Post-translational modifications are crucial for regulating biological processes and stress responses in plants, yet oxidative modifications-particularly on methionine residues-remain largely unknown in the context of plant immunity. Previously, we identified the rice (Oryza sativa L.) transcription factor Broad-spectrum resistance Digu 1 (BSR-D1) as a key player in broad-spectrum blast resistance. Here, we report a mechanism by which a 14-3-3 protein, OsGF14d, interacts with BSR-D1 and promotes its oxidation at methionine 187 (M187) upon Magnaporthe oryzae infection. This oxidation enhances BSR-D1's DNA-binding affinity and transcriptional activity toward genes involved in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) degradation, thereby modulating redox homeostasis and disease outcomes. Strikingly, knockout of OsGF14d increased H₂O₂ accumulation and strongly enhanced blast resistance without compromising plant growth. We further demonstrate that OsGF14d facilitates BSR-D1 oxidation through an acidic microenvironment created by residues Glu9, Glu50, and Glu51. Mutating M187 disrupted oxidative activation and diminished transcriptional output, underscoring the functional importance of this modification. Our findings reveal a regulatory layer in plant immunity, wherein pathogen-induced oxidative modification fine-tunes transcription factor activity. This study also positions OsGF14d as a promising target for breeding disease-resistant crops with maintained yield.

The application of fungicides is an effective strategy for controlling plant diseases. Among these agents, plant-derived antifungal metabolites are particularly promising due to their eco-friendly and sustainable nature. Plant secondary metabolites typically exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity without selective toxicity against pathogens. However, only a small fraction of antifungal metabolites have been identified from the tens of thousands of known plant secondary metabolites. In this study, we conducted a metabolomic analysis on both blast-resistant (Digu) and -susceptible (Lijiangxintuanheigu) rice varieties to uncover novel metabolites that enhance blast resistance. We found that 24 and 48 h post-inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae were critical time points for metabolomic profiling, based on the infected status of M. oryzae in rice and the observed differences in shikimate accumulation between the two varieties. Following metabolomic analysis, we identified nine flavonoids that were differentially accumulated and are considered potential candidates for disease control. Among these, apigenin-7-glucoside, rhamnetin, and spireoside were found to be effective in controlling blast disease, with spireoside demonstrating the most pronounced efficacy. We discovered that spireoside controlled blast disease by inhibiting both spore germination and appressorium formation in M. oryzae, primarily through disrupting cell membrane integrity. However, spireoside did not induce rice immunity. Furthermore, spireoside was also effective in controlling sheath blight disease. Thus, spireoside shows considerable promise as a candidate for the development of a fungicide for controlling plant diseases.

The balance between the antagonistic traits, such as plant growth and disease resistance, is crucial for developing elite crop varieties. While the roles of plant hormones in this balance are well established, the regulatory function of secondary metabolites remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (OsEPSPS), a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway, regulates both plant growth and disease resistance. Silencing the OsEPSPS gene in rice compromises the shikimate pathway but enhances the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, resulting in the accumulations of trigonelline and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). These metabolites boost resistance to rice blast by activating plant immune responses rather than inhibiting the germination and growth of Magnaporthe oryzae. Furthermore, silencing OsEPSPS conferring disease resistance results in less growth in plant. Our findings highlight the pivotal role of OsEPSPS in coordinating plant growth and disease resistance.

The plant cell wall serves as a barrier in defense against pathogen invasion. However, the specific contribution of cell walls in vascular tissues to plant immunity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that OsCSLC3, a member of the rice cellulose synthase-like (CSL) gene family, is predominantly expressed in vascular tissues and that its overexpression promotes hemicellulose biosynthesis. This enhancement of hemicellulose accumulation is associated with improved disease resistance. Targeted editing of conserved cis-regulatory elements in the OsCSLC3 5u2032 untranslated region (UTR) showed that deletion of the specific fragment (u2212575 to u2212824 bp) elevated OsCSLC3 transcript levels, promoted hemicellulose accumulation, enhanced disease resistance, and improved agronomic traits. Our findings highlight a previously underappreciated role for hemicellulose in plant immunity and demonstrate that precise 5u2032 UTR editing is a promising strategy for improving disease resistance and agronomic traits.

The plant cell wall serves as a barrier in defense against pathogen invasion. However, the specific contribution of cell walls in vascular tissues to plant immunity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that OsCSLC3, a member of the rice cellulose synthase-like (CSL) gene family, is predominantly expressed in vascular tissues and that its overexpression promotes hemicellulose biosynthesis. This enhancement of hemicellulose accumulation is associated with improved disease resistance. Targeted editing of conserved cis-regulatory elements in the OsCSLC3 5 ' untranslated region (UTR) showed that deletion of the specific fragment (-575 to -824 bp) elevated OsCSLC3 transcript levels, promoted hemicellulose accumulation, enhanced disease resistance, and improved agronomic traits. Our findings highlight a previously underappreciated role for hemicellulose in plant immunity and demonstrate that precise 5 ' UTR editing is a promising strategy for improving disease resistance and agronomic traits. (c) 2025 Crop Science Society of China and Institute of Crop Science, CAAS. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NCND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The infection cycle of Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) in rice typically involves initial invasion through penetration of the leaf epidermis, followed by expansion into neighboring cells. However, few studies have identified single genes that mediate defense against both invasion and expansion. In this study, we demonstrate that OsWRKY47 positively regulates resistance to both stages of M. oryzae infection. Mechanistic analyses indicate that OsWRKY47 transcriptionally activates OsMYB30 during the early stage, thereby enhancing lignin accumulation and strengthening physical barriers against fungal invasion. At later stages, OsWRKY47 represses OsWRKY39 expression, thereby inhibiting M. oryzae expansion. Knockout of OsWRKY39 leads to increased accumulation of stevioside, a metabolite that activates plant immune responses, representing a chemical defense strategy. Structure-function analyses further reveal that a region comprising amino acids 282-288 of OsWRKY47 is crucial for the positive regulation of OsMYB30, whereas the region comprising amino acids 303-333 is essential for repression of OsWRKY39. Collectively, these findings reveal an OsWRKY47-OsMYB30/OsWRKY39 regulatory module that confers resistance to M. oryzae by coordinating physical and chemical defenses to restrict pathogen invasion and expansion. Such coordinated activation of physical and chemical defenses may represent a widespread strategy in plant pathogen responses.

Plants have evolved a two-tiered immune system:pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI)(Yuan et al.,2021).Rice blast is the most devastating fungal disease affecting rice(Oryza sativa).Notably,the deubiquitinase PigmR-interacting and chitin-induced protein 1(PICI1),which functions in the biosynthesis pathway for ethylene from me-thionine,was recently shown to synchronize PTI and ETI for broad-spectrum blast resistance(Zhai et al.,2022).It has been hypothesized that other methionine-dependent metabolic pathways might also contribute to blast resistance(Zhai et al.,2022).

Auxin is an important phytohormone that regulates diverse biologic processes, including plant growth and immunity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), known as one of the main forms of auxin, is able to activate plant immunity. However, it is unknown whether IAA enhances plant resistance and/or suppresses the growth of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we found that IAA could induce expression levels of pathogenesis-related genes to enhance disease resistance and could control the development of blast disease through inhibiting M. oryzae infection. Exogenous IAA suppressed mycelial growth and delayed spore germination by inhibiting fungal endogenous IAA biosynthesis and impairing redox homeostasis, respectively. When applied to a field test, two IAA analogues, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, can effectively control rice blast disease. Our study advances the understanding of IAA in controlling rice blast disease through suppressing pathogen growth and enhancing plant resistance.

Fungal pathogens typically use secreted effector proteins to suppress host immune activators to facilitate invasion. However, there is rarely evidence supporting the idea that fungal secretory proteins contribute to pathogenesis by transactivating host genes that suppress defense. We previously found that pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae induces rice Bsr-d1 to facilitate infection and hypothesized that a fungal effector mediates this induction. Here, we report that MoSPAB1 secreted by M. oryzae directly binds to the Bsr-d1 promoter to induce its expression, facilitating pathogenesis. Amino acids 103-123 of MoSPAB1 are required for its binding to the Bsr-d1 promoter. Both MoSPAB1 and rice MYBS1 compete for binding to the Bsr-d1 promoter to regulate Bsr-d1 expression. Furthermore, MoSPAB1 homologues are highly conserved among fungi. In particular, Colletotrichum fructicola CfSPAB1 and Colletotrichum sublineola CsSPAB1 activate kiwifruit AcBsr-d1 and sorghum SbBsr-d1 respectively, to facilitate pathogenesis. Taken together, our findings reveal a conserved module that may be widely utilized by fungi to enhance pathogenesis.

安装在刀盘面板背部上的泥浆球阀为高速过流件,磨损后难以更换.本文设计一种自压式组合密封,用于封堵刀盘冲刷喷口前部压力泥浆,采用置换式拆装泥浆球阀更换工法,实现球阀在常压环境下的更换,经试验可行后,成功应用于施工项目,解决了业内施工难题.

基于济南轨道交通R3线龙奥站-奥体中心西站区间的工程概况及水文地质,显示本工程地质存在全断面石灰岩,岩石完整,岩石强度高等工程施工难点,经过多次选型论证及适应性分析,最终选择土压平衡盾构,并且针对工程施工难点提出盾构刀盘配置重型设计理念,提高刀盘结构强度的同时,驱动设计采用高转速的电驱设计可以承受较大的刀盘转速.目前该工程已经顺利贯通,为以后盾构的选型和施工技术提供有利的技术参考.

为解决泥水盾构在砂卵石地层施工遇见的卡刀盘、堵管、滞排、异常磨损等诸多难题,分析导致泥水盾构在砂卵石地层施工困难的因素,依托成都西环线紫瑞隧道工程展开分析,预判工程重难点,并对盾构进行针对性设计;基于高标准压力及地表沉降隆起控制要求,在砂卵石地层施工中,提出气垫泥水盾构搭载螺机技术方案,且在隧道工程中应用"螺机出渣+闭式管道输渣"技术;刀盘开挖的卵石被螺机及时输送至仓外,并通过泥浆泵及闭式管道输送至洞外,推进平稳,出渣顺畅,避免了卵石堆积引发的施工风险.工程应用证明,双模盾构相对常规气垫泥水盾构具有更强的适应砂卵石地层的能力.

介绍了直排式、常规气垫式和气垫直排式泥水盾构的结构及功能原理,对各机型的特点、稳压调控能力、排渣方式和模式进行了概述,并对其地质适应性、风险防控及解决工程难点进行了对比.依托中俄东线天然气管道长江盾构穿越工程的地质概况,进行了盾构选型.概述及分析不但为类似地质工程的盾构选型提供参考依据,而且为泥水类盾构的对比优选提供借鉴.

大直径泥水盾构在粘性地层施工存在滞排积渣及次生结泥饼等风险,业内专家学者及施工人员在完工工程及在建工程上积极探索处理方法及措施.本文依托杭州某公路隧道工程分析结泥饼的原因,并采用传统措施及方法进行处理.在传统措施不理想的情况下,提出了"通滞排防积渣治泥饼"的思路,应用了前仓直排系统,提高了盾构在粘性土地层的施工效率和出渣量.在应用及探索的基础上,开发了气垫泥水搭载双直排出渣技术和基于气垫泥水模式搭载螺机出渣技术,为类似工程的建设提供了借鉴.

bsr-d1, an allele encoding a transcription factor identified from the rice cultivar Digu, confers durable, broad-spectrum resistance to infections by strains of Magnaporthe oryzae. bsr-d1 was predicted to inhibit M. oryzae-induced expression of Bsr-d1 RNA and degradation of hydrogen peroxide to achieve resistance to M. oryzae. However, the global effect of biological process and molecular function on blast resistance mediated by Bsr-d1 remains unknown. In this study, we compared transcriptomic profiling between Bsr-d1 knockout (Bsr-d1KO) lines and the wild type, TP309. Our study revealed that bsr-d1 mainly regulates the redox state of plant cells, but also affects amino acid and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. We further found that BSR-D1 indirectly regulates salicylic acid biosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction downstream of the activation of H2O2 signalling in the bsr-d1-mediated immune response. Furthermore, we identified a novel peroxidase-encoding gene, Perox3, as a new BSR-D1 target gene that reduces resistance to M. oryzae when overexpressed in TP309. These results provide new insights into the bsr-d1-mediated blast resistance.

Broad-spectrum resistance is highly preferred in crop breeding programmes. Previously, we have reported the identification of the broad-spectrum resistance-Digu 1 (bsr-d1) allele from rice Digu. The bsr-d1 allele prevents activation of Bsr-d1 expression by Magnaporthe oryzae infection and degradation of H2O2 by peroxidases, leading to resistance to M. oryzae. However, it remains unknown whether defence pathways other than H2O2 burst and peroxidases contribute to the bsr-d1-mediated immunity. Blast resistance was determined in rice leaves by spray and punch inoculations. Target genes of OsMYB30 were identified by one-hybrid assays in yeast and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Lignin content was measured by phloroglucinol-HCl staining, and acetyl bromide and thioacidolysis methods. Here, we report the involvement of the OsMYB30 gene in bsr-d1-mediated blast resistance. Expression of OsMYB30 was induced during M. oryzae infection or when Bsr-d1 was knocked out or downregulated, as occurs in bsr-d1 plants upon infection. We further found that OsMYB30 bound to and activated the promoters of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase genes (Os4CL3 and Os4CL5) resulting in accumulation of lignin subunits G and S. This action led to obvious thickening of sclerenchyma cells near the epidermis, inhibiting M. oryzae penetration at the early stage of infection. Our study revealed novel components required for bsr-d1-mediated resistance and penetration-dependent immunity, and advanced our understanding of broad-spectrum disease resistance.

copyright.  Here, we report the involvement of the OsMYB30 gene in the bsr-d1 -mediated 50 blast resistance. Expression of OsMYB30 is induced during M. oryzae infection or 51 when Bsr-d1 is knocked out or downregulated, as occurs in bsr-d1 plants upon 52 infection. We further find that OsMYB30 binds to and activates the promoters of 53 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase genes ( Os4CL3 and Os4CL5 ) resulting in 54 accumulation of lignin subunits G and S. This action leads to obvious thickening 55 of sclerenchyma cells near the epidermis, inhibiting M. oryzae penetration at the 56 early stage of infection. 57  Our study reveals novel components required for bsr-d1 -mediated resistance and 58 penetration-dependent immunity, and advances our understanding of 59 broad-spectrum disease resistance. 60 61

The cutterhead is the key component of full-face hard rock tunnel boring machine(TBM). The layout of the disc cutters is the key process in design of TBM cutterhead, which directly influences the cutterhead performance. Based on two kinds of disc cutter layout schemes for TBM, the influence of different layouts of disc cutter on the mechanical properties of TBM cutterhead is analyzed. From the aspect of the overall force balance of disc cutter, the radial unbalance force and overturning moment of the disc cutter group of the two schemes are compared. From the aspect of local deformation and stress distribution of the cutterhead, a new evaluation index of the cutter distribution density is proposed, and the correlation analysis is carried out with the finite element calculation results of the cutterhead. The study results show that: (1) The disc cutter distribution density is an effective index to evaluate the quality of the cutter layout. (2) The supporting ribs affect the cutterhead mechanical performance significantly. (3) Stochastic layout pattern of disc cutter is better than the double-cross-typed layout pattern.

针对泥水盾构刀盘前部滞渣刀盘结泥饼问题,提出一种针对性设计,可以有效地保证刀盘前部渣土流动顺畅,减小刀盘扭矩,降低刀盘泥饼概率.

针对泥水盾构泥浆门在现场施工中有可能因误操作或油缸失效导致泥浆门非正常打开和关闭的问题,提出了一种针对性设计,以防止泥浆门的非正常开合工况,大大提高了施工安全性.