Vocabulary knowledge is regarded as the best predictor of proficiency in second language acquisition. Receptive vocabulary in International Baccalaureate (IB) institutions is learnt implicitly through a language and literature programme, as the deliberate teaching of the lexical aspect is not a priority. Thus, the main aim of this study is to ascertain the receptive vocabulary knowledge of primary and secondary school students attending an IB school by means of the updated Vocabulary Levels Test. 339 students from 7th to 10th grade were assessed with said test in a single invigilated session. This test measures knowledge of the first most frequent 5000-word families of the English language, which represent roughly more than 95% of any text. The results showed that the first 2000-word families (frequency bands 1 and 2) proved to be highly known by the participants, whereas the third 1000, the fourth 1000 and the fifth 1000-word families (frequency bands 3 to 5) need improvement. These findings align with the prevailing trend of implicit vocabulary acquisition observed in this school. Boosting vocabulary learning by a more explicit teaching approach would greatly benefit learners, especially focusing on the third, fourth and fifth frequency bands.

One of the current challenges is the early identification of patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) through clinical diagnosis and genetic analysis to initiate treatment and prevent the development of atherosclerotic disease. To describe the results of a pilot program for opportunistic screening of Familial Hypercholesterolemia index cases in a highly complex hospital laboratory. Retrospective cross-sectional convenience recruitment study. Search for patients with clinical suspicion of FH was conducted by analyzing the lipid profile of users from the Las Higueras Hospital of Talcahuano, between 2019 and 2021. Patients were selected and stratified according to LDL-C concentrations using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) Criteria. Patients with a DLCN score >6 were selected as candidates for genetic diagnosis. 36,804 lipid profiles were obtained, of which 19,021 corresponded to a unique lipid profile per patient. After applying the exclusion criteria, 98 patients suspected of FH. According to the DLCN criteria, 5 patients were stratified with a definitive clinical diagnosis (DLCN ≥8) and 4 with a probable diagnosis of FH (DLCN 6-7). In 4 of the 6 patients who were contacted, 3 genetic variants associated with FH were identified. This work corresponds to the first report on the application of an FH screening program in a highly complex hospital center in Chile and allowed the definitive diagnosis of pediatric and adult patients with FH. These results demonstrate the importance of implementing an opportunistic screening program and performing genetic analysis for FH variants to a definitive diagnosis.

In adolescence and especially in females, greater body dissatisfaction has been evidenced, which is defined as a negative evaluation of one's own body, being a strong predictor of eating disorders and obesity. Objective: To relate body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and body mass index in adolescents. Subjects and Method: Quantitative, correlational, and cross-sectional study in a sample of 397 school adolescents (180 males and 217 females) from Concepcion, Chile, aged 10 to 19 years, to whom the following instruments were applied: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) to assess body dissatisfaction, Rosenberg Self -Esteem Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory -II for those older than 14 years, and Birleson Depression Self -Rating Scale for those younger than 14 years. Body mass index z -score was determined. Spearman's correlation coefficient was estimated for all variables. Results: Body dissatisfaction was reported in 54.9 % of females and 18.3 % of males. Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with age, z-BMI, and depression (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with self-esteem (p < 0.01). When body dissatisfaction was differentiated by sex, the same significant correlations remained, except for age. Conclusions: The results confirm the relationship between body dissatisfaction with self-esteem, depression, and BMI. The importance of promoting healthy self-esteem and body image from an early age to prevent eating disorders and obesity is emphasized.

En la adolescencia y sobre todo en mujeres se ha evidenciado una mayor insatisfacción corporal, la cual se define como una evaluación negativa del propio cuerpo, siendo un fuerte predictor de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la obesidad. Objetivo:Relacionar la insatisfacción corporal con la autoestima, depresión y el índice de masa corporal en adolescentes. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional y transversal, en una muestra de 397 adolescentes escolarizados/as (180 hombres y 217 mujeres) de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile, edades 10 a 19 años, a quienes se les aplicaron los siguientes instrumentos: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para evaluar la insatisfacción corporal, Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, Inventario de Depresión de Beck II para mayores de 14 años, y Escala de Birleson para menores de 14 años. Se determinó el z-score del índice de masa corporal. Se estimó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman de todas las variables. Resultados: Se reportó insatisfacción corporal en un 54,9 % en mujeres y un 18,3 % en los hombres. La insatisfacción corporal se correlacionó positivamente con la edad, z-IMC y depresión (p < 0,01) y negativamente con la autoestima (p < 0,01). Al diferenciar por sexo la insatisfacción corporal se mantuvieron las mismas correlaciones significativas, salvo la edad. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman la relación entre insatisfacción corporal con autoestima, depresión y el IMC. Se destaca la importancia de promover una autoestima e imagen corporal saludables desde edades tempranas para prevenir los trastornos alimentarios y la obesidad.

We run logit models to explain the variability of Pinus radiata structural lumber in 71 second and third un-pruned logs. The response variable was the proportion of lumber with a static modulus of elasticity greater or equal than 8000 MPa, pMSG8+, and the explanatory variables were log volume, branch index, largest branch, log internode index, wood basic density, and acoustic velocity. The average pMSG8+ volume was 44,30 % and 36,18 % in the second and third log respectively. Ten models were selected based on meeting statistical assumptions, their goodness of fit, and the statistical significance of their parameters. The best models (R2 -adj. > 0,75) included acoustic velocity (AV) as explanatory variable, which explained 56,25 % of the variability of pMSG8+. Models without AV presented goodness of fit ranging from 0,60 to 0,75 (R2 -adj.), and variables with the highest weight to explain the variability ofpMSG8+ were volume, followed by wood basic density, branch index, and largest branch. It is possible to model pMSG8+ from log variables even when acoustic velocity is not available; however, this requires wood basic density models calibrated for the Pinus radiata growing zone.

Despite the important role assigned to analogical reasoning (AR) in cognition and language, the relationship between this ability and language skills in the emergent literacy period has not been sufficiently studied, especially in Spanish speakers. To explore this link, we examined two modalities of AR (verbal and non-verbal) as predictors of linguistic skills in Spanish-speaking preschoolers with typical language development. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted and non-probability sampling was used. Participants were assessed on listening comprehension, lexical skills, phonological awareness and verbal and non-verbal AR. The sample consisted of 48 monolingual Spanish-speaking children from 4.1 to 6.0 years old. Hierarchical regression analysis identified a general model of age and verbal AR as significant predictors of overall emergent literacy performance and also pointed out the different contributions of the verbal and non-verbal AR to models of listening comprehension, lexical skills and phonological awareness. These findings contribute to the discussion on the dynamics of this relationship in the emergent literacy period and underscore the need to analyse specific analogical modalities in models of language development.

The aim of the present study was to compare emergent literacy profiles among Spanish-speaking preschoolers with and without developmental language disorders (DLD), based on phonological and lexical skills, working memory (WM), and analogical reasoning (AR, including verbal and nonverbal). The study sample was composed of 123 children aged 47-62 months (age group 1 or G1:M = 55.09, SD = 4.52; 61 boys, 62 girls) and 115 children aged 63-78 months (age group 2 or G2:M = 69.27, SD = 4.16; 54 boys, 61 girls). We compared the performance by age group in all measures, after which hierarchical cluster analyses using emergent literacy scores were performed for each age group. The lin-guistic and cognitive factors of the resulting clusters were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and pairwise comparison. Cluster analysis yielded 3 clusters in each age group that significantly differed on linguistic and cognitive measures. The groups were identified as high, mid, and low performance. DLD groups were associated with low performance in listening comprehension, lexical decision, and syllabifi-cation in G1 and lexical repetition and final sound in G2. The high-performance groups were associated with higher performance in syllabification, initial sound, and lexical repetition in G1 and listening com-prehension in G2. The main differences between age groups were observed in syllabification and lexical decision. Furthermore, the results suggest that verbal AR and WM are positive markers of linguistic pro-files in the youngest group, while only verbal AR appears relevant in the oldest group. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of emergent literacy profiles and may enhance the understanding of language and literacy development in typical and DLD Spanish-speaking children. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE:To adapt and assess reliability of the Chilean version of Nutritional Environment Measurement for Stores (NEMS-S-CHILE) to measure the food environment of stores in urban areas.DESIGN:NEMS-S-CHILE was the NEMS-S tool adapted to the Chilean food patterns; foods were grouped according to level of processing in (a) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (b) processed culinary ingredients, (c) processed foods, and (d) ultra-processed foods, and scored according to NEMS-S-CHILE tool. Reliability inter evaluators was measured.SETTING:City of Concepción, Bio-Bio region, Chile.PARTICIPANTS:Seventeen of a total of 25 supermarkets, and 9 out of 10 street markets according to the municipal registry and the street market trade unions, representing 74.3% of both types of food premises in Concepción.RESULTS:Reliability inter evaluators was measured by the following aspects: product availability, price, quality, and variety, through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), percent agreement, and Cohen's kappa analysis. Reliability was high for availability, where the kappa index and ICC were acceptable, ranging from moderate to high (0.42 to 1.00 for the kappa coefficient and 0.65 to 1.00 for ICC), as well as for prices (ICC: 0.65-1.00 ), variety (kappa: 0.76-1.00) and quality (percent agreement: 68.2- 100%).CONCLUSIONS:The adapted instrument, NEMS-S-CHILE, has a high reliability inter evaluators and can be useful to measure the availability of foods by the level of processing according to the prevalent food system in developing countries.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the stability of activated sludge (AS) in the treatment of kraft pulp mill effluent exposed to black liquor shock, as well as the effect of its exposure on the morphology of Daphnia magna and DNA damage through mutagenicity and genotoxicity response in Salmonella typhimurium. To this end, we applied doses of 2-, 4-, 10-, and 30-mL black liquor/L influent—shock 1 (S1), shock 2 (S2), shock 3 (S3), and shock 4 (S4), respectively—to kraft pulp mill effluent. The system stability was checked by analyzing heterotrophic biomass activity and discharge quality, evaluated using Ames test and Daphnia magna. The results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency for normal conditions was 64.84%, falling to 61.68%, and 61.31% for S1 and S2, respectively, and values of 52.11% for S3 and 20.34% for S4. The biomass activity decreased after each shock was applied, but then recovered. There was no evidence of lethal toxicity (LC50) to Daphnia magna at any of the concentrations. Therefore, it is feasible to apply doses S1 and S2 to an AS system that treats kraft pulp mill effluent.

Helicobacter pylori is capable of entering into yeast, but the factors driving this endosymbiosis remain unknown. This work aimed to determine if temperatures outside the optimal range for H. pylori increase its harboring within Candida. H. pylori strains were co-cultured with Candida strains in Brucella broth supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and incubated at 4, 25, 37 or 40 °C. After co-culturing, yeasts containing bacteria-like bodies (Y-BLBs) were observed by optical microscopy, and the bacterium were identified as H. pylori by FISH. The H. pylori 16S rRNA gene was amplified from the total DNA of Y-BLBs. The viability of intra-yeast H. pylori cells was confirmed using a viability assay. All H. pylori strains were capable of entering into all Candida strains assayed. The higher percentages of Y-BLBs are obtained at 40 °C with any of the Candida strains. H pylori also increased its harboring within yeast in co-cultures incubated at 25 °C when compared to those incubated at 37 °C. In conclusion, although H. pylori grew significantly at 40 °C, this temperature increased its harboring within Candida. The endosymbiosis between both microorganisms is strain-dependent and permits bacterial cells to remain viable under the stressing environmental conditions assayed.

BACKGROUNDFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is commonly associated with mutations in-LDL receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).AIMTo identify genetic variants associated with FH in a population of children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia or a family history of-demonstrated early CVD.MATERIAL AND METHODSClinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated, and nine genes related to FH were sequenced namely LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5, ABCG8 and STAP1, in 55 children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years old, from non-consanguineous families.RESULTSMutations associated with FH were found in 17 children and adolescents, corresponding to p.Asp47Asn, duplication of exons 13-15 and p.Ser326Cys of the LDLR gene; p.Glu204* and Ile268Met of the APOE gene. Thirteen patients were heterozygous, two homozygous, two compound heterozygous, and one double heterozygous.CONCLUSIONSChildren and adolescents carrying mutations associated with FH were found by selective screening, which constitutes the first stage in the identification of genetic variants in our country.

The goal of this study was to determine the effect of urea on the growth and accumulation of commercially important metabolites (lipids, proteins, fatty acids and phycoerythrin) and antioxidant activity in the red microalga of commercial interest Porphyridium purpureum. One-litre cultures were established containing 140 mg N l(-1) or 400 mg N l(-1), using nitrate (potassium nitrate) or urea as nitrogen source. Urea was as suitable as nitrate as the nitrogen source for P. purpureum. The nitrogen source significantly affected lipid but not protein content in P. purpureum, whereas nitrogen concentration significantly affected protein and lipid content, with the highest values obtained under 30 mM potassium nitrate and 14.8 mM urea (= 400 mg N l(-1)). Phycoerythrin content was not affected by nitrogen source or concentration in the culture. Considering the economic convenience of urea as a nitrogen source, the strain was scaled-up outdoors in Concepcion, Chile (Mediterranean climate), in a closed tubular photobioreactor and an open raceway pond (350 and 700 litres, respectively) with 14.8 mM urea. Biomass production was about four times lower in outdoor systems than in 1-litre cultures; however, results were comparable to other large-scale trials. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using urea as a low-cost nitrogen source for P. purpureum culture and the viability of growing this species outdoors in Central-Southern Chile, where climate conditions are not traditionally considered suitable for setting up commercial microalgal cultures.

Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios en escolares se han relacionado con las habilidades cognitivas y el rendimiento académico.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder mainly caused by mutations in the LDL receptor (LDL-R) and characterized by elevation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and premature cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the clinical phenotype of the p.Asp47Asn, described as an uncertain pathogenic variant, and its effect on the structure of LDL-R and ligand interactions with apolipoproteins. METHODS: 27 children and adolescents with suspected FH diagnosis were recruited from a pediatric endocrinology outpatient clinic. Blood samples were collected after 12 h fasting for lipid profile analysis. DNA sequencing was performed for six FH-related genes by Ion Torrent PGM platform and copy number variation by MLPA. For index cases, a familial cascade screening was done restricted to the same mutation found in the index case. In silico analysis were developed to evaluate the binding capacity of LDL-R to apolipoproteins B100 and E. RESULTS: Lipid profile in children and adolescents demonstrated higher LDL-C levels in p.Asp47Asn carriers compared to the wild type genotype. In silico analysis predicted a reduction in the binding capacity of the ligand-binding modules LA1-2 of p.Asp47Asn LDL-R for ApoB100 and ApoE, which was not produced by local structural changes or folding defects but as a consequence of a decreased apparent affinity for both apolipoproteins. CONCLUSION: The clinical phenotype and the structural effects of p.Asp47Asn LDL-R mutation suggest that this variant associates to FH. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of National Lipid Association.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is commonly associated with mutations in-LDL receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).To identify genetic variants associated with FH in a population of children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia or a family history of-demonstrated early CVD.Clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated, and nine genes related to FH were sequenced namely LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, LDLRAP1, LIPA, APOE, ABCG5, ABCG8 and STAP1, in 55 children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years old, from non-consanguineous families.Mutations associated with FH were found in 17 children and adolescents, corresponding to p.Asp47Asn, duplication of exons 13-15 and p.Ser326Cys of the LDLR gene; p.Glu204* and Ile268Met of the APOE gene. Thirteen patients were heterozygous, two homozygous, two compound heterozygous, and one double heterozygous.Children and adolescents carrying mutations associated with FH were found by selective screening, which constitutes the first stage in the identification of genetic variants in our country.

El estudio de las influencias del nivel sociocultural y el sexo sobre el desempeno fonetico-fonologico infantil se ha centrado principalmente en los anos preescolares y ha mostrado menos atencion sobre ninos escolares. Asimismo, escasos estudios analizan como estos dos factores interactuan en el desempeno infantil de ninos y ninas chilenos y que tipo de influencias manifiestan en el desempeno fonetico-fonologico. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el desempeno fonetico-fonologico entre ninos y ninas chilenos con desarrollo tipico del lenguaje provenientes de un establecimiento privado y de otro municipal. Metodologia. Participaron en este estudio 57 participantes, de los cuales 33 sujetos asisten al establecimiento privado (18 ninos y 15 ninas) y 24 sujetos asisten al establecimiento municipal (11 ninos y 13 ninas). Se aplico una prueba de repeticion de palabras y se analizaron las producciones utilizando una herramienta denominada Pauta de Clasificacion de Ajustes Fonetico-Fonologicos (CLAFF). Resultados. Los ninos del establecimiento municipal obtuvieron un desempeno significativamente menor en los participantes, aunque tales influencias socioculturales no afectan a los ninos y las ninas por igual. Para el sexo no hay diferencias significativas entre ninos y ninas. Conclusiones. Las influencias del sistema educativo municipal desfavorecen significativamente a los ninos y las ninas en los AFF de silaba y significativamente a las ninas en los AFF de rasgos. No se manifiestan diferencias estadisticas entre ninos y ninas de un mismo sistema educativo.

The worldwide increase in the demand for wood pellets has led to increased interest in the use of biomass feedstock. However, the quality of pellets depends directly on the biomass feedstocks. This paper brings new insights about the influence of lignin distribution, physicochemical characteristics, and microstructure on the quality of pellets. The aim of the study was to characterize the physical, chemical, mechanical and energy properties of pellets produced from Pinus radiata (PR), Eucalyptus nitens (EN), Paulownia elongata x fortune (P), and Miscanthus x giganteus (MG), as well as to use microscopic techniques to examine how lignin distribution influences the mechanical properties. The findings show that the pellets made from PR were more suitable for bioenergy production compared to those produced with EN, P, and MG. Anatomical structure proved to be important in relation to pellet quality. The clear areas on the surface of the pellets presented relationship with the percentage of biomass lignin (which ranged from 26.4 to 34.2%). The P and PR pellets were more durable and had fewer empty spaces be-tween particles. The pellets made from EN, which was the material most difficult to compact, had abundant cracks. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Con el fin de evaluar el trabajo colaborativo en la asignatura de Biología Celular para Enfermería se diseñó, validó y aplicó una encuesta a los estudiantes de primer año, para indagar respecto de su opinión sobre las actividades desarrolladas en la asignatura relacionadas a trabajo individual y trabajo colaborativo. Objetivo: Evaluar y fomentar el aprendizaje colaborativo con el fin de lograr aprendizajes significativos en la asignatura de Biología Celular. Método: Se diseñó una encuesta con ítems en la plataforma Google Drive, que incluye: respuesta múltiple, con escala de Likert y respuesta abierta. Los aspectos considerados fueron nivel de identificación de las competencias genéricas, competencias para responder en equipo, nivel de reconocimiento del trabajo colaborativo respecto al aprendizaje logrado, apreciación de los componentes básicos del aprendizaje cooperativo de acuerdo a Johnson & Johnson, 2009. Resultados y discusión. De acuerdo al análisis de los ítems de la encuesta, se aprecia que los estudiantes valoran el trabajo colaborativo en su proceso de aprendizaje y práctica de habilidades blandas o competencias genéricas, en los que la Universidad de Concepción se encuentra comprometida.

Introduction: Eating habits in school-age children have been associated with cognitive skills and academic performance. Aim: To determine the relationship between eating habits and academic performance in Chilean school-age children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 733 school-age children. Eating habits were assessed by the frequency of consumption of food groups, mealtimes, cooking skills and if they liked to cook. Grades of math and language subjects were reported. Results: There was a low proportion of healthy consumption frequency (HCF). Girls had a higher HCF of bread (p<0.001), boys had a higher HCF of dairy (p= 0.016). By sex, academic performance in language was different in girls (p= 0.013). HCF of dairy was associated with academic performance in language (p= 0.017) and mathematics (p= 0.035). Eating breakfast was associated with academic performance in mathematics (p= 0.028) and language (p= 0.001). Not consuming cakes and sweet doughs (p= 0.016), French fries, hot dogs and sopaipillas (p= 0.025) was associated with academic performance in mathematics. 29.1% of children had cooking skills, 54.0% being girls (p= 0.006). Having cooking skills was significantly associated with 7 of the 12 food groups analyzed. Conclusion: Eating habits are associated to the academic performance of Chilean school-age children.