Flexible electronic devices hold significant potential in healthcare due to their compatibility with human tissues. However, achieving synergistic improvements in multiple properties through interdisciplinary approaches remains challenging. This review summarizes recent advances in flexible electronic materials and devices across energy, sensing, and bioelectronic applications, with a focus on core physical mechanisms such as electron/ion transport and multiphase interface optimization. We present our key findings in material design, mechanism investigation, and system integration, and discuss challenges and potential solutions for integrated healthcare-oriented systems. This work aims to provide theoretical foundations and practical insights for the future development of flexible electronics.

The proliferation of collaborative training and multi-person sports has underscored the necessity for concurrent whole-field action sensing. However, Electromyography (EMG) recognition, which plays a pivotal role in Wearable Human Activity Recognition (WHAR) for analyzing muscle activity and decoding action intent, still faces challenges in achieving a balance between performance, cost, and efficiency in multi-person scenarios. Unlike current channel-expansion solutions, we propose a wireless wearable Single-Dimensional Sparse EMG (2SEMG) Sensor for efficient personal sampling. These action-unaffected sensors leverage the proposed lightweight One-Dimensional Motion Network (OMONet) to facilitate concurrent action sensing. Experiments demonstrate that OMONet achieves leading performance and efficiency in action signal recognition, and two real-world badminton matches further confirm the performance, robustness, and real-time efficiency of the whole-field action sensing network constructed via 2SEMG Sensors and OMONet.

Rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) require efficient electrocatalysts to boost the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/ oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics at the air cathode. However, designing high-activity catalysts faces considerable challenges due to spatial and electronic constraints. Herein, a boron-doped hollow spherical porous carbon (HS-FeNi-BNC) anchored with Fe-B-Ni diatomic sites is prepared via a facile B-bridging strategy, realizing the regulated construction of heteroatom doping and diatomic active sites. HS-FeNi-BNC possesses abundant micropores/mesopores, uniformly dispersed FeNi diatomic centers (0.27 nm spacing) with a Fe-B-Ni bridge structure, and topological carbon defects induced by B/N co-doping. HS-FeNi-BNC exhibits exceptional trifunctional electrocatalytic performance in alkaline electrolytes, with an ORR E1/2 of 0.864 V, an OER overpotential of 308 mV and a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) overpotential of 301 mV at 10 mA cm-2. HS-FeNi-BNC-based ZABs achieve an outstanding wide-temperature operating range of -10 °C to 60 °C, a specific capacity of 761.51 mAh g-1 and a Zn utilization efficiency of 92.9%, outperforming Pt/C + RuO2-based ZABs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Fe-B-Ni bridge structure triggers p-d orbital hybridization, regulating metal site electronic structures, optimizing reaction intermediate adsorption and accelerating interfacial electron transfer. This work advances the development of high-efficiency heteroatom-modified non-noble metal multifunctional catalysts.

ABSTRACT Solid state conversion electrodes are promising for aqueous energy storage but are frequently constrained by sluggish interfacial kinetics, leading to a persistent energy‐power trade‐off and underutilized capacity at high rates. Here we propose a chemical mediation strategy in which dissolved [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− /[Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− couples continuously regenerate an interfacial oxidant to chemically drive the α‐Co(OH) 2 to CoOOH conversion, thereby rewriting the rate limiting solid state electrochemical step into an electrochemical‐chemical cascade at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Electrochemical analyses and spectroscopy corroborate the spontaneous oxidative phase transformation and the mediator enabled pathway reconstruction beyond simple solid–liquid capacity superposition. To make this capacity boosting strategy practically efficient, we further tune the initial redox composition of the mediator couple to suppress shuttle driven self‐discharge while maintaining fast interfacial conversion kinetics, as quantified by multi‐potential‐step measurement (MPSM) and visualized by in situ Raman mapping. Consequently, the redox‐enhanced alkaline Zn‐Co battery exhibits a remarkable areal capacity of 0.98 mAh cm −2 (a 96% enhancement), while simultaneously retaining a high energy density of 0.92 mWh cm −2 and an ultrahigh‐power density of 75 mW cm −2 . This work highlights a functional electrolyte design route to unlock deep solid state conversion capacity under high‐power operation in aqueous batteries.

Ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a dangerous gynecological disorder caused by ovarian torsion from the ovarian mass and surgical manipulation. To improve patient outcomes, it is necessary to explore more effective therapeutic approaches as well as their underlying mechanisms. Proanthocyanidins (PA) are polyphenolic compounds commonly present in fruits, seeds, peels of plants, and leaves. Several studies have demonstrated that PA can alleviate IRI in the liver, intestines, heart, brain, and kidneys. In the ovarian IRI, PA’s exact molecular mechanisms have not yet been identified. For the purpose of elucidating PA’s role and its mechanisms in the ovarian IRI, rat models of the ovarian IRI were used. Ovarian pathological changes and ferroptosis-related parameters were analyzed. Further mechanistic insights were obtained through glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor, ferroptosis inhibitor, nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) agonist, Nrf2 inhibitor, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) agonist, SIRT1 inhibitor, network pharmacology, and Western blot. Our results revealed that ferroptosis was involved in the ovarian IRI. PA pretreatment effectively alleviated IRI-induced ovarian damage, improved ovarian reserve, reduced oxidative stress, and recovered ferroptosis-related proteins in rats. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that PA may target SIRT1 and Nrf2 in ovarian IRI. SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling protected against GPX4-dependent ferroptosis in ovarian IRI. Inhibition of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling negated PA’s anti-ferroptosis effects on ovarian IRI. Overall, these findings validate that PA alleviates ovarian IRI and preserves ovarian reserve by inhibiting ferroptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. These findings offer new insight into PA’s protective mechanisms against ovarian IRI, supporting its potential as a therapeutic agent.

Postoperative tumor recurrence remains a significant challenge for the long-term survival of patients. Although synergistic combination therapies involving photothermal therapy and local chemotherapy show considerable promise, critical obstacles remain to clinical translation, such as insufficient temperature monitoring and the difficulty in integrating multiple therapeutic functions. Herein, we report a wireless, bioresorbable postoperative treatment system that integrates temperature feedback, photothermal therapy, and on-demand drug release within a single implantable platform. An asymmetrically interconnected inductive-capacitive (LC) sensor layout enables in situ, real-time temperature monitoring via inductive coupling, while a photothermal patch provides localized heating and controlled drug release. In vitro and in vivo studies, such as the S180 tumor model, demonstrate effective thermal control, stable wireless operation, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The device can be implanted after tumor resection surgery to perform its therapeutic functions, and subsequently degrade and be absorbed by the body, providing a multifunctional and clinically compatible strategy for postoperative tumor management.

Efficient electron transfer between photocatalysts and nicotinamide cofactors (NAD(P)+) is pivotal for highperformance photo-enzymatic asymmetric synthesis. Here we report an inter-site electron-transfer system constructed from a trifunctional integrated catalytic platform, CdS/Ti-MOF-NH2-Rh hybrid, with CdS quantum dots and Rh complexes co-anchored within the metal-organic framework (MOF). Under visible light, the hybrid delivers enzymatically active 1,4-NADH in 95.7% yield and 97.0% selectivity within 10 min, corresponding to a turnover frequency as high as 6.3 mmol & sdot;gCat- 1 & sdot;h- 1. This exceptional activity stems from unidirectional electron flow from CdS to the Rh site within the confined MOF channels. The practical relevance of this photocatalyst was further verified in a photoenzymatic cascade for the asymmetric reduction of 2-phenylpropionaldehyde to (S)-2phenylpropanol proceeded with a superior in situ NADH turnover number of 132 and product ee value of 95.8%, seamlessly coupling cofactor regeneration with enzymatic stereocontrol. The work demonstrates the critical role of spatially ordered architectures in multifunctional photocatalysts, providing a sustainable platform for efficient cofactor regeneration in coupled photo-bio-catalytic systems.

High-fidelity surface electromyography (sEMG) acquisition under dynamic conditions is critical for rehabilitation, sports monitoring, and human-machine interaction. Conventional electrodes often suffer from poor compliance, weak adhesion, and unstable skin-electrode interfaces during motion, degrading signal quality. In this paper, we propose a three-dimensional hybrid electrode system (THES) that synergistically integrates a thermo-responsive sponge-gel electrode with a stretchable electronic architecture and wireless sEMG acquisition. The electrode achieves rapid body-temperature-triggered adhesion, high stretchability, and low impedance, enabling conformal contact and stress absorption. Simulations and experiments confirm that the three-dimensional (3D) structure mitigates stress concentration and maintains conductivity under deformation, thereby stabilizing the skin-electrode interface during dynamic motion. The system records sEMG signals at a high sampling rate, supporting muscle force estimation, fatigue monitoring, and motion recognition. In badminton scenarios, THES enables stable on-skin sEMG acquisition during dynamic movements, supporting the recording of distinct muscle activation patterns across different stroke postures as well as long-duration exercise. Leveraging these high-quality signals, our dual vision transformer (DualViT) framework, which fuses dual-modal features, classifies eight stroke actions with an accuracy of 99.34%, outperforming conventional models. By synergistically optimizing materials, structures, and algorithms, THES advances sEMG recording under dynamic conditions, offering a viable platform for wearable bioelectronic applications.

Vanadium oxides with rich crystal structures and multielectron redox capabilities are highly promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). However, low electronic conductivity, high solubility, and sluggish kinetics limit their performance. To overcome these challenges simultaneously, we herein propose a novel "intercalation-polymerization-induced self-assembly" strategy to construct polypyrrole-intercalated hydrated vanadium oxide (PVOH) structures. Via a facile one-step hydrothermal process, the in situ polymerization of intercalated pyrrole triggers the reorganization of V2O5 nanobelts into robust, hierarchical microspheres. This unique architecture, with its internal conductive polypyrrole network, synergistically enhances electron/ion transport and physically suppresses vanadium dissolution, ensuring exceptional structural stability. Consequently, the as-prepared PVOH cathode delivers a high specific capacity of 437.8 mAh g-1 (at 0.2 A g-1) and remarkable rate capability of 351.2 mAh g-1 (at 10 A g-1). Moreover, it retains 70% of its initial capacity after 7000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A g-1, corresponding to an energy density of 395 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 180 W kg-1. This self-assembly strategy provides a new paradigm for the rational design of high-performance layered oxide cathodes for advanced energy storage applications.

Solar-driven in situ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H] regeneration provides a sustainable route for producing high-value chemicals using NAD(P)H-dependent reductases. However, its efficiency is frequently restricted by the low charge separation efficiency of photocatalysts. To address this limitation, we developed a series of built-in electric field multivariate covalent organic framework (MTV-COF) photocatalysts with donor-acceptor-acceptor (D-A-A) structures to enhance the charge separation. The resultant MTV-COFs with a 0.06 wt % immobilized Rh cocatalyst achieved a NADH regeneration rate of 763.5 mol·molRh-1·h-1 with 95.7% regioselectivity, surpassing the performance of most reported photocatalysts. This is ascribed to the significantly enhanced separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated electrons and minimized steric hindrance within the COF pores. Furthermore, coupling this highly efficient NADH-regenerating photocatalyst with enzymatic reduction reactions enabled continuous l-glutamic acid and (S)-2-phenylpropanol production, reaching total NADH regeneration turnover numbers of 80 and 71, respectively, which are significantly higher than previously reported values. This work underscores the critical importance of the D-A-A structural motif design in MTV-COF-Rh to generate a built-in electric field to enhance the charge separation for efficient photocatalysis.

The paper proposes WAVSiC, a comprehensive and user-friendly physics-based compact model for SiC MOS-FETs. The model formulation, including the details of the modular approach and the construction of each basic module are explained. The model can automatically account for scalability with device channel-length and other dimensions, as well as critical effects from body diode, JFET depletion, and non-linear drift resistance. Good agreement has been achieved between simulation using fitted model and experimental device characterization and circuit testing, for both a commercial 650V device (at multiple temperatures) and a commercial 1200V device, showing the accuracy, scalability and flexibility of the proposed model. The model has also been validated for computational efficiency, symmetry, robustness, and circuit simulator compatibility, ready for PDK adoption.

MIT Virtual-source Gallium-nitride (MVSG) FET compact model was first introduced as a physics-based compact model for radio-frequency (RF) GaN transistors in 2012, and later been selected as a CMC-approved industry standard GaN transistor model. With the rapid evolution and innovation in the field of GaN technology, continuous efforts have been made to improve, update and expand the capabilities of the MVSG models. This paper first provides an overview of the basics of the MVSG compact models. We will then introduce the variety of compact models in the MVSG family for GaN-based transistors, multi-channel diodes, and transmission-line resistors. With the accuracy, scalability and flexibility, the MVSG family of physics-based GaN device compact models provide a solid foundation for the development of Process Design Kit for HV GaN technology, and also serves as useful research vehicles to explore GaN-based device physics, device engineering, and circuit design.

MoO3 is a promising cathode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) due to its multi-electron redox capability, high proton conductivity, and low structural strain. However, its practical application is hindered by severe electrochemical dissolution and irreversible side reactions in acidic environments, leading to significant deterioration in cycling stability and rate performance. Here, we construct a MoO3/MoO2 heterostructure by phase engineering to enhance Zn2+ and H+ storage behavior at specific potential windows, thereby improving the chemical and electrochemical stability of MoO3 electrode. This heterogeneous interface enhances ion transport, introduces abundant pseudocapacitive sites and achieves a transition H+ storage from intercalation to surface-dominated pseudocapacitive behavior at low potentials. Furthermore, the superior electrical conductivity and structural stability of the MoO2 phase synergistically optimize the electronic structure of the MoO3/MoO2 heterostructures while effectively suppressing dissolution of active materials. As a result, the MoO3/MoO2 cathode exhibits outstanding rate performance (173 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1, 98 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1) and excellent cycling stability (101 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g-1, 73 % capacity retention). This phase-modulated heterostructure strategy offers new insights into improving cycling stability and rate performance in AZIBs.

We present a framework to capture essential physics of operation of devices built on Gallium Nitride technology for High-Voltage (HV) and power applications. Devices include Unidirectional (UDS) and Bi-directional Switches (BDS) that span voltages between 60-650V. The modeling framework is based on well-known industry standard MVSG Verilog-A compact model platform. The model is proven to distill essential device physics to predict device-circuit interactions in power conversion applications. In this work, we show the model comparison against DC-IVs, CVs, switching measurements of UDS and BDS along with a demonstration of slew-rate prediction; a key device-circuit interaction effect. Secondary effects such as self-heating, charge-trapping, P-GaN gate-dynamics are also highlighted.

Stretchable body-integrated energy systems are urgently needed due to the rapid development of wearable and implantable electronic devices. Despite some progress, the challenges of simultaneously achieving sustained energy supply and on-demand release have not been well addressed. Herein, we construct a stretchable, biocompatible energy supply system that seamlessly integrates wireless charging and energy storage modules, as well as a light-controlled switching circuit. The mechanical and electrical properties of the integrated system under various deformation conditions are investigated using finite element analysis. Partially oxidized liquid metal (o-LM) is patterned to prepare the energy-receiving coils, current collector, and electrical connections between different components. Utilizing strong hydrogen bond interaction between o-LM and MXene, biaxial stretchy micro-supercapacitors with high performance are obtained, including high capacitance (121 mF cm-2) and excellent stretching stability. A switching circuit consisting of a photodiode and a triode is designed to achieve current amplification and on-demand power output. Demonstrations of the integrated system that powers wearable electronic devices and implantable pulsed electrical stimulation, and the biocompatibility evaluation of the system also confirmed its ability to provide a stable and continuous energy supply.

Silicon quantum-dot (QD) spin qubits combine long coherence, foundry compatibility, and dense integration, but their performance ultimately depends on cryogenic CMOS control electronics whose non-ideal behavior feeds back onto the qubits. Predicting system-level fidelity therefore demands a joint quantum-classical simulation flow that mainstream SPICE tools do not yet provide. We introduce a compact model for silicon QD spin qubits designed for integration with standard CMOS electronic design automation (EDA) tools. This model enables co-simulation of qubits and CMOS control circuits, capturing key non-idealities such as T-1 and T-2 decoherence, as well as waveform distortion and quantization effects introduced by the CMOS digital-to-analog converter (DAC) generating the control pulses. Simulations of single- and two-qubit gate sequences, performed within a commercial SPICE simulator, reproduce the expected quantum dynamics with high fidelity, confirming the validity of the model and QD/CMOS co-simulation framework. By addressing a critical gap in hybrid quantum-classical co-design and co-simulation, this work provides a practical, EDA-ready framework for modeling, designing, optimizing, and scaling silicon-based quantum processors.

Combining the vast growing field of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and a low-cost electromagnetic radar solution for the real-time monitoring of liquid products during production may enable companies to address quality issues quickly and efficiently. This paper demonstrates a proof-of-concept that an electromagnetic radar can be implemented for milk monitoring. The Dielectric Assessment Kit (DAK) is used for the initial dielectric characterization of different milk fat concentrations. A 60 GHz radar sensor is used for the characterization of milk fat in cartons. AI models can be integrated into the data processing to correlate the radar signals to the milk fat concentration of a product. The real-time processing allows products to be flagged if they deviate too much from their reference sample. This work demonstrates a low-cost, non-invasive 60 GHz FMCW radar system for real-time milk quality monitoring. A classification accuracy of 87.5% was achieved for moving cartons, and 100% for stationary cartons. The results confirm the potential for scaling this approach in industrial production lines.

Wearable insole-based pressure sensor systems have gained attention for continuous gait monitoring, showing potential for preventing, diagnosing, and treating conditions such as lumbar degenerative disease and diabetic foot ulcers. However, challenges such as nonlinear response, low stability, and energy limitations have hindered widespread adoption. Here, we report a fully integrated, self-powered, wireless smart insole designed for plantar pressure monitoring and real-time visualization and analysis of gait. The pressure sensor uses a nonlinear synergistic strategy, achieving remarkable linearity (R2 > 0.999 over 0 to 225 kilopascals) and high durability (>180,000 compression cycles). Powered by flexible solar cells, the insole features 22 pressure sensors, enabling spatially resolved pressure mapping and real-time visualization on a smartphone interface. Integration of a support vector machine model further enables accurate recognition of eight motion states, including static (e.g., sitting and standing) and dynamic (e.g., walking, running, and squatting) activities. The smart insole provides a practical solution for improving clinical assessments, personalized treatments, and biomechanics research.

Accurate spatiotemporal tracking of in vivo hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) flux is pivotal for deciphering pathological mechanisms and guiding precision therapeutics of various diseases. While traditional assays offer accuracy and selectivity, they rely on complex sample handling or are built with rigid and permanent materials, leading to limited temporal resolution and/or requiring secondary surgical retrieval of the implants. Herein, a wireless sensing system based on the flexible and bioresorbable electrochemical sensor is reported for continuous dynamic monitoring of H 2 O 2 in vivo. The Pt-decorated MoO 3- x nanozyme enables a high-performance H 2 O 2 sensor with a low detection limit (0.26 µ m ), sustained catalytic stability (80 h), and robust anti-interference characteristics. Density functional theory calculations reveal the catalytic enhancement mechanism of H 2 O 2 decomposition kinetics by the synergistic effect between oxygen vacancies and Pt. The detection capability of the system is demonstrated by monitoring H 2 O 2 levels in vivo during inflammation and intervention. After completing the mission, the sensor can be fully bioresorbed in the body, avoiding secondary surgical removal. This breakthrough technology establishes a personalized paradigm for redox monitoring in precision medicine.