plantarum to encapsulate it. The encapsulated L. plantarum was tested for the tolerance of acidic conditions at different temperatures to investigate the encapsulation ability. The study indicated that the survival rate of the microencapsulated cells in starch matrix was significantly higher than that of free cells in low pH conditions with relatively higher temperature. The results showed that corn starch as a wall material and glycerol monostearate as a gelling agent in encapsulation could play a role in the viability of lactic acid bacteria in extreme conditions. Using the current study, it would be possible to formulate a new water-in-oil system as applied in the protection of L. plantarum from the gastric conditions for the encapsulation system used in chicken feed industry.

Complexes between amylomaize dextrin (average DP 311) and ceramide were prepared by using two different blending systems: an aqueous batch system containing ethanol and a two-phase system of isopropyl ether and water. The organic solvents and complex formation temperature (50-90 degrees C) were important in determining the level of complex formation and its crystalline structure. Under X-ray diffraction analysis, the solvents as well as ceramide could form complexes with dextrin as weak V-61 type crystals. However, the crystallinity of complexes was much higher in the presence of ceramide, which would enhance complex formation by forming ternary co-inclusion complexes of dextrin-solvent-ceramide. Compared to the two-phase system, the batch system yielded much higher crystallinity of complexes. With a minor use of ethanol (0.5 mL) in the batch system, aqueous blending of dextrin and ceramide at 50 degrees C for 2 days followed by a storage at 25 degrees C for 1 day produced well-defined V-61 crystal particles as precipitates. The isolated particles had rectangular shapes with a size of 1 mu m or less, and contained about half of the ceramide initially added. The ceramide-dextrin complex exhibited enhanced water dispersibility, up to 45% based on the ceramide content in complex. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

고려엉겅퀴는 예로부터 구황식품으로 사용되어 식용뿐만 아니라 한방 약재로도 사용되어 왔으며, 최근에는 건강기능식품 원료로서도 각광받고 있다. 본 총설에서는 고려엉겅퀴에 대한 주요 생리활성을 중심으로 요약하였으며, 고려엉겅퀴의 항산화 활성, 간 보호작용, 항염증 활성 및 지표성분 pectolinarin의 다양한 생리활성도 소개하고자 기술하였다. 최근 합성 항산화제를 대체하기 위한 천연항산화제의 필요성이 점차 증가하고 있음에도 불구하고, 효능이 우수한 천연항산화제가 상업화되기 위해서는 천연항산화제에 대한 안전성 및 경제성 등이 확보되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 고려엉겅퀴는 수천 년 동안 식품으로 사용되어 왔고, 최근에는 다양한 생리활성을 나타내는 바 건강기능식품의 원료로서 사용도가 점차 증가하고 있으며 고려엉겅퀴 추출물의 독성평가가 이루어진다면 추후 개별인정형 건강기능식품으로도 개발될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Changes in the textural properties of rice cookies as a result of using roasted soybean flour (RSF) as an additive were investigated in this study. RSF was replaced as 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20% of 100 g of rice flour. The addition of RSF increased the hardness of dough and cookies as measured by texture analyzer (TA), whereas moisture content of dough and cookies decreased upon addition of RSF. Further, the addition of RSF led to an increase in the L value of dough and cookies, but to a decrease in the a and b values. In addition, the bulk density of cookies decreased upon addition of RSF, whereas bulk density of dough also declined when compared to control. The spreadability of cookies was found to be lower in comparison to control. The values of ∆bulk densities (BD) and ∆hardness of cookies also increased upon addition of RSF. From the point of view of sensory evaluation, addition of 9% RSF to rice cookies showed the highest score in terms of overall acceptability and softness. A 12% RSF addition to rice cookies led to the highest score in sandiness. As a result, we conclude that the crispy texture of the rice cookie can be improved by adding RSF.

본 연구는 제과분야에서의 쌀가루의 이용도를 높이기 위하여 쌀가루를 이용하여 쿠키를 제조하였으며, 호화쌀가루를 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 및 60% 대체하여 제조한 반죽 및 쌀쿠키의 품질특성을 측정하였다. 호화쌀가루를 첨가한 반죽과 습식쌀쿠키의 수분함량은 호화쌀가루 첨가량 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 반죽과 쌀쿠키의 L 값은 호화쌀가루 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 대체로 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 반죽과 쌀쿠키의 a 값은 대체로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 호화쌀가루 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 습식쌀쿠키의 밀도가 높아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 습식쌀가루에 호화쌀가루를 첨가하여 제조한 반죽과 쌀쿠키의 경도는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 호화쌀가루 첨가에 의한 퍼짐성은 무첨가군보다 낮았다. 관능평가는 50% 첨가군에서 부스러지는 정도, 단단한 정도, 목넘김의 부드러움, 촉촉한 정도, 전반적인 기호도에서 가장 높은 기호도를 보였다. 삼킨 후 입자의 남음에 관한 기호도는 호화쌀가루 첨가량이 가장 많은 60% 첨가군에서 높게 나타났다. 호화쌀가루 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 쌀쿠키의 밀도차와 경도차가 모두 증가하는 방향으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 쌀쿠키 제조 시 호화쌀가루의 이용으로 쿠키의 물성을 조절할 수 있는 것을 확인하였다. 호화쌀가루의 첨가는 반죽과 쌀쿠키의 밀도와 경도를 증가시켜 단단한 쌀쿠키의 물성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었으며, 쌀쿠키의 관능특성의 선호도를 조절하는데 호화쌀가루가 유용한 소재로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 쌀쿠키의 조직감을 조절함에 있어서 호화쌀가루 등의 소재를 첨가함으로써 쌀쿠키의 관능특성의 부스러지는 정도, 단단한 정도 및 삼킨 후 입자의 남음에 대한 선호도를 조절할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The effects of tapioca starch (TS) and tapioca modified starch (TMS) as additives on the quality characteristics of rice cookies were investigated in this study.The amounts of TS and TMS replaced were 5, 10 and 15%(w/w) based on 100 g of rice flour.At the result of rapid viscosity analyser (RVA) properties of rice flour added with starches, peak, trough, and final viscosity of rice flour added with TMS decreased significantly(p<0.05).Hardness of dough and cookies as measured by Texture analyzer (TA) significantly decreased upon addition of TMS, and hardness of cookies significantly decreased upon addition of TS, hardness of cookies TMS lower than TS.L value of dough and cookies increased upon addition of TMS, whereas a value decreased upon addition of TMS.Spreadability of cookies increased upon addition of TMS, 10% TMS is the highest.Bulk density of dough decreased upon addition of TMS, bulk density of cookies decreased upon addition of TS and TMS, and bulk density of TMS cookie lower than TS cookie.In sensory evaluation, 10% TS added rice cookies showed the highest score in overall acceptability, hardness, brittleness, color, softness, taste and flavor, and 15% TS added rice cookies showed the highest score in appearance.And 15% TMS added rice cookies showed the highest score in overall acceptability, taste, brittleness, flavor, and 10% TMS added rice cookies showed the highest score in hardness, flavor, taste and color.It is indicated that the quality characteristics and sensory characteristics of the rice cookie can be improved by adding TS and TMS

본 연구는 제과분야에서의 쌀가루의 이용도를 높이기 위하여 쌀가루를 이용하여 쿠키를 제조하였으며, 유화제인 sodium stearoyl lactylate(SSL), sugar ester(SE), diacetyl tartaric ester of monoglyceride(DATEM)를 3, 6 및 9% 첨가한 쌀가루의 호화특성과 반죽 및 쌀쿠키의 품질특성을 측정하였다. RVA 측정 결과, 유화제를 첨가한 쌀가루의 최고 점도는 감소하였으며 유화제 중 DATEM 첨가에 의한 감소폭이 가장 작았다. 반죽의 경도는 유화제의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며 DATEM을 첨가 시 경도가 가장 크게 증가하였다. 또한 쌀쿠키의 경도는 SSL 및 SE 첨가에 의해서는 증가하였고 DATEM의 첨가는 상대적으로 낮은 경도를 보였다. 반죽 및 쌀쿠키의 밀도는 모두 SSL과 SE 첨가에 의해서 증가하였으나 DATEM은 반죽 및 쌀쿠키의 밀도를 감소시켰고, 퍼짐성의 결과에서도 DATEM에 의해 쌀쿠키의 퍼짐성은 낮은 값을 보였다. 이 결과를 통해 쌀쿠키 제조시 유화제의 사용으로 쿠키의 물성을 조절할 수 있는 것을 확인하였으며, SSL이나 SE와 비교했을 때, DATEM의 첨가는 쌀가루의 수분과의 작용을 보다 용이하게 하여 반죽의 경도를 높이고 쌀쿠키의 밀도 및 경도를 감소시켜 부드러운 쌀쿠키의 물성을 나타내는데 효과적인 것으로 확인되었다.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualities of by different moisture ratios (rice flour : water

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Garaedduk with regard to the amount of added whole soybean curd (Chun-Tofu). Whole soybean curd was added in amounts of 0, 3, 6 and 9%. Whole soybean curd Topokki dduk was stored at room temperature for 48 hours. The moisture contents had no significant difference for increases in the amount of whole soybean curd. The L value and b values of Garaedduk increased significantly with increases in the amount of whole soybean curd. Texture characteristics of Garaedduk measured with a texture analyzer revealed that hardness and cohesiveness decreased significantly for different amounts of whole soybean curd, and hardness increased significantly and cohesiveness and chewiness decreased with increase of storage time. As for sensory characteristics, samples with 9% added whole soybean curd rated higher in overall acceptability compared with other samples. In regard to cooking properties, water absorption increased and solid contents decreased with increases in the amount of whole soybean curd. Therefore, Garaedduk containing 9% whole soybean curd was most preferable.

최근 경제성장과 국민소득의 증대로 인해 국민들의 삶의 질도 향상되어 식품에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있는 시점이다. 소비자들에게 식품의 섭취는 더 이상 영양을 보충해주는 역할만이 아닌 약리효과 기능면에서도 중요하게 인식되고 있어 식품업계에서도 기능성식품의 개발이 활발히 진행 중이다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 사람들의 대표적인 간식거리인 떡볶이라는 메뉴를 고급화하기 위한 작업의 일환으로 떡볶이용 가래떡에 여러 가지 생리활성물질을 포함한 인삼을 부재료로 첨가하여 떡을 제조한 후 그 품질특성을 알아보았다. 가래떡의 수분함량을 측정한 결과 인삼분말 첨가량에 따른 떡의 수분함량 변화는 나타나지 않았다. 인삼가래떡의 색도 L값, a값, b값을 측정한 결과, 인삼분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 떡의 명도(L값)는 낮아지고 떡의 황색도(b값)는 인삼의 갈색화 반응에 의해 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 저장시간이 늘어날수록 명도(L값)는 감소하여 떡의 품질이 변질되는 것을 확인하였으며 a값과 b값은 유의적인 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 조직감 측정 결과 제조 직후 조리전 상태의 떡에서는 인삼분말 첨가량이 늘어날수록 떡의 경도는 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 떡의 부착성은 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 떡의 응집성과 씹힘성은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 가래떡의 관능적 특성은 인삼분말 무첨가군과 1% 및 3% 첨가하였을 때 맛, 향, 색에서 비교적 높은 기호도를 나타내었으나 5%의 인삼분말 첨가 가래떡은 낮은 기호도를 보였다. 그러나 조직감 특성에서는 인삼분말 첨가량이 가장 높은 5% 첨가군이 높은 기호도를 보였으며 전반적인 기호도에서도 마찬가지로 5% 첨가군의 선호도가 가장 높게 평가되었다. 이러한 경향은 저장시간이 길어질수록 동일한 경향을 보였다. 조리 특성은 인삼분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분흡수율과 고형물용출량 모두 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 저장시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 이상의 연구결과에서 떡볶이용 가래떡 제조에 생리활성물질이 풍부한 인삼분말 첨가량을 증가시킬수록 떡의 수분함량에는 차이가 없었고, 경도는 감소하는 경향이 나타났으며, 부착성은 유의적으로 증가하였고, 저장기간에 따른 노화를 지연시켰으며, 조직감에 대한 기호도가 높게 나타났으나 맛과 향, 색에 대한 기호도가 낮아졌다. 그러나 떡볶이로 양념 조리한 후의 가래떡은 5% 첨가군이 전반적으로 높은 기호도를 보였으므로, 인삼분말 5% 첨가 가래떡은 떡볶이용 가래떡의 기능성과 노화 지연에 따른 저장성 부여 측면에서 요즘의 트렌드와 한식세계화에 기여할 수 있는 아이템으로 적합하다고 사료된다.

We evaluated the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice cake ( Baekseolgi ) admixed with various amounts of soybean peel and prepared using a microwave oven. Moisture content decreased gradually during storage but the decrease was less when soybean peel was present, compared with the control material (p<0.05). Weight reduction was significantly inhibited as soybean peel level increased. The color lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values did not significantly change after addition of soybean peel. However, the yellowness (b*) value increased uponaddition of soybean peel (p<0.05). The RVA properties decreased significantly with the addition of soybean peel, but pasting temperature increased. In terms of texture, neither springiness nor cohesiveness changed upon addition of soybean peel. The hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of Baekseolgi tended to decrease in proportion to the amount of soybean peel added. Adhesiveness rose gradually during storage but the increase was less when soybean peel was added, compared with control. On sensory testing, neither color nor flavor changed upon addition of soybean peel. Baekseolgi with 5% (w/w) soybean peel scored lowest in terms of taste. Hardness score and moisture level were highest when soybean peel was added to 2%or 3%(both w/w). Overall acceptability was greatest when soybean peel was added to 2%(w/w). Thus, Baekseolgi with 2%(w/w) added soybean peal was satisfactory. We conclude that addition of soybean peel to Baekseolgi prepared using a microwave oven improves physicochemical and sensory properties, and delays deterioration during storage.

Instant Baekseolgi containing 0, 1, 2, and 3% trehalose prepared using a microwave oven, after which quality characteristics were investigated over 24 hr. The sample was prepared to internal and external parts. The moisture content of Baekseolgi without trehalose (control) was not reduced. However, the presence of trehalose reduced moisture content of two different groups (p

Ginseng is one of the most well known medicinal plant in East Asia with many bioactivities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of cookies added with different concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 5%) of ginseng powder by molecular press dehydration (MPD) method. MPD was known to be an excellent tool for keeping taste and flavor without any loss of original materials. The results indicated no significant difference in the density of cookie dough with different concentrations of ginseng powder. The L color value was decreased and the a color values were increased with increasing concentrations of ginseng powder (p＜0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the b values. Spread factor of cookie was not significantly different between 1% and 3%, but decreased at 5% (p＜0.05). The hardness of cookies was significantly increased as ginseng powder concentration increased. The result of sensory score showed that cookie added with 1% ginseng powder had higher color, sweetness, overall acceptability scores than other samples. As a result of this study, quality of cookies with added 1% ginseng powder were the most suitable in terms of its color, texture, and sensory properties.

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of yield, total phenolics, saponin content and composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of various fractions of fine ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) by maceration method in the order of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). Butanol fraction showed the highest total saponin content compare to other fractions. Hexane traction could harvest significantly high ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1, and Rf(p<0.05). And the contents of ginsenoside Rh1, R,,3, and Rg1 showed relatively hi-her in the fraction of ethyl acetate than other fractions. The system of hexane-chloroform-ethyl aceate-butanol showed relatively high content of ginsenoside Re, Rd, Rc, Rb3, and Rb1. However, the last fraction of water still remained lots of Rb2 content. The fraction of water was the highest phenolics. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazil, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water fraction was higher than the other fractions. In antimicrobial activity the fraction of hexane showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. And the fractions of the chloroform and ethyl acetate showed higher antimicrobial activities than the other samples in against P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium.