Purpose: We evaluated whether glans preserving surgery would be more helpful for patients to regain satisfactory sexual competency postoperatively than conventional partial amputation. Materials and Methods: From 2004 to 2012 at 4 centers a total of 135 men treated with glans preserving surgery and 36 treated with partial amputation were selected for evaluation from a total of 273 consecutive patients with penile cancer. Subjective evaluation for patient sexual performance was investigated using the IIEF-15. Objective evaluation was done using the audiovisual sexual stimulation test with the RigiScan (R) Plus. The degree of satisfaction with penile appearance, and patient confidence and partner acceptability for intercourse were evaluated by 5-point scales. Results: Patients treated with glans preserving surgery had better performance in 4 IIEF-15 domains (erectile function, orgasmic function, intercourse satisfaction and overall satisfaction) and 1 RigiScan parameter (tip rigidity) (each p < 0.01). They also had significantly higher appearance satisfaction (64.4% vs 13.9%) and intercourse confidence (55.6% vs 5.6%) than men who underwent partial amputation. Sexual partners in the glans preserving group also showed significantly higher appearance satisfaction (51.1% vs 5.6%) and intercourse acceptability (37.8% vs 16.7%) than in the partial amputation group. Conclusions: Glans preserving surgery effectively preserves the functional anatomy and cosmetic appearance of the glans penis. Glans preservation contributes to minimizing postoperative erectile dysfunction and negative psychological impediments, and promotes return to satisfactory sexual performance. Patients treated with glans preservation have more advantages in obtaining sexual acceptance from their partners than those who undergo amputation.

目的:为了提高恶性嗜铬细胞瘤的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析25例恶性嗜铬细胞瘤患者的临床资料,有临床症状者21例,主要表现为头晕、头痛、心悸、视力下降及腹部不适。17例患者血浆肾上腺素类物质升高,16例患者24 h尿儿茶酚胺升高,5例患者多巴胺升高。B超显示占位21例。CT显示占位25例,19例肿瘤中心有不均匀液化。MRI检查发现嗜铬细胞瘤7例。结果:25例均行手术治疗,其中15例完整切除,10例部分切除或包膜内剜除。免疫组化对比分析显示嗜铬粒蛋白A在良性肿瘤中的表达比恶性肿瘤低,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后生存期9个月至22年,平均5年2个月。结论:嗜铬粒蛋白A水平的表达可能对二者鉴别及靶向治疗有意义;CT、MRI对诊断恶性嗜铬细胞瘤有一定价值;肿瘤全切除是治疗恶性嗜铬细胞瘤的有效方法。

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the safety of assisted reproductive technology (ART) with donated sperm from the sperm bank and the differences in the pregnancy outcomes of different means of promoting pregnancy. METHODS:We analyzed and compared the feedback data on promoting pregnancy with donated sperm from the sperm bank by artificial insemination by donor (AID), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and intracytoplasm sperm injection (ICSI). RESULTS:Totally, 13 723 tubes of sperm specimens were used for ART. The number of specimens used differed in different clinical reproductive centers, some using 1 tube and others using 2 tubes per cycle. The 13 723 tubes were used for a total of 7 743 cycles. Among the 7 123 cycles of AID, there were 1 415 clinical pregnancies (19.87%), 1 221 normal births (86.29%), 169 abortions (11.94%), 6 cases of birth defects (0.43%), 19 ectopic pregnancies (1.34%), and 0 sexually transmitted infection. Among the 571 cycles of IVF, there were 367 clinical pregnancies (64.27%), 330 normal births (89.92%), 35 abortions (9.54%), 0 birth defect, 2 ectopic pregnancies (0.54%), and 0 sexually transmitted infection. Among the 49 cycles of ICSI, there were 28 clinical pregnancies (57.14%), 25 normal births (89.29%), 3 abortions (10.71%), 0 birth defect, 0 ectopic pregnancy, and 0 sexually transmitted infection. There were statistically significant differences in the rate of clinical pregnancy among AID, IVF and ICSI (P < 0.05), but not between IVF and ICSI (P > 0.05), nor were there any significant differences in the rates of abortion, birth defects and ectopic pregnancy among AID, IVF and ICSI (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION:None of the recipients of the donated sperm from the sperm bank was infected with sexually transmitted diseases. AID, IVF and ICSI showed no significant differences from natural conception in the rates of abortion, birth defects and ectopic pregnancy. ART with donated sperm from the sperm bank is safe. IVF and ICSI are associated with a higher rate of pregnancy than AID, though the latter costs less than the former two.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypermethylation of DACT1 gene promoter and lower mRNA expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissue. The methylation status of 29 urothelial carcinoma samples and 29 normal tissue samples were examined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). The DACT1 mRNA transcript levels and DACT1 protein levels in all samples were then evaluated to define the relationship between the methylation status of the DACT1 promoter and its expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Decreased expression of DACT1 was detected in 89.66% of urothelial carcinomas (26/29; P < 0.005). Promoter hypermethylation was found in 58.62% (17/29) urothelial carcinomas and 25% (7/29) normal tissues, respectively (P < 0.05). DACT1 expression was lower in tissues where the DACT1 gene promoter was hypermethylated than in unmethylated tissues (0.25±0.17 vs 0.69±0.30, P < 0.05). DACT1 gene hypermethylation was closely related to tumor size, grade and stage (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that silencing and downregulation of DACT1 mRNA may be implicated in carcinogenesis and the progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma, and may be a potential prognostic factor.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between methylation status of the insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) gene and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T gene polymorphisms in bladder transitional cell carcinoma tissues in a Chinese population. The polymorphisms of the folate metabolism enzyme gene MTHFR were studied by restrictive fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PCR-based methods of DNA methylation analysis were used to detect the CpG island methylation status of the IGF-2 gene. The association between the methylation status of the IGF-2 gene and clinical characteristics, as well as MTHFR C677T polymorphisms, was analyzed. Aberrant hypomethylation of the IGF-2 gene was found in 68.3% bladder cancer tissues and 12.4% normal bladder tissues, respectively, while hypomethylation was not detected in almost all normal bladder tissues. The hypomethylation rate of the IGF-2 gene in cancer tissues was significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (46.3% vs 17.2%, P = 0.018). No association was found between aberrant DNA methylation and selected factors including sex, age, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and green tea consumption. After adjusting for potential confounding variables the variant allele of MTHFR C677T was found to be associated with hypomethylation of the IGF-2 gene. Compared with wildtype CC, the odds ratio was 4.33 (95% CI=1.06-10.59) for CT and 4.95 (95% CI=1.18-12.74) for TT. MTHFR 677 CC and CT genotypes might be one of the reasons that cause abnormal hypomethylation of the IGF-2 gene, and the aberrant CpG island hypomethylation of the IGF-2 gene may contribute to the genesis and progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the correlation of methylation status at exon 9 CpG island of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) with its expression in renal clear cell carcinoma ( RCC ).Methods All the 43 RCC samples and corresponding normal tissues were analyzed for the exon 9 methylated status of IGF-2 and its expression.Results Methylation rate of exon 9 was 15.00％ in RCC group and 96.77 ％ in normal tissue respectively (P ＜0.01 ) and the methylation status of exon 9 was associated with size,stage and grade of RCC (P ＜ 0.05).The biallelic expression rate of IGF-2 in unmethylated RCC tissues was significantly higher than that in methylated RCC tissues (P ＜0.01 ).Conclusion The exon 9 unmethylated status may play an essential role in renal carcinogenesis and serve as a marker for reflecting its biological behavior.

目的通过严格的筛查程序,最大程度减少有遗传病或潜在遗传病的捐精者。方法精子库对捐精者进行家族遗传病史调查、辅助检查及实验室检查。结果 530例精液检查合格者通过家族遗传病史调查发现有家族遗传病史5例,辅助检查发现有遗传病17例,实验室检查有染色体异常7例。结论尽量通过辅助检查和实验室检查来对捐精者进行严格的遗传病学筛查,同时根据不同地域人群,采用针对性的筛查方法,将遗传病携带者或患者的捐精者排除。

OBJECTIVES:To assess the value of lateral lymph node dissection( LLND) in the radical surgery of rectal cancer.METHODS:The published Chinese and English literature was retrieved. A total of 15 papers fitted the selection criteria, including 4,858 patients. Among them 2,401 were in the LLND group and 2,457 in the non- LLND (NLLND) group. Evaluation parameters included 5-year survival rate recurrence rate, peri-operative outcomes, postoperative urinary and sexual functions.RESULTS:The operating time was significantly shorter in the NLLND group than that in the LLND group (weighted mean difference (WMD)=109 min, 95 confidence interval(CI):90-129, P <0.001). Intra-operative blood loss was greater in the LLND group, but the difference was not significant (WMD=429 mL, 95 CI:325-854, P = 0.05).The frequency of peri-operative morbidity(OR, 1.57 95 CI:1.06-2.33, P = 0.02) was also significantly higher in the LLND group. There were no significant differences in 5-year survival rate and recurrence rate between the two groups. Data from individual studies(three)showed that the frequency of male urinary dysfunction (OR=5.12, 95CI 2.15-12.19, P=0.0002) and sexual dysfunction (P < 0.05) were greatly lower in the NLLND group.CONCLUSION:Meta analysis showed that LLND did not have specific advantage in decreasing postoperative recurrence and prolonging survival time. Furthermore it was associated with prolonged operation time, increased blood loss and elevated incidence of peri-operative complications and urinary and sexual dysfunction.

Objective: To discuss the relation between the methylation of Dactl promoter and expression of Dactl mRNA in renal cancer.Methods: The tissue specimens from 30 cases of renal cancer and corresponding nomal tissues were included,and CpG island methylation of Dact1 gene was detected by methylation specific PCR(MSP),and the mRNA expression of Dactl was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerse chain reaction(RT-PCR).Results: The expression of Dactl mRNA was silenced in 19(63%) and down-regulated in 7(23%) specimens of renal cancer tissues,while down-regulated in 2(6%) specimens of adjacent control tissues.The positive rates of methylation of Dactl promoter in renal cancer tissues and the corresponding control tissues were 70% and 6%,respectively.The positive rate in renal cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in the corresponding control tissues(P 0.01).The correlation analysis of the silencing and down-regulation of Dactl gene and the methylated condition of Dactl promoter displayed statistical significance(P O.05).Conclusion: The silencing or down-regulation of Dactl mRNA maybe participate in the renal carcinogenesis,and is related to the methylation of Dactl promoter.

Object To investigate the correlation of IGF-2 exon 9 CpG island methylation and the expression of IGF-2,and further explore the mechanism of Wilms tumor. Methods The IGF-2 exon 9 methylation status and IGF2 gene expression in 42 cases of Wilms tumor and corresponding normal tissues were detected by using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme PCR and allele-specific IGF2 gene expression analysis.Results IGF-2 exon 9 methylation rate was 15% in W ilms tumor group, and 97% in normal tissue group. The difference was significant (P < 0.01), and the difference in pathological type was also significantly different (P < 0.01). Exon 9 unmethylated tissues showing biallelic expressions of IGF-2 were significantly higher than that of methylated tissues (P < 0.05). Conclusion IGF-2 exon 9 unmethylation may be the cause of biallelic expression of IGF, which contritues to tumorigenesis in Wilms tumor.

Objective To investigate the relationship between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphisms,the expression and promoter methylation status of tumor-suppressor gene SFRP-1 in renal clear cell carcinoma.Methods A case-control study consisting of 38 renal cancer cases and 38 con trols matched on sex and age was conducted.MTHFR gene C677T polymorphisms were detected byPCR-RFLP technology,Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of SFRP-1,then the status of the SFRP-1 promoter methylations in the tumors was detected using a methylation specific PCR (MSP).Results Promoter hypermethylation was frequently detected in renal cancer tissues that expressed lower level or lost expression of SFRP-1 gene in 677CC genotypes patients,SFRP-1 methylation and expression and MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism has obvious correlation.Conclusions MTHFR gene polymorphisms could effect methylation status and regulate its expression of SFRP-1 gene,it probably plays an important role in process of occurrence and development in renal cell carcinoma.

Objective:To construct a lentiviral vector expressing HIV-1 Tat and identify its expression in 293T cells. Methods:The gene fragment of HIV-1 Tat 101 was subcloned to lentiviral transfer vector pHAGE-CMV-MCS-IZsGreen,which was named pHAGE-Tat.Then the constructed pHAGE-Tat was used to co-transfect the packing 293T cells,together with the packaging plasmids pMD2.G and psPAX2.The packaged viral particles designated LV-Tat were used to infect the 293T cells and the viral titer was calculated.The expression of HIV-1 Tat in 293T cells was confirmed using RT-PCR and western blot.Results:The recombinant lentiviral vector was successfully constructed and could express HIV-1 Tat in 293T cells.The virus titer was 5.73×106 ifu/ml.Conclusion:The successfully constructed recombinant lentiviral vector makes a strong foundation for further exploring the possible role of HIV-1 Tat in the development of prostate cancer.

不育症是一种常见的疾病,由于受环境、激素等因素的影响,我国不孕夫妇的数量在大幅上升.人工授精是治疗不育症有效且医疗负担较轻的一种方法,由于男性不育的发生逐渐增加,越来越多的妇女通过接受供精人工授精治疗(AID)来获得他们的孩子[1].

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) plays a significant role in regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis. The TGFbeta1 T29C polymorphism reportedly affects cancer risk, but pertinent studies offer conflicting results. We therefore performed a meta-analysis based on 40 studies from 32 publications, assessing the strength of the association using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Overall, no evidence has indicated that individuals carrying CC or CT genotypes had significantly increased cancer risks, compared with TT genotype carriers [CC vs. TT: odds ratio (OR)=1.10, 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=1.00-1.21, P=0.06; CT vs. TT: OR=1.07, 95% CI=0.99-1.16, P=0.09). However, stratified analysis by cancer type and ethnicity indicated a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer (CT vs. TT: OR=1.28, 95% CI=1.01-1.61, P=0.04) and cancer in those of Asian descent (CC vs. TT: OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.03-1.53, P=0.02; CT vs. TT: OR=1.20, 95% CI=1.01-1.43, P=0.04). This association was also observed in the dominant model for prostate cancer. Although not all bias could be eliminated, this meta-analysis suggested that TGFbeta1 29C was a low-penetrant risk factor for prostate cancer and cancer in Asians. A larger single study is still required to evaluate any association with other types of cancer or in other populations.

Objective To investigate the association between the -463G＞A polymorphism in the myeloperoxidase(MPO)gene and bladder cancer risk in a southern Chinese population.Methods We obtained information on demographic factors bv a personal interview.The Polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RflP)using genomic DNA isolated from 354 bladder cancer patients and 360 age and sex matched controls.Stratification analysis by age,sex and smoking status was performed.Results Compared with the-463GG genotype,individwds with GA/AA genotype had a significantly decreased risk of bladder Cancer(OR=0.72,95%CI=0.54-0.99).In the stratification analysis,it was found that the decreased risk was more pronounced among younger subjects(age≤60 years)(0.37,0.22-0.61),men(0.66,0.47-0.97),smokers (0.64,0.41-0.99).Conclusion MPO-463G＞A polymorphism may contribute to the etiology of bladder cancef in a southern Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE:The cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17) plays a vital role in androgen biosynthesis. A T-to-C polymorphism in the 5' promoter region of CYP17 has been implicated as a risk factor for prostate cancer, but the results of individual studies are inconclusive or controversial. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, we performed an updated meta-analysis from 31 studies based on 27 publications. METHODS:A comprehensive search was conducted to examine all the eligible studies of CYP17 polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. We used odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the strength of the association. RESULTS:Overall, individuals with CC/CT genotype were not associated with prostate cancer risk (CC vs. TT: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.86-1.24, P = 0.72, P heterogeneity < 0.0001; CT vs. TT: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.87-1.12, P = 0.88, P heterogeneity = 0.0006). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, there was a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer among individuals of African descent under the recessive model (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.01-2.39, P = 0.04, P heterogeneity = 0.65). CONCLUSION:This meta-analysis suggested that CYP17 polymorphism might be associated with prostate cancer risk among individuals of African descent.

Objective:To identify and analyze the differential expression of L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain(LDH-B)in the penis of rat offspring after maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Methods:Twenty pregnant rats were randomly divided into two groups and given DBP by gastric intubation at the dose of 800 mg / kg per day in the experimental group or 5 ml per day soybean oil in the control group from the 14 th to 18 th day of pregnancy. Penises were harvested from the fetal rats of the normal and exposed groups respectively at GD l9 .The expression of LDH-B detected and analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: LDH-B expressed both in the experiment group and the control group,but the expression level is much lower in the experimental group than in the control group(P 0.05). LDH-B was mainly located in the cytoplasm of the penis’s tissue. Conclusion:LDH-B protein expressed much lower in the penis of the rat offspring after maternal exposure to DBP than in the penis of the rat offspring without exposure to DBP.

精液涂片染色是分析精子形态的主要手段.目前由于采用的染色方法和形态学评定标准不同,导致各实验室结果缺乏可比性[1,2].国内一些实验室现常采用改良巴氏染色法,瑞-吉染色法和考马斯亮蓝染色法[3].其中改良巴氏染色法是男科学实验室较常用的方法,同时也是世界卫生组织推荐的方法[4].

tistical change in seminal density and seminal volume.

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)是一种具有广泛组织分布和多种生物学功能的小分子蛋白质.研究表明,MIF在男性生殖系统中以特异的生物学功能影响精子的发生和成熟.了解男性生殖系统中MIF对精子发生、成熟的影响及相关分子生物学机制,有助于临床男性不育分子水平的诊疗.本文就近年来MIF在男性生殖系统中的合成及影响精子发生的特异性生物学功能以及相关机制的进展做一综述.