Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have emerged as pivotal 2D materials for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, yet their performance is often constrained by limited conductivity and active site availability. In this work, a hierarchical BCN-MoS2 nanocomposite, comprising defect-rich Boron Carbon Nitride (BCN) nanosheets interleaved with MoS2 nanoflakes, is developed to synergistically enhance hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. The defects within BCN facilitate electron transfer, while their interaction with MoS2's edge sulfur sites and van der Waals interfaces promotes catalytic synergy. The composite demonstrates remarkable HER performance with overpotentials of 87 mV and 252 mV in acidic and alkaline media, respectively, at 10 mA cm-2, alongside favourable Tafel slopes of 80 and 103 mV dec-1, indicating accelerated reaction kinetics. To address real-world applicability, the catalyst was evaluated in natural seawater, yielding an overpotential of 579 mV and 43-hour long stability, with performance degradation attributed to ionic precipitation. Notably, supplementing seawater with KOH significantly improved activity, achieving a reduced overpotential of 60 mV at 10 mA cm-2. These findings highlight the composite's potential for sustainable hydrogen generation under diverse aqueous conditions.

Tricyclic antidepressants, as doxepin hydrochloride (DH), may also have analgesic neighborhood effect due to its biochemical mechanism of action. This is commonly performed via drug to be administers directly into the blood flow via the Buccal mucosa through using fast dissolving movie system. The main aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate Doxepin hydrochloride by fast dissolving buccal film. The Doxepin hydrochloride buccal film were prepared by the solvent casting method by using the different polymers (HPMC E15, PVA, and HEC). The FTIR test is conducted by this test there was no interaction between the drug and polymers. Then buccal film were evaluated for weight uniformity, thickness uniformity, folding endurance, disintegration study, drug content uniformity, and invitro drug release. The weight uniformity ranged from 47.00 to 55.33mg, thickness ranged from 0.17 to 0.25nm, folding endurance ranged from 344 to 355mm drug content ranged from 84 to 98% and disintegration study ranged from 42.0 to 54.3. The F9 formulation showed highest drug release i.e., 99.96% within 4 minutes. The IR spectra showed stable properties of doxepin hcl mixture of polymers used and revealed the absence of interaction between drug and selected polymer, stability studies were as per ich guideline and result indicated that the selected formulation was stable.

Ti2O3 thin films have been prepared through atomic layer deposition and subjected to electrical resistivity measurements as a function of temperature. The as-prepared films were stable for up to three weeks. In Ti2O3 thin films, the insulator-metal transition is observed at ~80 K, with nearly 3-4 orders of magnitude change in resistivity. The anomalous increase in electrical resistivity in the films is in accordance with the two-band model. However, the energy interval between the bands depends on the crystallographic c/a ratio leads to a change in electrical resistivity against temperature.

Objective The major goal of the current study was to create and assess solid lipids nanoparticles of Hydralazine hydrochloride to improve its bioavailability.Methodology Solid lipid nanoparticles SLN have recently received a lot of media interest.. Researchers are interested in it because of its increased stability and lower toxicity. Thermal homogenization of hydralazine chlorhydrate and various lipids resulted in the formation of solid lipid nanoparticles. Tristearin Glycerol mono stearate and Compritol 888 were the lipids used soy lecithin was utilized as a surfactant amp stabilizer and tween 80 poloxamer-188 were used for regulated release. Drug release and properties followed a diffusion-controlled release pattern.Results Particle size and PDI polydispersity index zeta potential entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release were all tested for the nanoparticles. The particle sizes varied between 45.72 and 576.4 nm. All the formulations had good PDI values ranging from 0.119 to 0.411. Blank SLN had a zeta potential of -15.2 mV but drug-loaded SLN had a zeta potential ranging from -12.3 to -32.3 mV. The measured entrapment efficiency was in the range of 78.68 to 96.25.Conclusion The cumulative percentage release of Hydralazine Hcl from different Hydralazine Hcl nanoparticles varied from 53.38 to 89.74 depending on the drug lipid ratio and the type of lipid used. The average percentage of drug released from different SLNs after 24 hours was in the following order F9 53.95 lt F6 56.75 lt F4 61.74 lt F7 63.90 lt F5 67.78 lt F8 69.09 lt F3 75.31 lt F1 79.36 lt F2 89.74. The release kinetic studies showed that the release was first order diffusion controlled and the n values obtained from the Korsmeyer-Peppas model revealed the release mechanism was Quasi-Fickian type n-value of 0.47.

The bioreduction of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate using crude leaf extract of Gulmohar, by a combustion method at 400 °C was carried out to form the ZnO nanostructures. The structural, morphological and optic properties of the nanostructures were characterized by UV- Visible spectroscopy, XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM. The antibacterial activity of pure wurtzite ZnO NPs was carried out by the Resazurin plate assay method followed by antifungal evaluation utilizing the food poisoning technique using bavistin as a positive control. The anticancer potential was performed using the HeLa cell line for the quantitative evaluation of MTT and apoptosis assay. Antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was in the range 0.25–0.0025 μg/ml and antifungal effect on Fusarium oxysporum and Phomposis azadirachtae was in the range of 100–700 μg/ml. The MTT assay and apoptosis analysis on the HeLa cell line particularized optimal cell uptake and cell toxicity on 24 h of exposure. This biogenic method based ZnO NPs synthesis flags the way indicating the significant microbicidal potential against selected plant and animal pathogenic microorganisms and also proved to have an optimal cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell lines. Therefore, these nanomaterials can act as promising nanoantibiotics for application in medicine.

Vanadium oxide-based nanomaterials have been showing great promise as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among these, nanostructured \(\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}\) shows a high discharge capacity due to its layer structure and thermodynamically stable form. This work reports the synthesis of \(\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }\) nanoparticles via a simple low temperature hydrothermal method using ammonium vanadate and quinol. The reduced size of \(\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }\) has resulted in the blue shift of the absorption spectrum. The material has been examined as a cathode material to study lithium intercalation/deintercalation. It shows an initial discharge capacity of \(310 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}\) at a current density of \(0.1 \hbox { mA } \hbox {g}^{-1}\) at 1.5–4 V and retains a specific discharge capacity of \(184 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}\) even after 58 cycles. The present study manifests how the nanostructured size \(\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}\) could be applied as a high-energy cathode material for LIBs.

Vanadium oxide-based nanomaterials have been showing great promise as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among these, nanostructured $$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}$$ shows a high discharge capacity due to its layer structure and thermodynamically stable form. This work reports the synthesis of $$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }$$ nanoparticles via a simple low temperature hydrothermal method using ammonium vanadate and quinol. The reduced size of $$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }$$ has resulted in the blue shift of the absorption spectrum. The material has been examined as a cathode material to study lithium intercalation/deintercalation. It shows an initial discharge capacity of $$310 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$ at a current density of $$0.1 \hbox { mA } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$ at 1.5–4 V and retains a specific discharge capacity of $$184 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$ even after 58 cycles. The present study manifests how the nanostructured size $$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}$$ could be applied as a high-energy cathode material for LIBs.

Vanadium oxide-based nanomaterials have been showing great promise as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Among these, nanostructured V2O5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}$$\end{document} shows a high discharge capacity due to its layer structure and thermodynamically stable form. This work reports the synthesis of V2O5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }$$\end{document} nanoparticles via a simple low temperature hydrothermal method using ammonium vanadate and quinol. The reduced size of V2O5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5 }$$\end{document} has resulted in the blue shift of the absorption spectrum. The material has been examined as a cathode material to study lithium intercalation/deintercalation. It shows an initial discharge capacity of 310mAhg-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$310 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$\end{document} at a current density of 0.1mAg-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0.1 \hbox { mA } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$\end{document} at 1.5–4 V and retains a specific discharge capacity of 184mAhg-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$184 \hbox { mAh } \hbox {g}^{-1}$$\end{document} even after 58 cycles. The present study manifests how the nanostructured size V2O5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbox {V}_{2}\hbox {O}_{5}$$\end{document} could be applied as a high-energy cathode material for LIBs.

The present work reveals the green combustion preparation of the Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using turmeric root extract as a fuel. The structure and morphology of Ag-doped ZnO NPs were investigated by several analytical techniques such as XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared), Raman, XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), and UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). From XRD, the crystallite size was found to be about 45 nm which agrees with the TEM results. SEM micrographs reveal the spherical shaped agglomerated particles. XPS measurement anticipates that Ag is mainly in the metallic state and ZnO is in the Wurtzite structure. UV-Visible spectroscopy shows the absorbance peak at 368 nm. Bio-diesel synthesis from Terminalia belerica oil with Ag-ZnO as a nanocatalyst has been studied. Ag-ZnO nanoparticles show hydrogen evolution up to 214 mu molg(-1)h(-1). A convenient synthesis of N-alpha-protected formamides from protected amino acids was described using Ag-ZnO as a catalyst. This method provides good yield of formamides with excellent purity after removal of the catalyst. (C) 2019 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

Mesoporous Ta2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) with high surface area were prepared using an 1-methyl 3-(2-bromoethyl) imidazolium bromide ionic liquid (IL) as structure directing and porous inducing agent. We have characterized the Ta2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) by XRD, BET analysis, TEM, SEM, DRS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TG-DTA. From BET analysis a large surface area of asprepared Ta2O5 NPs was found to be 236.1 m(2) g(-1). More importantly, Ta2O5 nanoparticles are less explored anode material for lithium ion battery as well as an effective photocatalyst for hydrogen generation. The significant reversible capacity of 150 mAh g(-1) has been observed in Ta2O5 NPs even after 50 cycles at C/10 current rate. In addition to this, asprepared Ta2O5 NPs synthesized using IL exhibited remarkable hydrogen generation of 563.5 mu molg(-1) h(-1) compared to other Ta2O5 samples which are due to high surface area, small pore wall thickness and presence of surface hydroxyl groups on the photocatalyst. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Novel Cu2S-MoO3 nanocomposite (NC) has been synthesized successfully by single step hydrothermal method. The crystal structure, morphology and optical properties of Cu2S-MoO3 NC were individualised by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, UV-Visible spectroscopy. As synthesized Cu2S-MoO3 NC was used as anode material for lithium ion battery (LIB) and manifested first discharge capacity 1516 mAhg(-1) at C/4 current rate. Cu2S-MoO3 NC is also implemented for photocatalytic hydrogen generation. In addition to above applications, it is materialized for degradation of organic dye (methylene blue) and chromium reduction [Cr(VI) to Cr(III)] with peerless activity. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Amongst soft chemical synthetic routes, the ionothermal synthesis method (using an ionic liquid) has attracted research tremendously due to their remarkable features especially in the case of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesis. On the other hand, the significant role of TiO2 nanoparticles in the fields of photocatalysis, photovoltaics, batteries etc. is noteworthy. Here, by considering these two remarkable aspects, TiO2 has been prepared by using an ionic liquid. The band gap of 3.2 eV has been determined through UV-Vis absorption spectra. The crystallite size was found to be 62 nm by PXRD. Additionally, TEM images have confirmed that the size of the particles is in the nanoscale. Furthermore, the significant properties of TiO2 nanoparticles have been studied and utilized for photocatalytic water splitting, as well as for the development of antibacterial activities. (C) 2018 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesised through green synthesis method with different concentrations of non-germinated razma (NG) seeds and germinated razma (G) seeds powder as a fuel through. The obtained ZnO NPs were characterised by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM analytical techniques. The non-germinated and razma germinated seeds powder ratios are the effect on the structure, morphology, UV concentration, PL emission and photodegradation of dye were analysed. The different structure and shape of NPs were explored for the photodegradation of methylene blue dye. The improved photodegradation of zinc oxide NPs was characteristics of slight crystal dimension, new superficial deficiencies, more band hole and ability to make smaller the electron–hole pair rearrangement. The electrochemical property of the synthesized ZnO NPs has been shown by quantifying dopamine at micro molar concentration levels. In the present study, preparation of biodiesel using ZnO nanocatalyst, Pongamiapinnata oil was used. The chemical process of amines with formic acid in the presence of a ZnO nanocatalyst under solvent-free conditions gives a high yielded protocol for the N-formylation to form the corresponding formamide derivatives.

ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by green synthesis using Moringaoleifera natural extract. XRD and Raman analysis show crystalline ZnO with wurtzite structure. SEM and TEM images show the average size of the nanoparticles to be 100-200 nm. Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen by these nanoparticles has been investigated under UV-Visible light irradiation. Na2S and Na2SO3 sacrificial agents dispersed with the photocatalyst are employed as hole scavengers. ZnO nanoparticles with smaller size shows better H-2 evolution rates up to 360 mu mol hg(-1). It is noteworthy that ZnO nanoparticles prepared via novel green synthesis exhibits oxygen vacancies and registers enhanced photocatalytic activity as well as good photostability. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Addition of 2D GO to the TiO2 nanowires brings about progressive changes in the optical properties and photochemical hydrogen production. The composition with progressive addition of GO played a dramatic role in making the material blue shift. The blue shift may happen due to transition from O2− anti-bonding orbital to the Ti4+ lowest empty orbital and also the process of band shifting towards lower wavelength is attributed to quantum confinement effect which occurs due to the transformation of bulk titanate to nanostructure titanate. In this article, we present the results of TiO2 nanowires and its rGO composites. TiO2 with 30 mg rGO nanocomposite exhibits good UV-light induced hydrogen production unlike bare TiO2. Current studies explain how rGO addition can be employed for better hydrogen production.

Photocatalytic hydrogen generation is one of the most promising solutions to convert light energy into green chemical energy. In the present work, methoxy ethyl methyl imidazolium methyl sulphonate ionic liquid is used for the synthesis of i-TiO2 nanoparticles via ionothermal method at 120 degrees C. The obtained products were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques like XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV-visible, DRS, TEM and TG-DSC analysis. XRD pattern confirmed the anatase phase with minor ruffle phase having average crystallite size of 5 nm. From the FTIR spectrum, the band appeared at similar to 547 cm(-1) confirmed the Ti-O-Ti stretching and also few bands of ionic liquid. UV vis spectrum clearly reveals the blue shift due to size effect of TiO2. The spherical surface structure and particle size (15-30 nm) have been studied in detail using TEM images. Finally, the practical applicability of the as synthesized i-TiO2 nanoparticles is shown by using it as a photo catalyst towards the generation of H-2 through water splitting reaction and it is found to be 462 mu mol h(-1)g(-1). (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

MgO nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly route using watermelon juice as a novel fuel. The synthesized MgO NPs have been subjected to detailed characterization using various analytical techniques. The XRD pattern confirms the crystal structure of MgO which is composed of cubic phase of periclase. The FTIR spectrum gave another manifest for the presence of Mg-O bonding at 552 cm(-1). The surface structure, morphology and particle size have been studied using SEM and TEM which show the MgO NPs are in agglomerated form, almost spherical in shape and average size is about 30-50 nm. Finally, the multidimensional studies have been examined by subjecting MgO NPs as a catalyst for the photodegradation of methylene blue dye (one of the most commonly encountered environmental pollutants), antibacterial activities and electrochemical sensing for the detection of hydrazine at trace level concentration.

Substitution of the sulfide ions in CdS by aliovalent P3- and Cl- ions is known to markedly affect the electronic structure and properties, reducing the band gap of the semiconductor. The decrease in band gap arises because the P (3p) states occupy the top of the valence band while the Cl (3p) orbitals lie deep down in energy. Progressive substitution of S by equal proportions of P and Cl should result in CdP0.5Cl0.5 or Cd2PCl. We have investigated the electronic structure of this compound and carried out first-principles calculations to understand the electronic structure and properties. Interestingly, Cd4P2Cl3 is a semiconductor with a band gap of 2.36 eV comparable to that of CdS, and it exhibits a photoluminescence band at 580 nm similar to CdS. Its conduction band and valence band edges are appropriately placed with respect to the water redox potentials, for it to exhibit excellent hydrogen evolution by photochemical water splitting. Visible-light induced hydrogen evolution rate of 1007(+/- 23) and 54(+/- 4) mu mol h(-1) g(-1) has been obtained in the presence and absence of sacrificial agent. Hydrogen evolution in the absence of any sacrificial agent and the absence of photocorrosion seems to be unique features of Cd4P2Cl3.