Context: Periodontitis characterized by mild symptoms in the early stages, which makes diagnostics problematic. The gingival epithelium can be used for micronucleus assay since gums are the area affected by the disease. Aims: The aim of the study was to study the frequency of occurrence and the range of nuclear anomalies in gingival epithelium of healthy people and people with periodontitis. Settings and Design: Scrapings of the gingival epithelium were made next to the central incisors (1.1) and molar teeth (1.7) in control and experimental groups (ten healthy males 35–50 years old and 10 males with periodontitis). Materials and Methods: The preparations were stained by Romanowsky–Giemsa. The frequency of nuclear aberrations (‰), the accumulation index, and the repair index were determined. Statistical Analysis Used: The differences in the medians of nuclear aberrations were determined using Wilcoxon and the Van-der-Waerden tests. The pathology proportions were compared using the Z-test. To determine the predictors of periodontitis, receiver operator characteristic analysis was used. For multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was used. Results: In the experimental group, the range of nuclear aberrations was wider, the ratio of karyolysis in the unaffected area was higher, than that in control; perinuclear vacuoles were fewer and macronuclei were more in the affected area. The frequency of cells with micronuclei over 1.33‰ in the affected area is the periodontitis marker. Conclusions: Gingival epithelium can be used in micronucleus assay. Micronucleus test revealed a wider range of nuclear aberrations in the cells of the gingival epithelium and a higher frequency of occurrence of micronuclei in patients with periodontal disease compared to healthy subjects. Therefore, cytological signs of the inflammation appear earlier than the clinical ones and are verified more clearly. The markers of apoptosis and destruction of nuclei, and low repair index indicate normal elimination of damaged cells. An increased accumulation index in people with periodontitis may indicate the risk of malignant tumors.

We studied the effect of amphotericin B (2.5×10 –5 and 5.4×10 –5 M) on osmotic resistance and surface cytoarchitectonics of donor blood erythrocytes. Antibiotic at a concentration of 2.5×10 –5 M induced most pronounced changes in the studied parameters, which can be related to the specifics of the spatial organization of the cholesterol–amphotericin B complexes at different stoichiometric ratios of the components and their ability to pore formation in the membranes. Cholesterol binding to the polyene antibiotic and the appearance of perforations in the plasma membrane lead to accumulation of reversibly and irreversibly deformed cells and their hemolysis. The appearance of a large number of irreversibly deformed erythrocytes indicates an impaired ability to elastic deformation in the microcirculatory stream, which can lead to disruption of their functions in vivo and intravascular hemolysis.

Mutations and genetic diseases, caused by genome disorders, frequently manifest at the phenotypic level and, especially, at the dermatoglyphic level, that makes it possible to use dermatoglyphs as markers of any genetic diseases. Rheumatic diseases is a group of disorders, characterized by systemic conjunctive tissue damage, essentially, connected with immune system pathology. Systemic progressive disorganization of conjunctive tissue is morphological base for the whole group of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis are multifactorial and difficult-to-diagnose in the early stages diseases, that indicates the need to identify markers, that allows to detect these diseases as early as possible. A special role in the pathogenesis of these diseases is assigned to the genetic component, while recent studies have highlighted the shares of genetic determination in the disease’s advance are somewhat differ. The goal of this research was to identify the features of dermatoglyphic patterns of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Finger dermatoglyphic drawings of patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and representatives of the general population sample were studied. Statistical data processing was performed using non-parametric Van der Waerden test. To establish predictors of these diseases, ROC analysis was used. In persones suffering from ankylosing spondylitis there were found more differences in finger patterns from the control group, than in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. So, the total ridge count and the intensity index of the patterns on the left arm of patients with ankylosing spondylitis were lower than in the control group. Peoples with ankylosing spondylitis had more predictors of pathology than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The analysis of the results shows that the absence of radial loops on the right arm and double loops in the examined persons may indicate the probability of developing these diseases. All predictors of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis were characterized by high sensitivity and low specificity, which makes them convenient markers for preliminary screening studies and the formation of risk groups for the development of these pathologies. However, it is not recommended to use these predictors for establishing a final diagnosis, since their low specificity will cause to a large number of false-positive results among the examined persons. Individuals with ankylosing spondylitis have more differences in fingerprints from the control group and more predictors of pathology than patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It can be assumed that the genetic component plays a more significant role in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis, and the formation of rheumatoid arthritis is more caused by environmental factors. Our study confirms the feasibility of considering dermatoglyphs as an additional genetic marker in clinical medicine. Dermatoglyphic indicators can be used in the formation of risk groups for inflammatory joint diseases for primary prevention, for solving a number of issues of medical and genetic consulting, which indicates the prospects of this research area.

Surveys were carried out in order to analyze the markers of endogenous intoxication; the hematological, mineral, and hormonal status of the pregnant cows; and their newborn calves in order to reveal the relationship between the parameters in the “mother-newborn calf” system and identify their role in development of predisposition to bronchopneumonia in calves in the neonatal period. The parameters for endogenous intoxication and the hematological, mineral, and hormonal status of 33 pregnant Red-and-White cows (on the 239th…262nd day of gestation) and calves produced by them (24 h after birth) at a large dairy enterprise in Voronezh oblast were analyzed. Bronchopneumonia was diagnosed in 21.2% of newborn calves in the first month of their life. The serum content of medium molecular weight peptides in cows produced the calves affected with bronchopneumonia was 98.1% higher than that in the mothers produced the calves affected with uncomplicated bronchitis ( p < 0.05). Endogenous intoxication and subclinical changes in the blood-serum mineral composition in pregnant cows caused the disorders of hematopoiesis in fetuses and newborn calves. Calves with the pronounced copper deficiency, the excess of blood-serum iron, and predisposition to the development of microcytic hypochromic anemia, which were produced from the cows with the symptoms of hypocuremia, hypocobalthemia, and signs of macrocytosis should be assigned to the risk group for bronchopneumonia. Imbalance between the steroid hormone levels in the “mother-newborn calf” system and fetoplacental insufficiency can cause declines in the immune system function and the barrier function of mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. A conceptual scheme of the relationship between the blood parameters of a mother and a newborn calf and its role in development of a predisposition to bronchopneumonia in calves in the nenonatal period has been proposed.

The polymorphism of cytogenetic parameters of seed progeny in Picea glauca (Moench) Voss introduced in the Voronezh Region was established. Multidirectional cytogenetic reactions (changes in mitotic activity, cell passing times of mitosis stages. level and spectrum of mitosis disorders) of Picea glauca seed progeny were identified, and limits of mitotic and nucleolar apparatus characteristics variation were determined. Analysis of cytogenetic characteristics of Picea glauca seed progeny revealed their high heterogeneity. Among the seed progeny, six groups of the seedlings, differing in their stability, were identified: -mutable", -weakly mutable", and four intermediate groups. In the "mutable" group, there were high level of mitosis pathologies and the presence of pathologies associated with chromosomal damage, mitotic apparatus damage and cytotomy disorders. In this group mitosis delay was established at the prophase stage and cells with micronuclei (0-0.03 %) were detected. The "weakly mutable" group was characterized with the absence of mitosis pathologies, cells with micronuclei and residual nucleoli presence and low value of the mitotic index (1.9-2.9 %). Intermediate groups had high mitotic index (3.8-4.6 %) and the level of mitosis pathologies of (0.9-1.9 %) intermediate between "mutable" and "weakly mutable" groups, cell retention at the stage of metaphase. Disorders of mitosis in these groups were caused by the damages of chromosomes and mitotic apparatus. In these groups, cells with residual nucleoli in the interphase (0-0.02 A) and mitosis (0.1-0.7 A) and with micronuclei (0-0.04 %) were observed. The quantitative predominance of the certain group seedlings in each tree indicates the production of seed progeny, which can be divided on groups according to their cytogenetic indicators as sensitive or resistant to the environmental factors. The data obtained on the cytogenetic polymorphism of the seed progeny of the white spruce can be used in genetic selection works for the selection of maternal trees producing seed progeny with different stability of the genetic material. They should also be taken into account when earning out cytogenetic monitoring of environmental pollution using woody plants, because the presence of mutable and weakly mutable forms among seed progeny, as well as trees producing different numbers of seedlings with high and low stability of the genetic material, may affect the results obtained with small sample sizes.

Background and Aim: Macro- and micro-elements are required to ensure the normal course of biochemical processes in the development of an animal’s body. Any excess, deficiency, or imbalance in chemical elements in an animal’s body can cause the development of various latent or clinically expressed pathological conditions. Diselementosis in pregnant cows may lead to impaired embryo and fetal development, as well as reduced neonatal viability. The aim of this study was to analyze the content of macroelements and microelements in the blood serum of both calving cows and their calves to evaluate the relationship between indicators of mineral metabolism in the mother and newborn and to establish what role separate chemical elements play in making newborn calves more prone to bronchopneumonia. Materials and Methods: The content of potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Strontium (Sr), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and selenium (Se) in the blood serum of 33 pregnant cows between 239 and 262 days of gestation and their 33 1-day old calves was determined using the Shimadzu AA6300 (Japan) atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content was determined using ion-selective electrodes from the Olympus-400 analyzer (Beckman Coulter, USA). During the 1st month of life, all calves in the sample set had some sort of respiratory diseases and seven of the calves had bronchopneumonia. Retrospectively, the samples of adult and newborn animals were divided into two groups each: Dams I – cows whose calves had uncomplicated bronchitis (n=26); Dams II – cows whose calves got bronchopneumonia (n=7); and Newborns I – calves with uncomplicated bronchitis (n=26); Newborns II – calves with bronchopneumonia (n=7). Results: The content of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mo, and Se in dams in both groups of cows was within the reference range; the concentrations of Fe and Ni were higher than the reference range; and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Co, and Cr were lower than the reference range. There were no significant differences in elemental status between the Dams I and Dams II groups. In newborn calves, the concentration of Ca and Mo corresponded to the reference range; the concentrations of Mg, Fe, Co, and Ni in both groups exceeded the reference range; and the concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Cr, and Se were lower than the reference range. Results highlighted that there was a tendency to decrease concentration of Fe, Mo, and Se and a significant increase in the Ni concentration in calves of the Newborns II group compared with calves of the Newborns I group. It was also found that Zn, Co, Cr, and Mo actively accumulated in the body of newborn animals while the transplacental transfer of Cu, As, and Sr was limited; and transfer of Se and Ni was regulated by concentration ratios in the blood of the mother and the fetus. The excessive concentrations of Ni and Fe in the blood serum of cows and calves and the imbalance in the ratio of elements Fe–Cu–Zn, Fe–Cu–Co negatively affected erythropoiesis, formation of the immune system, and antioxidant status of the fetus and newborn. These changes were considered to be risk factors for the development of bronchopneumonia in calves. Conclusion: An excess of serum Fe and Ni and deficiency of Cu, Zn, As, Co, and Cr in cows during the gestation period can lead to similar impairments of the mineral status in newborn calves. At the systemic level, dyslementosis in combination with the influence of other adverse factors, can lead to an increased load on the respiratory and hematopoietic systems of calves during postnatal adaptation and can subsequently cause a decrease in the natural resistance of calves and development of bronchopneumonia.

A group of 33 deep pregnant cows and calves obtained from them was examined. During the first month of life, in all calves respiratory diseases were registered, and in 7 individuals, microbronchitis was complicated by bronchopneumonia. Adult and newborn animals were retrospectively divided into 2 groups each: T1 and K1 - calves without bronchopneumonia and their mothers, respectively; T2 and K2 - calves with bronchopneumonia and their mothers, respectively. Hematological parameters and the content of As, Ni, Co, Cr, Mo in the blood serum of cows and calves at the age of 1 day were analyzed. In deep pregnant cows in both groups, the Mo content was within the normal range, the Ni concentration was increased, As, Co, and Cr were reduced. Differences between groups K1 and K2 in the content of trace elements were not detected. Correlations were found between the Ni content and MCHC, the concentration of As and MCV and RDW in deep pregnant cows. In newborn calves in both groups, the content of Mo in the blood serum corresponded to the norm; Co and Ni concentrations exceeded the reference values, As - was lower. The concentration of Ni in calves in the T2 group was higher than in the T1 group. In calves, correlations were found between the concentration of Ni and the number of leukocytes and monocytes, as well as between the concentration of As and the number of segmented neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes. Co, Cr, Mo actively accumulated in the body of calves during the prenatal period, as transfer from mother to fetus was limited; Ni transfer was regulated by the ratio of concentrations in the blood of the mother and the fetus. Excess Ni content and deficiency of As in the blood serum of pregnant cows and newborn calves can be considered risk factors for the development of complications of respiratory diseases in young cattle.

Установлен полиморфизм семенного потомства деревьев ели белой (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) по цитогенетическим показателям при интродукции в Воронежской области. На основании полученных результатов выявлены разнонаправленные цитогенетические реакции (изменение митотической активности, времени прохождения клетками стадий митоза, уровня и спектра нарушений митоза) семенного потомства деревьев ели белой при интродукции и определены пределы варьирования характеристик митотического и ядрышкового аппарата. Анализ цитогенетических характеристик у семенного потомства ели выявил высокую гетерогенность семенного потомства. Среди семенного потомства выявлено шесть различных по стабильности генетического материала групп проростков: «мутабильная», «слабомутабильная» и четыре промежуточных. В «мутабильной» группе отмечается высокий уровень патологий митоза и присутствие аберраций, связанных как с повреждением хромосом, так и c повреждением митотического аппарата и нарушением цитотомии. В данной группе установлена задержка клеток на стадии профазы митоза и обнаружены клетки с микроядрами (0–0,03 %). «Слабомутабильная» группа характеризуется отсутствием патологий митоза, клеток с микроядрами и остаточными ядрышками, низким значением митотического индекса (1,9–2,9 %). Промежуточные группы имеют высокое значение митотического индекса (3,8–4,6 %), промежуточную между «мутабильной» и «слабомутабильной» группами величину уровня патологий митоза (0,9–1,9 %), задержку клеток на стадии метафазы митоза. Нарушения митоза в этих группах обусловлены повреждением хромосом и митотического аппарата. В данных группах наблюдаются клетки с остаточными ядрышками в интерфазе (0–0,02 %) и митозе (0,1–0,7 %) и с микроядрами (0–0,04 %). Количественное преобладание проростков определенной группы у каждого исследуемого дерева свидетельствует о продуцировании семенного потомства, которое можно по совокупности цитогенетических показателей отнести к группе чувствительной или устойчивой к факторам окружающей среды. Полученные данные по цитогенетическому полиморфизму семенного потомства ели белой можно использовать в генетико-селекционных работах для отбора материнских деревьев, продуцирующих семенное потомство с разной стабильностью генетического материала. Также следует учитывать их при проведении цитогенетического мониторинга загрязнения окружающей среды с использованием древесных растений, т. к. наличие мутабильных и слабомутабильных форм среди семенного потомства, а также деревьев, продуцирующих разное количество проростков с высокой и низкой стабильностью генетического материала, может отразиться на получаемых результатах при малых объемах выборок.

The aim of the work was to establish the level of steroid hormones in the blood serum of deep-pregnant cows and calves obtained from them and to establish correlations between hormonal and immunological parameters of the mothers and newborns. It was found that steroid hormones of the mother and the fetus take part in the development of fetoplacental insufficiency, weakening of the barrier function of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, stress-induced disruption of the functioning of the immune system, which contributes to the development of the predisposition to bronchopneumonia in young cattle. Keywords—cows, calves, microbronchitis, bronchopneumonia, leukocyte differential count, hormonal status

The aim of the work was to analyze the indices of endogenous intoxication in deep-pregnant cows and to identify the possibilities of their use as predictors of bronchopulmonary pathology in newborn calves. 29 cows were examined for 239-262 days of gestation and 29 newborn calves of the red-and-white Holstein breed. Bronchitis developed in all calves during the first month of life, and in 7 newborns it was complicated by pneumonia. Markers of endogenous intoxication of cows were analyzed: total and effective albumin concentration, serum MMP content, Kalf-Kalif leukocyte index of intoxication (LII); toxicity index (IT), the ratio of intoxication (CI). The MMP level in cows whose calves did not develop pneumonia was 0.4080.152 units. Cows whose calves developed pneumonia showed a significantly higher content of SMP (0.6150.977 units, p 0.05). Correlation between the concentration of the MMP and the probability of pneumonia (rs=0.536, p0.005) was found. The leukocyte intoxication index of Kalf-Kalif and the toxicity index (IT) in both groups of cows varied significantly; no differences between groups were found. The coefficient of intoxication in cows whose calves developed pneumonia (CI=26.58.4), statistically significantly (p0.05) exceeded CI in cows whose offspring had uncomplicated bronchitis (CI=17.26,8). Correlation between the CI in cows and pneumonia in their offspring (rs = 0.568, p 0.001) was found. The content of the MMP in blood of pregnant cows can serve as a predictor of pneumonia in newborn calves (AUC=0.782, sensitivity 85.71%, specificity 81.82%, critical value 0.547 units). The diagnostic value of the CI predictor is rated as very good (AUC=0.812); sensitivity 71.43%, specificity 86.36%, critical value 22.5. The concentration of SMP in the blood of cows and CI in the period of gestation allows us to predict the development of bronchopulmonary pathology in their offspring with high accuracy.

This research was conducted to study the content and phenotypes of haptoglobin and their correlation to the differential leukocyte count in healthy Red-motley Holstein calves (n = 30). The blood samples from calves were taken through puncture of the jugular vein on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after birth. Differential leukocyte count was analyzed by manual enumeration. Serum haptoglobin content was determined by spectrophotometry (UV-1700 Shimadzu, Japan). Haptoglobin phenotypes were studied using gel electrophoresis. Serum haptoglobin content in calves on day 1 after birth was 3.8 ± 0.7 g/L, on day 7 was 3.5 ± 0.7 g/L, and on days 14 and 28 was 1.9 ± 1.0 and 3.9 ± 0.3 g/L, respectively. The haptoglobin phenotype Hp2-2 was found in 57.6% of calves, while phenotypes Hp2-1 and Hp1-1(?) were found in 30.0% and 13.3% of the examined animals, respectively. The serum concentrations of haptoglobin in calves with phenotypes Hp2-2, Hp2-1, and Hp1-1(?) did not differ. Calves with phenotype Hp2-2 were characterized by the greatest variability in the indicators of neutrophil content and lymphocyte content and their age-related changes. Animals with phenotype Hp2-1, on the contrary, showed the greatest stability of differential leukocyte count in the neonatal period.

BACKGROUND AND AIM:Calfhood disease is an important problem in dairy farming that could cause significant effects on heifer survival and productivity and has economic and welfare effects. Total protein concentration in the blood serum could be one of the predictors of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in newborn calves. The number of active nucleolus organizers could be used to assess the viability of the protein synthesis system in cells and tissues. We aimed for a comparative assessment of the dynamics of the main indicators of protein metabolism and nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) activity in the lymphocytes of healthy calves (Group I) and calves with BRD (Group II) during the 1st month after birth.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study included 30 calves of the red-motley Holstein breed. Venous blood samples were taken from all calves on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after birth. Quantitative analysis of total protein (Serum total protein [STP]), immune globulin (Serum immune globulin [SIg]), urea, and creatinine in serum and transcriptionally active chromosome NORs in the interphase nuclei of lymphocytes was conducted using receiver operating characteristic analysis and factor analysis.RESULTS:In Group I, the STP levels decreased during the 1st month of life, and in Group II, the STP levels were variable. The STP levels in both groups remained within the reference intervals. During the first 2 weeks after birth, the calves' SIg fluctuated within the statistical error limits and did not significantly differ between the groups. On the 28th day, SIg increased in both the groups (by 42.8% for Group I and 33.7% for Group II). The creatinine concentration showed a decrease but did not go beyond the range of reference values. Urea concentration in Group I markedly decreased and remained below the reference values; it did not change in Group II over the entire observation period. The number of NORs in 1-day-old calves did not significantly differ between the groups and amounted to 2.43 in Group I and 2.59 in Group II. A significant increase in the number of active NORs was found in calves in both groups at the ages of 14 and 28 days. Early BRD predictors (at 1-14 days) could not be identified among the studied indicators. The urea and creatinine concentrations and the NOR activity on day 28 after birth could be late BRD predictors. Protein metabolism in the newborn calves' organisms is regulated by three types of factors: Maintenance of a constant protein concentration in the plasma, protein decomposition, and de novo synthesis.CONCLUSION:There were no observed significant differences in the protein metabolism values and dynamics of indicators between healthy calves and calves with developed BRD. Alterations in the studied characteristics are the result, but not the cause of BRD. The increase in active NORs under BRD could be a favorable forecasting indicator. Protection against foreign protein and genetic material is a more important task for the organism than ensuring growth processes during the neonatal period.

Endogenous intoxication indices in late-pregnancy cows have been analyzed. The possibility for the use of these indices as predictors of bronchopulmonary pathology in the newborn calves has been identified. Overall, 29 Red-and-White Holstein cows checked on day 239–262 of gestation and 29 newborn calves were examined. Bronchitis occurred in all the calves within the first month of their life. In addition, it developed into pneumonia in seven newborn calves. The markers of endogenous intoxication in cows were analyzed. The total and effective albumin concentrations, the concentration of medium molecular weight peptides (MMWP) in the blood serum, the leucocyte intoxication index (LII) by the Kalf-Kalif formula, the toxicity index (TI), and the intoxication coefficient (IC) were determined. The MMWP level in the cows with calves unaffected by pneumonia comprised 0.408 ± 0.152 c.u. The cows with calves affected by pneumonia showed a higher MMWP content (0.615 ± 0.197 c.u., p < 0.05). A correlation between the MMWP concentration and the predicted probability of pneumonia was revealed (rs = 0.536, p < 0.005). The leucocyte intoxication index by the Kalf-Kalif formula and the toxicity index in the cows of both groups significantly varied. However, no reliable difference between the groups was revealed. The intoxication coefficient in the cows with calves affected by pneumonia was 26.5 ± 8.4, while a statistically reliable (p < 0.05) high IC value was recorded in cows that had offspring affected by uncomplicated bronchitis (IC = 17.2 ± 6.8). A correlation between the IC value in cows and the incidence of pneumonia in their offspring was revealed (rs = 0.568, p < 0.001). The MMWP concentration in blood serum of the pregnant cows may serve as a predictor of pneumonia in the newborn calves (AUC = 0.782, susceptibility – 85.71%, specificity – 81.82%, and critical value > 0.547 in conventional units). The diagnostic value of the IC predictor is rated as very good (AUC = 0.812, susceptibility – 71.43%, specificity – 86.36%, and critical value > 22.5 in conventional units). The concentration of medium molecular weight peptides and the intoxication concentration in cows in the period of gestation can allow us to make predictions for bronchopulmonary pathology development with high predictive accuracy in their offspring.

In conditions of industrial breeding of cattle one of the most common diseases of newborns is bronchopneumonia. The gold standard for the disease diagnostic are X-ray and ultrasound examination of the chest. Sensitive and specific cytological and biochemical markers of bronchopneumonia in calves have not been identified at present, therefore their search seems relevant. We examined 30 calves (23 healthy and 7 with bronchopneumonia) of Holstein red-motley breed in the first month after birth. The dynamics of protein metabolism indicators and activity of nucleolus-forming regions were studied. In healthy and sick animals the decreasing in serum protein content was observed by the end of 2nd weeks of life. In animals with bronchopneumonia the mean concentrations of protein were lower than those in healthy calves, but no statistically significant differences were found. Creatinine and urea concentrations also indicated the decreasing in the amount of protein and the intensity of its metabolism. In diseased animals intoxication increased as a result of impaired functioning of the respiratory system and the level of urea in the blood remained constant even against the background of a decrease in protein content. The positive dynamics of changes in the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of both healthy and sick with bronchopneumonia calves was noted. The increasing of the concentration of total protein in sick calves by 28th day (compared with 14th day) is due to the production of antibodies and the increasing in the γ-globulin fraction of proteins. Among the studied indicators of early predictors of bronchopneumonia could not be identified. According to the results of the ROC-analysis, late predictors of bronchopneumonia were the concentration of urea and creatinine and the activity of nucleolus-forming regions at 28th days. These predictors can be used to confirm the diagnosis, assess the condition of the body and the effectiveness of therapy, the choice of drugs and the formation of predictions. The function of the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes did not depend on the state of protein metabolism in general, the concentration of immunoglobulins in serum increased against the background of the decreasing in the total protein content. Increasing the activity of nucleolus-forming regions in conditions of a developed clinical picture of the disease can be a prognostically favorable sign, since it indicates a sufficient adaptive potential of the humoral immunity and normal functioning of the immune system as a whole.

The search and testing of compounds with antioxidant, antimutagenic, antitumor activity, low toxicity, efficacy and low cost is actual task. One of the substances that meet these requirements is methylene blue. It is used as antiseptic, antidote for poisoning with cyanides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, neuroprotective agent, photosensitizer, antioxidant, regulator of enzyme activity. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of methylene blue on the frequency of occurrence of micronuclei in erythrocytes of blood of mice using a micronucleus test. The use of methylene blue contributed to decrease in the level of spontaneous mutagenesis in erythrocyte cells in mice: in the control group, the incidence of micronuclei was 4.78 ± 0.58 ‰, oral administration of methylene blue at a dose of 15 mg/kg for 60 days led to the decrease of the study parameter up to 2.99 ± 0.34 ‰. The antimutagenic effect of methylene blue is obviously based on its ability to bind free radicals and protect the genetic material of cells from damage. The detection of mechanisms of action and dose-dependent effects of methylene blue requires additional studies.