The tarsal attachment system of the Madagascar Hissing cockroach Grompadorhina portentosa (Blattodea, Blaberidae) was analysed with respect to the ultrastructure of its smooth adhesive pads (arolium, euplantula), the chemical composition of its adhesive secretion, and its adhesion and friction performance on surfaces of different roughnesses. Local measurements performed with a nanotribometer showed that, in the non-manipulated euplantulae, friction was clearly increased in the push direction, whereas the arolium of the fore tarsus showed higher friction in the pull direction. The surface of the euplantulae shows an imbricate appearance, whereby the ledges face distally, which might contribute to the observed frictional anisotropy in push direction. The glandular epithelium of both the arolium and the euplantulum releases adhesive secretions into a subcuticular void from which it has to permeate the thick cuticle of the adhesive pads. In the euplantulae, adhesion was one to two orders of magnitude lower than friction. Whereas adhesive tenacity was slightly decreased with depleted secretion, it was considerably increased after artificial application of oily liquids. Our chemical analyses of the secretion suggest a semisolid consistency of the adhesive secretion, which probably facilitates the detachment of the tarsus during locomotion. On nanorough surfaces, the insect appears to benefit from employing emulsions instead of pure oils to avoid excessive friction. Based on our chemical analyses, 12 synthetic heterogeneous adhesive emulsions were prepared. By varying their chemical composition, they could be adjusted to have diverse consistencies. Some of them were able to mimic certain rheological and tribological properties of natural tarsal insect adhesives.

1-Methylpyrene, an alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and environmental carcinogen, is activated by side-chain hydroxylation to 1-hydroxymethylpyrene (1-HMP) and subsequent sulfo conjugation to the DNA-reactive 1-sulfooxymethylpyrene. In addition to the bioactivation, processes of metabolic detoxification and transport greatly influence the genotoxicity of 1-methylpyrene. For a better understanding of 1-HMP detoxification in vivo we studied urinary and fecal metabolites in rats following intraperitoneal doses of 19.3mg 1-HMP/kg body weight (5 rats) or the same dose containing 200μCi [(14)C]1-HMP/kg body weight (2 rats). After 48h, 48.0% (rat 1) and 29.1% (rat 2) of the radioactivity was recovered as 1-HMP in the feces. Six major metabolites were observed by UV and on-line radioactivity detection in urine samples and feces after HPLC separation. The compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR and (1)H-(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy, which allowed assigning tentative molecular structures. Two prominent metabolites, 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-6) and the acyl glucuronide of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-5) accounted for 17.7% (rat 1) and 25.2% (rat 2) of the overall radioactive dose. Further, we detected the acyl glucuronide of 6-hydroxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-1) and 8-sulfooxy-1-pyrene carboxylic acid (M-3) together with two regioisomers of M-3 (M-2 and M-4) differing in position of the sulfate group at the pyrene ring. In urine samples, the radioactivity of 1-pyrene carboxylic acid and its five derivatives amounted to 32.4% (rat 1) or 45.5% (rat 2) of the total [(14)C]1-HMP dose.

Spatially controlled in vivo sampling by contact solid phase microextraction with a non-coated silica fiber combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for hydrocarbon profiling in tarsal adhesion secretions of four insect species (Nicrophorus vespilloides, Nicrophorus nepalensis, Sagra femorata, and Gromphadorhina portentosa) by using distinct adhesion systems, viz. hairy or smooth tarsi. For comparison, corresponding samples from tibiae, representing the general cuticular hydrocarbon profile, were analyzed to enable the statistical inference of active molecular adhesion principles in tarsal secretions possibly contributed by specific hydrocarbons. n-Alkanes, monomethyl and dimethyl alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, and one aldehyde were detected. Multivariate statistical analysis (principal component and orthogonal partial least square discriminant analyses) gave insights into distinctive molecular features among the various insect species and between tarsus and tibia samples. In general, corresponding hydrocarbon profiles in tarsus and tibia samples largely resembled each other, both qualitatively and in relative abundances as well. However, several specific hydrocarbons showed significantly different relative abundances between corresponding tarsus and tibia samples, thus indicating that such differences of specific hydrocarbons in the complex mixtures might constitute a delicate mechanism for fine-tuning the reversible attachment performances in tarsal adhesive fluids that are composed of substances originating from the same pool as cuticular hydrocarbons. Caused by melting point depression, the multicomponent tarsal adhesion secretion, made up of straight chain alkanes, methyl alkanes, and alkenes will have a semi-solid, grease-like consistency, which might provide the basis for a good reversible attachment performance.

This article reports on the chemical analysis of molecular profiles of tarsal secretions of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) by gas chromatography hyphenated with quadrupol mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy. Special focus of this study was to elaborate on sampling methods which enable selective microscale extraction of insect secretions in a spatially controlled manner, in particular tarsal adhesive secretions and secretions located on cuticle surfaces at the tibia. Various solvent sampling procedures and contact solid-phase microextraction (SPME) methods were compared in terms of comprehensiveness and extraction efficiencies as measured by signal intensities in GC-MS. Solvent sampling with water as extraction solvent gave access to the elucidation of chemical profiles of polar compound classes such as amino acids and carbohydrates, but is extremely tedious. Contact SPME on the other hand can be regarded as a simplified and more elegant alternative, in particular for the lipophilic compound fraction. Many proteinogenic amino acids and ornithine as well as carbohydrate monomers arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose were detected in tarsal secretions after acid hydrolysis of aqueous extracts. Qualitatively similar but quantitatively significantly different molecular profiles were found for the lipid fraction which contained mainly n-alkanes and internally branched monomethyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl-alkanes in the C23-C49 range as well as long chain fatty acids and aldehydes. Especially, hydrocarbons with >C40 carbon numbers have previously been rarely reported for insect secretions. The results suggest that the investigated insect secretions are complex emulsions which allow the attachment of tarsi on various otherwise incompatible materials of smooth and rough surfaces. The solid consistence of the established alkanes at ambient temperatures might contribute to a semi-solid consistence of the adhesive, amalgamating partly opposing functions such as slip resistance, tarsal release, desiccation resistance, and mechanical compliance. The methods developed can be extended to other similar applications of studying compositions of insect secretions of other species.

Molecular profiles of adhesion secretions of Gromphadorrhina portentosa (Madagascar hissing cockroach, Blattodea) were investigated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with particular focus on a comprehensive analysis of linear and branched hydrocarbons. For this purpose, secretions from the tarsi (feet), possibly contributing to adhesion on smooth surfaces, and control samples taken from the tibiae (lower legs), which contain general cuticular hydrocarbons that are supposed to be not involved in the biological adhesion function, were analyzed and their molecular fingerprints compared. A major analytical difficulty in such a study constitutes the representative, spatially controlled, precise and reproducible sampling from a living insect as well as the minute quantities of insect secretions on both tarsi and tibiae. Thus, three different in vivo sampling methods were compared in terms of sampling reproducibility and extraction efficiency by replicate measurement of samples from tarsi and tibiae. While contact solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber showed higher peak intensities, a self-made uncoated glass fiber had the best repeatability in contact-SPME sampling. Chromatographic profiles of these two contact-SPME sampling methods were statistically not significantly different. Inter-individual variances were larger than potentially existing minor differences in molecular patterns of distinct sampling methods. Sampling by solvent extraction was time consuming, showed lower sensitivities and was less reproducible. In general, sampling by contact-SPME with a cheap glass fiber turned out to be a viable alternative to PDMS-SPME sampling. Hydrocarbon patterns of the tarsal adhesion secretions were qualitatively similar to those of epicuticular hydrocarbon profiles of the tibiae. However, hydrocarbons were in general less abundant in tarsal secretions than secretions from tibiae.

J Chromatograph Separat Techniq HPLC: Pharmaceutical Applications ISSN:2157-7064 JCGST, an open access journal Investigating Insect Adhesion Secretions by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Albert K1, Gerhardt H2 and Lämmerhofer M2 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany 2Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany

Four new flavonol glycosides were isolated from the leaves of Brugmansia suaveolens: kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'''→2'')-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'''→2'')-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside-7-O-į-D-gluco-pyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-[6'''-O-(E-caffeoyl)]-glucopyranosyl-(1'''→2'')-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and kaempferol 3-O-β-D-[2'''-O-(E-caffeoyl)]-glucopyranosyl-(1'''→2'')-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4). The structure elucidation was performed by MS, 1D and 2D NMR analyses.

A novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe head for monitoring fast chemical reactions is described. It combines micro-reaction technology with capillary flow NMR spectroscopy. Two reactants are fed separately into the probe head where they are effectively mixed in a micro-mixer. The mixed reactants then pass through a capillary NMR flow cell that is equipped with a solenoidal radiofrequency coil where the NMR signal is acquired. The whole flow path of the reactants is thermostatted using the liquid FC-43 (perfluorotributylamine) so that exothermic and endothermic reactions can be studied under almost isothermal conditions. The set-up enables kinetic investigation of reactions with time constants of only a few seconds. Non-reactive mixing experiments carried out with the new probe head demonstrate that it facilitates the acquisition of constant highly resolved NMR signals suitable for quantification of different species in technical mixtures. Reaction kinetic measurements on a test system are presented that prove the applicability of the novel NMR probe head for monitoring fast reactions.

This chapter contains sections titled: References

The interactions of different analytes with monomeric and hydride-modified stationary phases have been investigated employing suspended-state NMR spectroscopy. The suspended-state high-resolution/magic-angle-spinning (1)H-NMR spectrum of an analyte in the presence of C(18) SP material shows a splitting into two sets of signals for the analyte molecule. One state reflects a closer interaction between analyte and C(18) -modified surface that results in an upfield shift and broader signal half-widths. This phenomenon suggests that the analyte exists in two environments. We report a systematic approach upon the investigation on the interaction in the interface of analyte, mobile phase, and modified silica through synthesis of differently modified silica with a gradual increase in surface coverage. The determination of the signal half-widths and chemical shifts revealed a relationship between the modification technique of the C(18) SPs and the chromatographic and NMR spectroscopic behavior. Increasing ligand density results in higher shielding of the NMR signals for the analyte in the "adsorbed" state. The measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times T(1) of the analyte molecule correlate NMR parameter together with separation behavior in HPLC. Furthermore, suspended-state and solid-state NMR measurements revealed different alkyl chain mobilities for the monomeric and hydride-modified SPs.

This research uses solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to characterise the nature and amount of different surface species, and chromatography to evaluate phase properties of a pentafluorophenylpropyl (PFPP) bonded silica phase prepared and end-capped using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a reaction solvent. Under sc-CO2 reaction conditions (at temperature of 100 °C and pressure of 414 bar), a PFPP silica phase was prepared using 3-[(pentafluorophenyl)propyldimethylchlorosilane] within 1 h. The bonded PFPP phase was subsequently end-capped with bis-N,O-trimethylsilylacetamide (BSA), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) within 1 h under the same sc-CO2 reaction conditions (100 °C/4141 bar). Elemental microanalysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to provide support data to solid-state NMR and chromatographic evaluation. Results revealed a surface coverage of 2.2 μmol/m2 for the non-end-capped PFPP silica phase while the PFPP phase end-capped with BSA gave a higher surface coverage (3.9 μmol/m2) compared to HMDS (2.9 μmol/m2) and TMCS (2.8 μmol/m2). 29Si CP/MAS NMR analysis of the PFPP end-capped with BSA shows a significant decrease in the amount of Q3 (free silanols) and Q4 (siloxane groups) species, coupled with the absence of the most reactive Q2 (geminal silanols) in addition to increased amount of a single resonance peak centred at +13 ppm (MH) corresponding to SiO*SiCH3 bond. 13C CP/MAS NMR shows the resonance corresponding to the propyl linkage (CH3CH2CH2) and methyl groups (Si(CH3)n) confirming successful silanisation and endcapping reactions in sc-CO2. Chromatographic evaluation of the BSA end-capped PFPP phase with Neue text mixture revealed improved chromatographic separation as evidenced in the enhanced retention of hydrophobic markers and decreased retention for basic solutes. Moreover, chromatography revealed a change in column selectivity for the BSA end-capped PFPP phase with dipropylphthalate eluting before naphthalene, indicating decreased silanol groups and increased hydrophobicity. The extend of BSA end-capping as measured by the increase in column efficiency (67,260 N/m vs. 60,480 N/m) on a 2.1 i.d. × 50 mm column, methylene group selectivity (αCH2=2.27 vs. 2.14) and decreased silanophilic interactions (S = 3.7 vs. 4.10) indicate that the increase in carbon loading (3.9 μmol/m2 vs. 2.2 μmol/m2) and improvement in chromatography in good peak shape and symmetry is attributed to end-capping with trimethylsilyl groups.

The titration of the (S)-enantiomer of omeprazole with the (R)-enantiomer in chloroform-d(1) is monitored by continuous-flow capillary microcoil (1)H NMR spectroscopy employing a microcoil with a detection volume of 1.5 µl. The observed changes of the (1)H NMR chemical shifts indicate the formation of a heterochiral (R,S) dimer of omeprazole via its sulfinyl group and the NH group of the benzimidazole ring.

Pentafluorophenyl and phenyl silica stationary phases offer alternative selectivity compared to alkyl bonded C₁₈ and C₈ stationary phases, through other interactions such as π-π interactions, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bond interactions. Pentafluorophenyl and phenyl silica bonded stationary phases were efficiently prepared in sc-CO₂ specifically pentafluorophenyl propyl (PFPP), pentafluorophenyl (PFP), phenyl propyl (PP) and phenyl (P) silica stationary phases. The bonded phases were characterised by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), BET, and by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Chromatographic performance of the supercritical fluid generated phases was also investigated using the Neue test. The authors present results which demonstrate that pentafluorophenyl and phenyl stationary phases can be prepared successfully under supercritical conditions of 100 °C, 414 bar in a reaction time of 1h with surface coverage comparable to traditional organic solvent based methods. Chromatographic results reveal that the pentafluorophenyl propyl (PFPP) phase provides superior separation performance for Neue test solutes despite having a lower ligand density (C: 5.67%, 2.2 μmol/m²) compared to the phenyl propyl (PP) analogue having the highest ligand density (C: 6.67%, 2.5 μmol/m²). The difference chromatographic performance is attributed to the polarity of the CF bond in PFPP phase. Moreover, as the alkyl chain length decreases, the hydrophobic interaction also decreases, and the PFPP phase (with a propyl linkage) provides better separation compared to the PFP phase.

Three different cholesterol-based stationary phases were investigated with respect to their time-dependent separation behavior. The examined stationary phases differ in the used spacer molecule and the synthesis route and were used under routine laboratory conditions over a period of two years. The chromatographic behavior of the three phases was determined by using a standard reference material in addition to a separation of a steroid mixture. The surface chemistry and the modification of these with the chemically bonded moiety were investigated with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Through applying different techniques we determined changes in retention and selectivity; solid-state NMR spectra showed changes in the surface chemistry dependent on the synthesis route. Superior long-term stability was observed for the undecanoate-cholesterol (UDC-Chol) column in terms of hydrophobic retentiveness and selectivity.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful instrumental analytical techniques for structural elucidation of unknown small and large (complex) isolated and synthesized compounds in organic and inorganic chemistry. X-ray crystallography, neutron scattering (neutron diffraction), and NMR spectroscopy are the only suitable methods for three-dimensional structure determination at atomic resolution. Moreover, these methods are complementary. However, by means of NMR spectroscopy, reaction dynamics and interaction processes can also be investigated. Unfortunately, this technique is very insensitive in comparison with other spectrometric (e.g., mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic (e.g., infrared spectroscopy) methods. Mainly through the development of stronger magnets and more sensitive solenoidal microcoil flow probes, this drawback has been successfully counteracted. Capillary NMR spectroscopy increases the mass-based sensitivity of the NMR spectroscopic analysis up to 100-fold compared with conventional 5-mm NMR probes, and thus can be coupled online and off-line with other microseparation and detection techniques. It offers not only higher sensitivity, but in many cases provides better quality spectra than traditional methods. Owing to the immense number of compounds (e.g., of natural product extracts and compound libraries) to be examined, single microcoil flow probe NMR spectroscopy will soon be far from being sufficiently effective as a screening method. For this reason, an inevitable trend towards coupled microseparation–multiple microcoil flow probe NMR techniques, which allow simultaneous online and off-line detection of several compounds, will occur. In this review we describe the current status and possible future developments of single and multiple microcoil capillary flow probe NMR spectroscopy and its application as a high-throughput tool for the analysis of a large number of mass-limited samples. The advantages and drawbacks of different coupled microseparation–capillary NMR spectroscopy techniques, such as capillary high-performance liquid chromatography–NMR spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis–NMR spectroscopy, and capillary gas chromatography–NMR spectroscopy, are discussed and demonstrated by specific applications. Another subject of discussion is the progress in parallel NMR detection techniques. Furthermore, the applicability and mixing capability of tiny reactor systems, termed “microreactors” or “micromixers,” implemented in NMR probes is demonstrated by carbamate- and imine-forming reactions.

This research examines bonding methodology, surface coverage and silanol conversion efficiencies on the preparation of silica hydride (SiH) intermediate from triethoxysilane (TES) and dimethylmethoxysilane (DMMS) using sc-CO(2) and dioxane as reaction solvent. Under sc-CO(2) reaction conditions (at temperature and pressure of 100 °C, 414 bar, respectively and 3h reaction time), the surface coverages of SiH (evaluated from %C obtained from elemental analysis) prepared with DMMS (3.39 μmol/m(2)) and TES (4.46 μmol/m(2)) increased by 2- and 4-folds respectively, when compared to reaction performed in dioxane (2.66 μmol/m(2), SiH, DMMS and 0.69 μmol/m(2), SiH, TES). The relatively higher surface coverage of SiH from TES over DMMS generated in sc-CO(2) is due to the inherent trialkoxy moiety of the TES that favours siloxane crosslinkage, forming polymeric surface attachments to yield a higher ligand density than the monomeric DMMS ligand. A conversion efficiency of ∼84.4% of SiH prepared from TES in sc-CO(2) estimated from (29)Si CP/MAS NMR analysis is comparable to TES silanization in dioxane or toluene. Moreover, silica hydride (SiH) conversion efficiency of ca. 42.4% achieved for the hydride intermediate prepared from DMMS in sc-CO(2) is more superior to 33.3% efficiency obtained in dioxane. The differences in conversion efficiencies is attributed to the ability of sc-CO(2) being able to access silica pores that are inaccessible in organic solvents. Bonded silica hydride from TES, DMMS prepared in sc-CO(2) were characterized using elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FI-IR) and solid state NMR spectroscopy. Silica hydride technology/chemical functionalization of silica in sc-CO(2) avoid extended purification steps (i.e. filtration and washing), generation of waste organic solvent and the need of costly or energy consuming drying processing with improved modification efficiency.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 84, Issue 8 p. 1365-1365 VortragFree Access Untersuchung schneller Reaktionskinetiken durch Kopplung von Mikro-Reaktionstechnologie und Online-NMR-Spektroskopie A. Brächer, Corresponding Author A. Brächer alexander.braecher@mv.uni-kl.de TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyTU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorS. Hoch, S. Hoch TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorE. von Harbou, E. von Harbou TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. Werner, B. Werner Institut für Mikrotechnik, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18 – 20, D-55129 Mainz, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorK. Albert, K. Albert Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorH. Hasse, H. Hasse TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this author A. Brächer, Corresponding Author A. Brächer alexander.braecher@mv.uni-kl.de TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanyTU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorS. Hoch, S. Hoch TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorE. von Harbou, E. von Harbou TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorB. Werner, B. Werner Institut für Mikrotechnik, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18 – 20, D-55129 Mainz, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorK. Albert, K. Albert Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorH. Hasse, H. Hasse TU Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Thermodynamik, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 44, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 July 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201250044AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume84, Issue8Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2012 und 30. Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenAugust, 2012Pages 1365-1365 ReferencesRelatedInformation