Crystalline afterglow materials hold broad application potential yet suffer from poor processability. Herein, we report a strategy that enhances both processability and luminescence through solvation-enhanced self-dissolution-recrystallization. Two low-cost, nonaromatic inorganic-organic afterglow hybrids─featuring solvated Zn2+ ions─were prepared. Host-guest doping enables wide-range tuning of room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) color and extended lifetimes. Thermal annealing further enhances RTP and strongly activates delayed fluorescence (DF), increasing the DF lifetime by up to 254×. This enhancement is driven by dehydration of Zn2+ and coordination to guest carboxylate groups, which suppresses nonradiative decay and promotes reverse intersystem crossing. Remarkably, abundant lattice water enables self-dissolution upon heating, recrystallization upon cooling, and full recovery via water vapor fumigation─conferring excellent processability. This work provides a new design route to low-cost, processable crystalline materials with multimodal and tunable long-lived luminescence.

Ultrasonic cavitation experiments on 6061-T6 aluminum alloy in a decompression box were performed to analyze the changes in erosion mass loss and cavitation bubble photography under ambient pressures ranging from 50 to 100 kPa, and the variation patterns of cavitation erosion intensity under low ambient pressure conditions were summarized. Within the scope of this experiment, as the ambient pressure decreased, the erosion mass loss of the sample gradually decreased, the maximum radius of the cavitation bubbles gradually increased, the collapse period of the cavitation bubbles gradually increased, and the number of cavitation bubbles gradually increased. However, the increasing trend of the number of cavitation bubbles that had a destructive effect on the surface of the specimen was not as pronounced as the decreasing trend of the collapse intensity of individual cavitation bubbles. Therefore, a decrease in ambient pressure reduces ultrasonic cavitation intensity, which reduces ultrasonic cavitation erosion intensity.

Molecular-based afterglow materials─particularly porous coordination polymers (CPs)─are highly attractive for their tunable host-guest chemistry, but achieving reversible afterglow switching in suspensions remains challenging due to quenching by molecular collisions and oxygen. Herein, we report a two-dimensional bilayer porous CP (1) that exhibits only short-lived room temperature phosphorescence (378.1 μs). Specifically, this emission can be activated by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), yielding a green afterglow with a lifetime of 102.1 ms. This distinct response prompted us to systematically investigate the luminescence of 1 in a series of "DMSO + X" mixed-solvent suspensions, and three classes of switching behavior were identified: (i) abrupt threshold-like switching in DMSO + ethyl acetate and DMSO + N,N dimethylformamide systems, enabling DMSO afterglow detection in ethyl acetate with a low limit of 0.39% (v/v); (ii) a gradual emission transition in systems containing N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-diethylformamide, or acetonitrile; and (iii) a multistage leap with tunable emission in the presence of methanol or ethanol. Mechanistic studies reveal the afterglow turn-on triggered by DMSO arises jointly from enhanced structural rigidity and increased frontier-orbital delocalization. This work establishes CPs as versatile platforms for studying solvent-regulated afterglow and demonstrates their promise in advanced chemical sensing.

Molecular-based afterglow materials are highly attractive, yet nonaromatic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) systems remain limited and often suffer from limited emission colors and low efficiency. A rational design to enhance their performance is crucial for their applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of two new inorganic-organic hybrid ZnSO4 open-framework materials (OFMs), featuring a two-dimensional (2D) anionic layer and a three-dimensional (3D) perovskite-like framework, respectively. Despite lacking conventional luminophores, they exhibit a blue-green afterglow with lifetimes of 382.1 and 325.9 ms, respectively. Frontier orbital analysis reveals significant p-electron delocalization involving O/N atoms within the anionic framework and structure-directing agents, forming spatially extended electron conjugation domains. The rigid ZnSO4 frameworks suppress molecular motions, stabilizing triplet states. Notably, host-guest doping with phosphorescent guests into these OFMs dramatically enhances RTP. Emission color is tunable from dark blue (430 nm) to orange-red (580 nm), with lifetimes extended to 1.83 s. The stabilization of guest molecules within the rigid host and suppression of aggregation-caused quenching, along with energy transfer and competitive absorption between the host and guest, are identified as crucial factors in enhancing RTP in these systems. This work establishes ZnSO4 OFMs as promising platforms for nonconventional RTP materials, and the host-guest strategy offers a universal approach for achieving high-performance, color-tunable afterglow.

As a high-quality carbon structural steel with a carbon content of 0.42%-0.5%, 45# steel is an important material in material science owing to its favorable plasticity, high toughness, and excellent workability. Tempered 45# steel is widely used in the manufacture of gears, racks, bearings, and other key components. Under harsh conditions of high loads and high speeds, the surfaces of 45# steel components typically undergo severe wear. The surface integrity of components affects their service life and may result in accidents if the components are worn out. To improve the wear resistance of 45# steel, annealed 45# steel is first tempered and subsequently cut into cylindrical specimens in this study. Subsequently, water abrasive sandpaper is used to polish the specimens. Next, the specimens are irradiated with different number of pulses using high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) technology under the following operating parameters: accelerating voltage, 26 kV; pulse width, 2 gs; energy density, 4 J / cm2; and number of pulses, 1, 3, 8, and 15. Changes in the surface morphology and roughness of the samples before and after irradiation are observed using a LEICA DMi8 metallurgical microscope and an OLYMPUS OLS4000 laser confocal microscope. Changes in the surface hardness of the samples before and after irradiation are measured using an HV-1000Z digital micro Vickers hardness tester. Changes in the grain-size distribution and grain orientation of the samples before and after irradiation are analyzed using a SYMMETRY2-type electron backscatter diffraction probe of a scanning electron microscope. Friction and wear tests are performed using an HSR-2M high-speed reciprocating friction tester. The amount of wear on the samples before and after irradiation is measured using the OLYMPUS OLS4000 laser confocal microscope. Changes in residual stress on the surface of the sample before and after irradiation are tested using an XL-640 stress gauge, with the center of the sample surface being the test position. The results show a crater morphology on the irradiated surface. Additionally, as the number of pulses increases, the number of craters decreases gradually, whereas the crater size and the sample-surface roughness increase gradually. After irradiation, the grains are refined, the average size range of the grains reduces from 1.5-29.5 gm in the unirradiated samples to 1.5-9.5 gm in the 15-pulses irradiated samples, and the percentage of grains with a diameter of 0-1.5 gm increases from 17.54% in the unirradiated samples to 92.54% in the 15-pulses irradiated samples. As the number of pulses increases, the surface hardness of the samples increases from 257.9 HV in the unirradiated sample to 371.4 HV in the 15-pulse irradiated samples. The wear volume, depth, and width of the wear trace on the samples are minimal after eight pulses, and the wear volume reduced by approximately 94% compared with that of the unirradiated samples. In this study, to address the increasing demand for the application of 45# steel, HCPEB technology is used to irradiate 45# steel with different pulse times, and the trends and mechanisms of changes in its surface morphology, grain orientation, grain size, residual stress, hardness, and wear-resistant properties before and after irradiation are investigated systematically. Subsequently, a relationship is established between the number of HCPEB irradiations on the surface of 45# steel and the friction and wear properties, and the optimum irradiation parameters for improving the wear-resistant properties of 45# steel are determined. The irradiation of #45 steel surfaces using HCPEB technology can improve the surface hardness and surface wear resistance of #45 steel components for a wide range of applications in harsh environments.

This study reports a hybrid metal halide probe that selectively detects trichloromethane (TCM) vapor through a ratiometric phosphorescence response. Single crystal analysis reveals a new sensing mechanism where TCM-cation weak interactions enhance phosphorescence emission from the cationic chromophore. This mechanism broadens the design ideas for phosphorescent probes.

In this study, the surface of the TA15 titanium alloy was modified using high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) technology. The investigation focused on the impacts of varying pulse numbers on phase structure changes, surface morphology, microstructure transformation, and corrosion resistance of the TA15 titanium alloy. The results showed that after HCPEB irradiation, the structure of the modified layer of the sample changed from alpha+(3 dual phase to a single alpha ' martensitic phase. Remelting occurred on the surface of the sample, forming a crater morphology. As the number of pulses increased, the density of the crater decreased significantly. The surface grains of the sample were also considerably refined. Electrochemical tests indicated that for samples subjected to 15 pulses, there was an increase in the corrosion potential by approximately 46 %, while the corrosion current and corrosion rate significant decreased by about 92 %, signifying superior corrosion resistance. Furthermore, this study also discussed the underlying corrosion mechanism associated with the HCPEB surface modification of the TA15 titanium alloy.

Chloride-ion batteries (CIBs) exhibit high theoretical volumetric energy density and utilize abundant chlorine-containing precursors, rendering them promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems. However, their practical implementation is hindered by poor cycling stability and structural degradation of electrode materials. This study developed a composite cathode material integrating Prussian blue analogs, manganese dioxide (MnO2), and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). This cathode was paired with an aqueous alkaline electrolyte to assemble the CIB system. The optimized battery delivered a Maximum specific capacity of 160 mAh/g and demonstrated exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 130 mAh/g after 1100 cycles following an initial activation process. Mechanistic investigations through comparative electrochemical testing and material characterization revealed the in situ formation of a ternary transition metal hexacyanoferrate phase with the approximate formula VxMny[Fe(CN)6]z·nH2O during cycling. This crystalline phase exhibited enhanced structural stability and facilitated three-dimensional electron transport pathways. This work presents a viable strategy for developing high-performance rechargeable chloride-ion batteries through rational electrode design.

Molecular-based afterglow materials have garnered significant attention due to their diverse applications. However, most studies focus on conventional luminophores, leaving nonconventional systems underexplored, particularly regarding the screening of new material subclasses and the development of applications such as sensing. Herein we report the successful preparation of two new two-dimensional ZnSO4-based open-framework materials (OFMs)─(H2DABCO)[Zn3(μ3-OH)2(SO4)3]·H2O (1) and (H2DABCO)[Zn(SO4)2] (2)─through self-assembly of Zn2+/SO42- with nonaromatic triethylenediamine (DABCO). Both compounds exhibit distinct delayed emission characteristics with lifetimes of 259.10 ms (1) and 49.62 μs (2), respectively. Frontier orbital analysis reveals the key role of charge transfer between sulfate groups to (H2DABCO)2+ cations in the luminescence. Notably, 1 demonstrates exceptional performance as an afterglow probe for the selective detection of n-propylamine and n-butylamine vapors, achieving detection limits of 32.99 and 47.18 ppm, respectively. The sensing mechanism involves a phase-transition process, and the luminescence change can be observed by the naked eye. This work pioneers the integration of sulfate-based OFMs with nonconventional room-temperature phosphorescence properties, demonstrating their potential as afterglow probes for industrial and environmental monitoring.

In the use of Sn58Bi solder alloy, the abnormal enrichment and coarsening of Bi phase in solder joints and the excessive growth of IMC seriously affect its service reliability, among which, the IMC's reaction mechanism and evolution, the influence on the coarsening of the Bi phase within the solder and the coarsening process are not yet clear. The study found that the initial type and morphology evolution of IMC of Sn58Bi/Cu solder joint are influenced by soldering temperature and cooling rate, attributed to the differences in dissolution and diffusion of Cu in Sn58Bi, resulting in different initial appearances of Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn; The temperature and cooling rate affect whether Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn are directly generated by the reaction of Cu atoms in the substrate or appear through the consumption of Cu3Sn or Cu6Sn5; The cooling rate affects the IMC morphology evolution of top-view; Based on this, it was cleared that Sn58Bi/Cu solder joints follow four interfacial reaction mechanisms. Meanwhile, the evolution of Bi phase in the solder is affected by the growth of IMC in Sn58Bi/Cu, resulting in varying degrees of coarsening. Analysis suggests that the entire coarsening process involves the aggregation, dissolution, and separation of Bi phase. This article elucidates the reaction mechanism of IMC growth at the Sn58Bi/Cu solder joint interface and its influence on the coarsening of Bi phase inside the solder, providing theoretical support for improving the reliability of Sn58Bi solder in the future.

In the field of electronic packaging, Ni3Sn4‐based and η′‐Cu6Sn5‐based compounds are common Sn‐based intermetallic compounds into which doping of other appropriate elements has been widely studied. Herein, the structural stability, mechanical properties, and electronic structures of (Ni,Co)3Sn4 and η′‐(Cu,Co)6Sn5 are systematically investigated using first‐principles calculations. By comparing the heat of formation of the doped and undoped intermetallic compounds, it is found that the doped Ni3Sn4 structure has a higher heat of formation and a less stable structure, while the doped η′‐Cu6Sn5 structure has a lower heat of formation and a more stable structure. The doped Ni3Sn4 exhibits an increasing bulk modulus (B) and Young's modulus (E), and the doped η′‐Cu6Sn5 exhibits a gradually increasing bulk modulus (B). These findings suggest that doping improves the rigidity and elastic deformation properties of the two intermetallic compounds. And yet the anisotropy of both intermetallic compounds is decreasing as doping concentration increases. According to the calculations of the electronic structures, the doped (Ni,Co)3Sn4 structure and the doped η′‐(Cu,Co)6Sn5 structure exhibit stronger metallicity. In addition, stronger Co–Sn ionic bonds are formed in the doped Ni3Sn4 and η′‐Cu6Sn5 structures. This suggests that the doped Ni3Sn4 and η′‐Cu6Sn5 structures are harder.

Fe3O4 is a promising candidate for high-performance electrode materials due to its high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness, low cost, and good safety. Nevertheless, its considerable volume change during electrochemical processes and poor conductivity restricts its commercial application. To address these issues, we have developed an in situ polymerization deposition strategy to prepare Fe3O4@C nanomaterials. As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the Fe3O4@C electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1250 mAh g- 1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g- 1. Even at an ultra-high current density of 5 A g- 1, the reversible capacity remains at 723 mAh g- 1 after 1000 cycles. The excellent performance of Fe3O4@C nanomaterials can be attributed to their high specific surface area and in-situ carbon coating, which not only provide a multitude of active sites for electrochemical reactions and promote the rapid embedding and de-embedding of lithium ions but also limit volume expansion, thus providing the possibility of long cycling. This distinctive in situ polymerization deposition approach offers a novel approach to the design of nanostructured electrode materials for energy storage.

Luminescence metal-organic materials (MOMs) are widely used as probes for detection. However, most of such probes are based on fluorescence and work in either turn-off or turn-on mode. In contrast, long-lived (>10 ms) probes (LLPs) with recovery response to analyte are quite rare. Herein "solvation complex" strategy is used to prepare two new afterglow complexes with multiple coordinated solvents, trans-complex 1 with both delayed fluorescence (DF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), and cis-complex 2 with RTP. Remarkably, they can serve as selective and recovery LLPs for l-Arginine detection, with limit of detection down to 1.0 x 10(-7) M. In addition, heating/fumigation can induce reversible arousal/silence of their afterglow, while H2O/DMSO vapor fumigation causes reversible crystalline-to-crystalline transformation between them. Detailed mechanism studies reveal that the change in coordinated solvent, including loss/acquisition, exchange, or replacement, plays a key role in such afterglow multi-stimuli-responsive properties. This work not only shows the potential of such long-lived luminescence complex for recovery detection, but also reveals the unique advantages of solvation complex in the preparation of afterglow multi-stimuli-responsive materials

With the development of electronic packaging technology toward miniaturization, integration, and high reliability, the diameter and pitch of solder joints continue to shrink. Adjacent solder joints are highly susceptible to electrochemical migration (ECM) due to the synergistic effects of high-density electric fields, water vapor, and contaminants. Dust has become one of the non-negligible causal factors in ECM studies due to air pollution. In this study, 0.2 mM/L NaCl and Na2SO4 solutions were used to simulate soluble salt in dust, and the failure mechanism of an Sn-58Bi solder ECM in the soluble salt in dust was analyzed by a water-droplet experimental method. It was shown that the mean failure time of the ECM of an Sn-58Bi solder in an NaCl solution (53 s) was longer than that in an Na2SO4 solution (32 s) due to the difference in the anodic dissolution characteristics in the two soluble salt solutions. XPS analysis revealed that the dendrites produced by the ECM process were mainly composed of Sn, SnO, and SnO2, and there were precipitation products—Sn(OH)2 and Na2SO4—attached to the dendrites. The corrosion potential in the NaCl solution (−0.351 V) was higher than that in the Na2SO4 solution (−0.360 V), as shown by a polarization test, indicating that the Sn-58Bi solder had better corrosion resistance in the NaCl solution. Therefore, an Sn-58Bi solder has better resistance to electrochemical migration in an NaCl solution compared to an Na2SO4 solution.

Probes based on luminescence metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) have been extensively investigated. Although many of the probes can detect multiple analytes individually, it has not been reported that the probes can detect the total content of multiple analytes simultaneously. Herein a series of isostructural MOFs ([MgxMn1-x(L1) (DMSO)2]) were constructed via a strategy utilizing paramagnetic/diamagnetic heterometallic probes, which can be used for detecting Ca2+/Sr2+ individually or simultaneously without discrimination through a structural transformation mechanism. In-depth investigations reveal that probes involving such mechanism possess distinct advantages in total content detection, and one noteworthy characteristic of the probes is they exhibit similar working curves for different detectable analytes. By adjusting the ratio of paramagnetic/diamagnetic metal ions in the probes, their detection performance indicators can be precisely regulated. This work not only develops a new strategy for the customization of probe with specific performance indicators, but also opens up fresh opportunities to construct probes for total content detection.

Luminescent metal-organic frameworks (LMOFs) have been extensively employed as detection probes. However, the majority of the reported probes are fluorescence-based, lacking reports on visible afterglow detection. Herein, we present two new afterglow MOFs, compound 1 with a layered structure and 2 with an interpenetrated dia framework. 1 exhibits blue-green room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) (tau(485nm) = 264.6 ms) and can serve as an afterglow "turn off" probe for selective detection of Fe3+ ions through a framework decomposition mechanism, with a detection limit of 1.63 mu M. Displaying blue-green RTP (tau(495nm) = 83.0 mu s), 2 can serve as an afterglow "turn on" probe for the detection of NH3 in both solution and vapor phases. Notably, the afterglow of 2 is visually activated even at concentrations of NH3 vapor as low as 6 ppm. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the "turn on" response is attributed to structural transformation induced by NH3 molecules replacing coordinated solvents. Furthermore, their potential applications were demonstrated through the development of portable test strips for detecting Fe3+ ions and an cryptographic algorithm logic gate for NH3 deciphering. This work opens up new opportunities for the development of LMOF-based afterglow probes.

Dynamic response room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is a hot topic in smart materials research due to its unique RTP-response characteristics under external stimuli. However, its precisely control are currently challenging. Here, an alkyl chain-induced lattice-softening strategy is proposed to precisely regulate photoactivated dynamic RTP (PDRTP). By adjusting the alkyl chain flexibility of hybrid metal halide matrices, oxygen permeability can be adjusted, thereby achieving finely manipulate of the photoactivation equilibrium time, RTP lifetime, and RTP wavelength of the resulted host-guest doped materials within the ranges of 10-600 s, 0.05-1.62 s, and 405-595 nm, respectively. It is also demonstrated the potential application of the PDRTP materials in afterglow oxygen sensing and multi-level information encryption. This study not only proposes an effective method for regulating the photosensitivity of PDRTP materials, but also points out a new direction for exploring gas permeability in dense-packed crystalline materials. An "alkyl chain-induced lattice-softening" strategy is used to prepare a series of organic-inorganic metal halides with non-porous dense-packed structures, whose soft lattice gives them excellent trace O2 permeability and storage ability. By further incorporating organic phosphors, host-guest doped materials with tunable photoactivated dynamic room temperature phosphorescence properties are successfully prepared. image

As a soft computing method, applying fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) to time series prediction has become a timely issue pursued by numerous researchers. Although many FCM construction methods have emerged, most of them exhibit obvious limitations in weight learning especially for long-term or complex time series. Either the weight calculation is computationally expensive, or it cannot achieve gratifying accuracy. In this paper, a new method for constructing FCM is proposed which extracts concepts from data by exploiting triangular membership function, and the weights of high-order FCM are subtly obtained by transforming the learning problem of FCM into a convex optimization problem with constraints. Since then, FCM with optimized weights is used to represent fuzzy logical relationships of time series and implement prediction further. Fifteen benchmark time series,such as Soybean Price time series, Yahoo stock time series, Condition monitoring of hydraulic systems time series etc. are applied to verify prediction performance of the proposed method. Accordingly, experiment results show that the proposed numerical prediction method of time series is effective and can acquire better prediction accuracy with lower computation time than other recent advanced methods. In addition, the influence of parameters of the method is analyzed individually.

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have gained significant attention in current research. However, facile regulation of RTP color remains a great challenge. Here an "inorganic building unit (IBU) isomerization engineering" strategy is proposed to facilely regulate RTP color. Four coordination polymers (CPs) with different packing structures from the same raw material are prepared. Among them, 1 has a 2D layered structure, while 2, 3, and 4 can be viewed as 3D framework isomers, which display a wide-range of RTP colors (505-612 nm) ranging from cyan to red, and the optimal RTP excitation wavelengths for 3 and 4 are both located within the visible light region. Detailed investigation reveals that the IBU isomerization effectively regulates the interaction between organic linkers, leading to different charge transfer (CT) processes and inducing various RTP emission. Additionally, color-tunable doped RTP materials with calcium formate as matrix and in-situ formed 4 as guest components are prepared, exhibiting interesting excitation/ concentration/ time-dependent RTP emission. Finally, the potential application of the materials in multi-level information encryption is demonstrated. This study not only proposes an effective method for regulating RTP color, but also highlights the great potential of CP-type guest components in preparing doped RTP materials.

In this study, three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes were synthesized by one-step electrochemical anodizing of the brass. Composites based on different oxides/hydroxides including ZnO, Cu2O, Cu(OH)(2), and CuO are selectively prepared by potential modulation for the first time. With the increase of potential, the nano-oxide transforms from granular morphology into uniformly distributed nanosheet clusters, and the size of the nanosheet decreases gradually with the increase of potential, finally, the double-layer nanosheet structure is formed. Attributed to the finely regulated composition and nanostructure, high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor electrodes are developed, which can exhibit prominent sensitivity for glucose catalytic up to 2817 mu A.mM(-1).cm(-2) with a response time within 3 s and outstanding selectivity. This pioneering work not only offers a promising strategy for the rational construction of high-performance glucose catalytic nanostructured electrodes, but also provides a fresh pathway for the selective oxidation of alloys to form functional materials that meet practical needs.