The Solanaceae family, particularly the genus Physalis, is a rich source of anticancer bioactive compounds. This study first reports the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) obtained from fruits (FO), leaves (LO), and a leaf-fruit mixture (LFO) of Physalis acutifolia using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Major components include hexadecanoic acid (36.51% in LO), phytol (32.54% in LFO), and heptacosane (31.37% in FO). Cytotoxic activity was assessed against four human cancer cell lines: A375 (malignant melanoma), T98G (glioblastoma multiforme), MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), and HCT116 (colon carcinoma). LO exhibited potent antiproliferative effects on A375 (IC50 = 9.06 µg/mL). Molecular docking simulations suggest that hexadecanoic acid may activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), while homosalate shows a high-affinity binding to platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions indicate drug-like properties for ar-turmerol. These findings highlight the anticancer potential of P. acutifolia EOs as candidates for future pharmaceutical examination.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of Ambrosia artemisifolia L. Methanolic (EMAA) and Chloroformic (ECAA) extracts as natural preservatives and therapeutic agents by analysing the biological activities of these extracts. Total polyphenol content, antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC), enzyme inhibitory (butyrylcholinesterase, alpha-amylase), antifungal (against tomato infections), and cytotoxic (on Artemia salina and mealworm larvae) activities were analysed. According to the findings, the total polyphenol content of EMAA was found to be substantially greater (58.01 ± 5.19 μg GAE/mg) compared to that of ECAA (28.01 ± 0.67 μg GAE/mg). EMAA displayed higher antioxidant effectiveness in ABTS (IC50 = 34.03 ± 3.50 μg/mL) and CUPRAC (A0.5 = 71.24 ± 2.14 μg/mL) assays compared to ECAA (ABTS IC50 = 76.07 ± 3.31 μg/mL; CUPRAC A0.5 = 101.54 ± 1.79 μg/mL). In contrast, the IC50 of ECAA was shown to be lower in the DPPH assay (63.04 ± 0.20 μg/mL) compared to that of EMAA (83.64 ± 1.74 μg/mL respectively). The enzyme inhibition of ECAA was shown to be more effective than that of the other compound (butyrylcholinesterase: 39.92 ± 2.31% versus 13.63 ± 4.66%; alphaamylase IC50 = 69.22 ± 4.58 μg/mL versus 79.66 ± 3.23 μg/mL). Tomatoes were protected from fungal infections by both extracts (7.14 percent infection rate compared to 0 percent for copper sulphate infections). When administered at a concentration of 400 μg/mL, EMAA generated a mortality rate of 30% in Artemia salina, whereas ECAA induced a mortality rate of 62.5%. However, neither of these agents had any effect on mealworm larvae at a concentration of 4 mg/mL. It is important to note that the specific enzyme inhibition provided by ECAA and the powerful antioxidant capabilities of EMAA emphasise the complementing usage of these two compounds. Due to its low toxicity in mealworms and its antifungal activity, it appears to be suitable for use in agricultural factories. Extracts of A. artemisifolia, in particular EMAA and ECAA, have the potential to be used as natural preservatives and medicinal agents due to the bioactivity and safety profile of these extracts. The results of this study on the extracts of Ambrosia artemisiifolia reveal a significant richness in bioactive compounds, confirming the traditional use of this plant for its therapeutic properties. The evaluation of biological activities, including antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, anti-urease, and antifungal activities, demonstrates the potential of these extracts in the treatment of various diseases. Regarding toxicity, the results show that the extracts at concentrations of 4 mg/ml did not cause significant mortality, suggesting a favorable safety profile for potential use in therapeutic formulations. Tests on Artemia salina larvae and other biological models also confirmed the low toxicity of the extracts, which is a crucial aspect for their future development. In summary, this study highlights the importance of Ambrosia artemisiifolia as a potential source of bioactive compounds, paving the way for further research to explore its applications in medicine and phytotherapy. The results also encourage more in-depth studies on the isolation and characterization of active compounds, as well as their mechanisms of action, to better understand their therapeutic potential

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of a combined ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera and methanolic extract of Urtica dioica (MU), F3 (2:1 w/w), against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)-induced liver toxicity in rats. Formulation F3, characterized by high total phenolic (246.45 ± 1.80 µg GAE/mg) and flavonoid (67.07 ± 0.21 µg QE/mg) contents, exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant activity (e.g., DPPH IC50 of 42.66 ± 0.59 µg/mL for F3). Significantly, oral administration of F3 alone (200, 400 mg/kg) did not induce liver toxicity, maintaining normal histopathology similar to controls. Conversely, INH-RIF treatment significantly increased serum liver markers (AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, and triglycerides), elevated MDA levels, reduced CAT and GSH activities, and caused severe histopathological damage. The combined extract F3, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly reversed these biochemical and histopathological alterations. In silico ADMET, DFT, and docking analyses elucidated multi-targeted mechanisms: DFT predicted high reactivity for compounds such as riboflavin (5a), correlating with antioxidant effects. Docking showed strong binding of oleuropein (3a) and riboflavin (5a) to CYP2E1 and TNF-α, suggesting inhibition of toxic metabolite formation and inflammation. These findings highlight this natural combination's potential as an adjunctive therapy for anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury.

Ononis angustissima, a member of the Fabaceae family long employed in folk remedies, has remained largely unexplored in terms of its phytochemical composition and bioactivity. In this work, we applied a face-centered central composite design to refine the ethanolic extraction process for phenolic and flavonoid constituents, achieving peak yields of 76.44 ± 0.76 mg GAE/g dry weight (dw) and 66.42 ± 0.83 mg QE/g dw, respectively. Comprehensive LC–ESI–MS/MS analysis unveiled nineteen principal metabolites, among which luteolin (143.55 ± 1.76 µg/g), salicylic acid (45.82 ± 0.24 µg/g dw), and trans-ferulic acid (40.53 ± 0.43 µg/g dw) were most abundant. The chloroform partition demonstrated remarkable butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50 of 20.52 ± 0.58 µg/mL), showing stronger activity than galantamine under the tested conditions. Additionally, the ethanolic extract exhibited pronounced, selective, and dose-dependent antiproliferative effects against the DLD-1 and CAPAN-1 tumor cell lines, with IC50 of 0.82 ± 0.07 and 0.87 ± 0.06 mg/mL, respectively, while showing considerably lower cytotoxicity toward the L929 fibroblasts. Molecular docking studies further predicted strong interactions of flavonoids, particularly luteolin and quercetin, with both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase active sites, underscoring their neuroprotective potential. Moreover, ADME profiling of the identified metabolites indicated generally favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with luteolin, caffeic acid, and trans-ferulic acid emerging as promising lead compounds due to their absorption potential, lipophilicity, and bioavailability. Collectively, these results highlight O. angustissima as a valuable source of bioactive compounds worthy of further investigation for potential anticancer and neuroprotective applications. However, given the in vitro and in silico nature of this study, additional research, including bioassay-guided isolation, mechanistic studies, and in vivo validation, is necessary to confirm its therapeutic relevance.

This study investigated the phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and anti-gout potential of methanolic extracts obtained from flowers, leaves, and stems of Diplotaxis harra subsp. crassifolia. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified spectrophotometrically, and individual phenolics were characterized by LC-MS/MS, revealing 15 compounds in flowers, 11 in leaves, and 7 in stems, with quinic acid as the predominant constituent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum, and metal-chelation assays, in which flower extracts consistently exhibited the highest antioxidant potential. Xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibition assay revealed that the flower extract exhibited the best inhibition activity, with an IC50 of 0.212 mg/mL, comparable to that of the positive control allopurinol (0.25 mg/mL). Consistently, molecular docking showed that gentisic and protocatechuic acids, most phenolics in the extract, bind XO with more favorable energies than allopurinol through extensive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions at key active site residues. Overall, this initial organ-specific evaluation of D. harra provides strong support for its flower extracts as promising candidates for standardized anti-gout preparations and as scaffolds for future XO inhibitor development.

Euphorbia clementei Boiss. is a perennial subshrub native to the western Mediterranean and Northwest Africa, where species of the genus Euphorbia have been traditionally used against skin irritations, digestive disorders, inflammatory conditions, and microbial illnesses. Despite this ethnopharmacological relevance, E. clementei remains underexplored. This study presents a comprehensive multi-technique analytical characterization of E. clementei, integrating HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, and ICP-MS to profile phytochemicals and minerals, correlated with bioactivity assessment. HPLC-DAD quantified key phenolics in the methanol extract, notably epicatechin (20.58 mg/g), catechin (13.92 mg/g), and pyrocatechol (14.52 mg/g), with method validation confirming excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99) and recovery (95–102

Salsola kali L., a halophytic plant renowned for its resilience in arid and saline environments, possesses a rich and diverse phytochemical profile with significant bioactive potential. This study provides a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of S. kali extracts, employing an integrative analytical approach combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The phenolic composition of the methanolic extract revealed 17 identified compounds, with quercetin 3-O-beta-galactoside (14.74 mg/g extract) and pyrocatechol (14.54 mg/g extract) being the most abundant, followed by other notable compounds highlighting the plant's phenolic diversity. Furthermore, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of the identified bioactive compounds were predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM tools, revealing favorable drug-like characteristics. GC-FID analysis revealed that the hexane extract primarily contained saturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid being the most abundant, comprising 55.17% of total fatty acids. The mineral content analysis revealed a rich profile of essential macro- and micronutrients, with potassium (2.62%) as major constituents, alongside high levels of iron (379.82 mg/L). Pharmacological assessments demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 90.85 +/- 0.91 mu g/mL), while the hexane extract exhibited lower activity (IC50 = 542.59 +/- 2.68 mu g/mL). The methanol extract also displayed promising enzyme inhibitory effects, with moderate activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and notable inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. However, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was not observed at concentrations below 200 mu g/mL. This study elucidates the structural and functional attributes of S. kali metabolites, emphasizing their potential as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and nutrient sources for therapeutic use.

The essential oil (EO) composition of Cachrys sicula from Algeria was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize its chemical profile. The plant material was collected from the M’Sila in northeast. The results revealed that Cachrys sicula EO contains four main chemical groups: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and other compounds. Among these, sesquiterpenes represent the most abundant group, accounting for 46.13%, followed by monoterpenes, which account for 40.27%. The smallest proportion was found in diterpenes (0.22%), while other components contributed 3.94%. The major monoterpenes identified include Sabinene (7.85%), α-Pinene (1.73%), and D-Limonene (1.57%). Sesquiterpenes included trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene (8.58%), Caryophyllene oxide (6.36%), and Caryophyllene (4.49%). Other significant compounds included Bornyl acetate (3.59%) and Germacra-4(15),5.10(14)-trien-1-α-ol (3.83%). Among the diterpenes, only trace amounts (0.22%) were identified. Other trace compounds include Eugenol (2.24%), Carvacrol ethyl ether (0.12%), Hexyl tiglate (0.36%), and Undecan-2-one (0.54%). The presence of key compounds such as Sabinene, trans-Cadina-1(6),4-diene, Caryophyllene oxide, and Caryophyllene highlights the diverse and unique chemical properties of Cachrys sicula EO. This study provides a detailed insight into the composition of its EO, contributing to a better understanding of the chemical diversity within the Cachrys genus and its potential applications in medicinal and industrial fields.

The Salvia genus, one of the largest in the Lamiaceae family, is present in North Africa with 27 different taxa. In this study, the chemical composition of Salvia lanigera and Salvia taraxacifolia essential oils (EOs) was studied. The latter species has never been investigated. The two EOs, extracted by hydro-distillation and analysed by GC-MS, were rich in terpenoids. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major chemical group of S. lanigera (88.0%) (12), while S. taraxacifolia EO (18), consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons (35.7%), with limonene (24.9%) as the most abundant compound, while β-cubebene (22.7%) was identified as primary hydrocarbon sesquiterpene compound (38.7%). Furthermore, statistical analyses such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), employed to highlight similarities or dissimilarities between Salvia taxa, showed clear divergences between chemical and botanical classification.

This study sought to maximize the extraction of Glebionis coronaria’s total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), determining the best conditions for separating these beneficial substances. Liquid–liquid partitioning was carried out after extraction using solvents of different polarities, such as n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. While antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, reducing power, phenanthroline, and silver nanoparticle assays, TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ techniques, respectively. Cytotoxic effects were evaluated against two cancer cell lines (CAPAN-1 and dld-1) as well as a healthy cell line (L929), and the ethanolic extract’s substance composition was examined using LC–ESI–MS/MS. The optimal TPC and TFC extraction parameters were found to be X1 (48 h), X2 (70

The phytochemical profile of the aqueous methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Psychin stylosa Desf., an Algerian endemic species belonging to the Brassicaceae family and previously unstudied, was analysed using the HPLC-MS/MS technique, allowing for the identification of 65 compounds from diverse chemical classes, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, sugars, alkaloids, sulphur compounds, peptides, terpenoids, and steroids, as well as 13 unidentified compounds. The extract showed a high total polyphenol content of 64.39 ± 1.63 mg GAE/g extract and a flavonoid content of 20.39 ± 0.53 mg QE/g extract, indicating its richness in bioactive phenolic constituents. It also exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 9.82 ± 1.70 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, while no antibacterial effect was observed against the tested bacterial strains. This study represents the first report combining phytochemical characterisation and biological evaluation of this plant species, highlighting its potential as a natural source of antioxidant compounds.

This study comprehensively analyzed the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and enzyme-inhibitory properties of Rumex vesicarius (R. vesicarius) extracts using advanced food analytical methods. The methanol extract was profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD), identifying 16 phenolic compounds, with cynarin (26.06 mg/g dry weight extract) as the most abundant compound, revealed for the first time in this species. The hexane extract was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), revealing 12 compounds, predominantly linoleic acid (46.09

Greater Kabylia is a regional hotspot characterized by a multitude of ecosystems, from the coast to the high mountains. The only reference study on orchids did not take into account the entire territory of the wilaya of Tizi Ouzou, unlike Bejaia (the neighboring wilaya). The present study completes the inventory, ecology and distribution of the various orchid species in the wilaya. After a year's inventory, a total of 45 autonomous taxa plus 5 casual hybrids among 11 genera (Anacamptis, Androrchis, Cephalanthera, Epipactis, Dactylorhiza, Limodorum, Neotinea, Ophrys, Orchis, Serapias, Spiranthes) was recorded at 275 distinct locations, yielding over 1000 unique observations. This inventory makes this wilaya the richest to date for Algerian orchidoflora. These species are therefore of great value in terms of conservation issues, either for heritage value (endemic, protected), or for their risk of extinction (threatened, rare).

In this paper, the first phytochemical analysis on Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. gracile was reported. The dried aerial parts collected in Algeria were studied, and the analysis was conducted using different techniques: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the fatty acid content, headspace solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS for the volatile composition, column chromatography along with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and MS for non-volatile pattern characterization. Saturated fatty acids were found to be prevalent, with palmitic acid as the major compound. In the volatile fraction, β-caryophyllene and humulene, comprised in the class of sesquiterpenes, were the major components. Indeed, five non-volatile compounds were observed, namely teucrioside (1), cirsiliol (2), harpagide (3), and chlorogenic acid (4). The employed analytical techniques have proven to be suitable for producing reliable and reproducible results in the description of the phytochemical profile of the matrix.

Lavandula multifida was widely used to treat rheumatism, chills, and digestive system diseases. However, experimental studies supporting these therapeutic properties are lacking. On the other hand, the composition of lavender essential oil is well documented; in contrast, there is less information on the chemical composition of organic extracts. In this study, the content of minerals, phenols, and fatty acids was determined, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC–DAD, minerals by ICP-OES while fatty acids by GC–MS technique. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using three complementary tests, namely, the scavenging of DPPH free radicals, the scavenging of cationic radicals ABTS and CUPRAC (antioxidant reducing capacity of copper). Seven phenolic compounds were identified in the methanolic extract, where apigenin was the most abundant, followed by rutin and coumarin with 14.58, 2.08, and 0.51 µg/g, respectively. Thirteen saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were identified in the petroleum ether extract and, among these, the main detected were oleic acid (C18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), and lineloic acid (C18:2). This extract was very rich in iron with an amount of 820.21 ± 16.4 mg/L. The methanolic extract also showed high antioxidant activity with DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC tests of 27.18 ± 0.51, 19.52 ± 3.85, and 26.32 ± 0.90 µg/mL, respectively. These results highlight the potential of L. multifida as an antioxidant agent and food supplement especially for iron deficiency.

The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial part of Scabiosa daucoïdes Desf (Caprifoliaceous) by GC-FID and GC-MS methods. The essential oil was extracted using the steam distillation technique. Thirty-eight components were identified, representing 76.49% of the total oil. The main constituents were spathulenol (8.95%), cis-α-copaene-8-ol (7.27%), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (3.98%), germacrene B and germacrene D-4-ol (3.93%), caryophyllene alcohol (3.08%), and thujopsan-2-α-ol (3.04%). Moreover, a quantitative structure-retention relationship model was developed using multiple linear regression (MLR) after descriptor selection with a genetic algorithm employing variable subset selection (GA-VSS). The model attained demonstrates exceptional predictive ability with a cross-validated R-squared value of 98.36%, cross-validation of 97.47%, and external validation of 96.54%. These findings highlight model's accuracy concerning the retention index prediction and its application for studying essential oils. The molecular descriptors selected by GA-VSS, particularly QXXm, RDF060v, HATS4s, and s3_pathLength, significantly affected retention times.

This study explores the potential of Thymus ciliatus as a natural source of bioactive compounds by investigating its chemical composition and in vitro biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer properties. The analysis of the essential oil was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealing α-terpinenyl acetate (18.74%) and camphor (10.62%) as the major components. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six methods. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and well diffusion techniques. Antidiabetic activity was measured through a colorimetric assay, while anti-Alzheimer activity was evaluated against butyrylcholinesterase. The results demonstrated that extracts from polar and medium-polar solvents exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, followed by low-polar solvent extracts. The essential oil of T. ciliatus displayed significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. Crude extracts also showed antimicrobial activity across all tested strains. The aqueous extract exhibited the strongest antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 2.56 ± 0.06 µg/mL), followed by the essential oil (IC50 = 57.11 ± 4.39 µg/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract demonstrated the highest anti-Alzheimer activity with an IC50 of 0.26 ± 0.20 µg/mL. Based on these results, T. ciliatus represents a promising source of bioactive substances with potential therapeutic applications.

This investigation evaluated the chemical composition and the biological activities of the ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Salvia lanigera Poiret from the M’sila region, Algeria. Phytochemical analysis identified 17 compounds in the ethanol extract (HPLC–DAD), with cynarin, ellagic acid, and rutin as major components. Petroleum ether extract (GC–MS) revealed 16 compounds, predominantly palmitic acid and stearic acid. Antioxidant activity was assessed using four assays: the ethanol extract showed significant activity in the phenanthroline assay (1.94 ± 0.18 μg/mL), and SNP assay (124.78 ± 0.59 μg/mL), compared to the BHA standard. Both extracts demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal effects, with inhibition zones of 10–13 mm and MIC values ranging from 0.78 to 3.125 mg/mL against tested strains. Enzymatic assays revealed α-glucosidase inhibition by the ethanol extract (IC50 = 27.07 ± 0.78 μg/mL), while α-amylase inhibition was lower (ethanol: 429.85 ± 1.43 μg/mL; petroleum ether: 520.31 ± 1.63 μg/mL). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition were minimal (IC50 > 200 μg/mL for AChE; ethanol: 365.84 ± 5.48 μg/mL, petroleum ether: 636.13 ± 4.49 μg/mL for BChE). Urease inhibition was notable for the ethanol extract (54.88

The study examines the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of petroleum ether and hydro-methanolic extracts of Achillea santolina from Algeria. Chemical profiling was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection for the hydro-methanolic extract and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the petroleum ether extract. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the disc diffusion method and broth dilution technique. Epicatechin (24.54 mg/g extract), and camphor (19.18%) were identified as main compounds in the hydro-methanolic and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. Both extracts showed significant antibacterial effects against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains, with inhibition diameters ranging from 10 to 13 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 0.78 and 3.5 mg/mL. Anti-fungal activity was also notable, particularly against Candida albicans, with an inhibition diameter of 14 mm, and MIC values between 0.39 and 1.56 mg/mL. The hydro-methanolic extract showed up to 90% of growth inhibition against Aspergillus niger. These findings suggest that A. santolina could serve as a promising source of antimicrobial compounds to combat resistant pathogens.

This study represents the first investigation of the volatile composition of Calystegia silvatica (Convolvulaceae) collected in Algeria, using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). This technique allowed the identification of 44 compounds, constituting 96.9% of the total components. These compounds belong to various chemical classes, including sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (22) and non-terpene derivatives (13), as major groups. Remarkably, the volatile profile of C. silvatica was dominated by sesquiterpenoids (87.1%), particularly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (83%). Analysis of the aroma profile revealed that the main metabolites were β-caryophyllene, α-gurjunene and germacrene D. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were present in a smaller proportion (4.1%), mostly represented by palustrol. Other chemical classes, such as monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, non-terpene derivatives and apocarotenes, have been found in limited quantities. It is worth noting that the data presented in this study have not previously been reported for Calystegia species.