High-temperature co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) offers a promising route for syngas production that integrates carbon utilization with renewable energy storage. However, the interplay between the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction and the electrochemical reductions of H2O and CO2 leads to complex competitive dynamics that remain insufficiently understood. In this study, we develop multi-physics models at two scales: a two-dimensional button-cell model and a three-dimensional commercial-scale planar SOEC model with crossflow channels to investigate the reaction mechanisms and competitive behavior under different operating conditions. The models are validated against experimental polarization curves and show good agreement. The results reveal that the RWGS reaction occurs primarily in the thick support layer and is largely unaffected by polarization due to its spatial separation from the electrochemical reaction zone. By comparing gas composition variations under open-circuit and polarized conditions, the respective contributions of the RWGS reaction and CO2 electrolysis to CO production are estimated, and their competitive relationship under different inlet gas compositions is clarified. The two-dimensional model with an asymmetric electrode configuration reveal that in regions not covered by the oxygen electrode, the local potential distribution leads to simultaneous CO2 electrolysis and H2 oxidation. Under polarization, H2O electrolysis dominates in the active layer, with its competitive advantage varying with the inlet gas composition. The three-dimensional model further reveals a sawtooth-shaped distribution of reaction rates resulting from channel overlap in the crossflow configuration. These findings provide theoretical insights into the reaction competition mechanisms in SOECs and offer practical guidance for tuning syngas composition by adjusting operating conditions.

Seawater-based zinc-air batteries have emerged as a prominent candidate technology for marine energy applications, exhibiting high theoretical energy density, cost-effectiveness, and minimal reliance on freshwater resources. However, the development of this battery is constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), as well as the corrosion of the catalyst by chloride ions (Cl−) in seawater. In recent years, extensive research has been dedicated to addressing these challenges, resulting in significant advancements in the field of seawater-based zinc-air battery catalysts. This work systematically summarizes the latest research findings on catalysts for seawater-based zinc-air batteries, with a focus on strategies to inhibit Cl− corrosion. It delineates the fundamental tenets of these strategies. These strategies are directed toward suppressing Cl− adsorption, enhancing ORR/OER activity, and ensuring superior long-term cycling stability, through the implementation of physical barriers, electronic state optimization, and interfacial repulsion engineering. Furthermore, the discourse encompasses prospective future advancements in this domain, offering a foundation for further research and commercial implementation of zinc-air batteries derived from seawater.

The high efficiency, low cost, and rapid preparation of non-noble metal oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are of great significance for the large-scale application of energy conversion equipment. Herein, PdNi alloy nanoparticles dispersed within the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite (PdNi-PVP/MWCNTs) were synthesized via an in situ self-assembly strategy, in which polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) serves as an N and C source, and MWCNTs act as conducting supports to enhance structural integrity and electron transport. Notably, the synthesis relies solely on low-temperature oil-bath stirring, enabling rapid batch production without the need for high-temperature calcination-a distinctly green and scalable approach. In this system, PVP acts as a capping agent that facilitates the uniform anchoring of PdNi alloy nanoparticles on MWCNTs, effectively suppressing particle aggregation, thereby increasing the surface roughness and specific surface area to expose more active sites. Impressively, benefiting from the unique structure, high crosslinking, and high conductivity that minimize catalyst separation and aggregation, this new type of electrocatalyst exhibited an impressive ORR onset potential of 0.97 V, half-wave potential of 0.83 V, larger current density of 4.3 mA∙cm−2, and existing good corrosion resistance to drive a relatively stable performance, which are superior to commercial Pt/C in alkaline media. This study demonstrates the successful design of an environmentally benign and cost-effective ORR electrocatalyst, highlighting its promising potential for practical applications in energy conversion technologies.

Abstract Air supply control is pivotal in high-power, open-cathode proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Safe and efficient operation requires precise cathode oxygen delivery, especially under rapid load changes. We regulate the oxygen excess ratio (OER)—the ratio of supplied oxygen to its stoichiometric requirement—as a dimensionless proxy for both safety and efficiency. This work proposes a parallel-coupled controller that combines sliding mode control (SMC) with proportional integral derivative (PID) action to leverage SMC’s robustness and PID’s bias-free steady state tracking. An equivalent small-signal linear model of the air path around the nominal OER operating point is derived to guide synthesis and gain selection. We design both parallel and series couplings and evaluate them under frequent load ramps and parametric perturbations. In simulation, the parallel design tracks the optimal OER trajectory with reduced overshoot and settling time and exhibits improved disturbance rejection compared with a tuned PID and the series-coupled SMC-PID. Quantitatively, the parallel controller achieves integral of absolute error=0.35, integral of squared error=0.35, integral of time-weighted absolute error=2.06, and integral of time-weighted squared error=0.03. These results indicate that parallel coupling is a compelling option for high-performance air supply management in open-cathode PEMFC systems.

LaMnO3-based perovskites are considered as one of the most promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts to replace noble metals due to their excellent controllability and stability. A central strategy to enhance their electrocatalytic performance involves A-site doping. While divalent cation doping (e.g., Sr2 +, Ca2+) has been extensively explored, the mechanistic understanding of how lower-valence monovalent cations modulate the electronic structure and enhance ORR activity remains insufficient. This study systematically investigates the effect of monovalent potassium (K+) doping in La1-xKxMnO3-delta (LKM) as a model system to unravel the underlying enhancement mechanism. Among the series, La0.8K0.2MnO3-delta (LKM20) demonstrates improved ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.924 V and a half-wave potential of 0.750 V (vs. RHE). The enhanced activity of LKM20 is attributed to: 1) K-induced tuning of the Mn4+/Mn3+ ratio nearing 1.24; 2) Regulating oxygen vacancy concentration and optimizing intermediate adsorption performance; and 3) Reinforced Mn-O covalent bonding. Density Functional Theory calculations reveal that the introduction of K effectively reduces the energy barrier for the ORR. In the zinc-air battery, LKM20 exhibits a maximum power density of 122.5 mW cm- 2 and maintains stable operation over 1800 h during charge-discharge cycles.

This study shows a comprehensive materials science investigation into the development and characterization of novel composite ceramics for application in high-performance athletic equipment, specifically designed for throwing sports. Moving beyond traditional materials, this research focuses on a Zirconia-Toughened Alumina (ZTA) composite system, engineered to emulate the biomechanical principles of the human kinetic chain-specifically, the efficient transfer and dissipation of energy. The composite powders were synthesized via a sol-gel process and consolidated through Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) to achieve a fine-grained, high-density microstructure. A suite of characterization techniques, includingX-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), confirmed the successful integration of the tetragonal zirconia phase within the alumina matrix. Mechanical testing revealed exceptional properties, with a Vickers hardness of 22 GPa, a fracture toughness (KIC) of 8.5MPa & centerdot;m1/2, and a flexural strength of 1200MPa. Finite ElementAnalysis (FEA) simulating the stress distribution during a throwing motion demonstrated that equipment components fabricated from this ZTA composite experienced 40% lower peak tensile stresses and a more uniform stress distribution compared to conventional alumina. The material's high damping capacity, quantified by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), was identified as a key factor in mitigating stress waves, a property directly linked to reducing vibration feedback to the athlete and potential injury risk. This article shows a fundamental proof-of-concept, demonstrating that the strategic design of composite ceramics, inspired by biomechanical principles for sport approaches that can yield a new class of materials with tailored properties for enhancing sports athletic performance and equipment safety. This study pioneers a biomechanically-inspired composite ceramic for athletic equipment. Its superior toughness and damping capacity, proven via materials analysis and simulation, significantly reduce operational stress and vibration transmission. This shows a direct pathway to enhanced sport injury prevention by optimizing equipment-athlete interaction.

Thick electrodes of Lithium Metal battery face significant challenges in balancing ionic transport kinetics with structural stability, particularly under high-rate conditions. This study develops a synergistic fabrication strategy integrating direct ink writing 3D printing with ice-templating and phase separation to construct LiFePO4 thick electrodes with hierarchical porous architectures. Systematic rheological optimization identifies the P-30% ink with ideal shear-thinning behavior and shape retention capability (yield stress: 538.9 Pa, storage modulus: 21 480 Pa). The resulting electrode features macro-printed channels and interconnected phase-separated micropores, achieving high porosity (79.57%) and low tortuosity. This unique architecture delivers exceptional electrochemical performance: a specific capacity of 109.3 mAh g- 1 at 5C rate, 90.8% capacity retention after 2000 cycles, reduced charge transfer resistance (69.8 Omega), and enhanced Li-ion diffusion coefficient (1.65 & times; 10- 1 0 cm2 s- 1). COMSOL simulations confirm improved ion transport efficiency and mitigated concentration polarization. The assembled pouch cell maintains stable performance over 10 000 bending cycles, demonstrating superior mechanical flexibility and practical application potential for high-power energy storage systems.

Reasonable design and construction of economical, efficient, and durable dual-function electrocatalysts for water decomposition are still facing great challenges. This category of molybdate salt catalysts have received less attention as potential functional materials. Herein, the nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon layer-confined Fe-2(MoO4)(3)/NiMoO4 heterojunction on nickel foam (P-Mx(MoO4)(y)@PC/NF) self-supported catalysts was prepared by hydrothermal and phosphating methods. This bifunctional electrocatalysts exhibit quite small over-potentials of 192 mV and 107 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) when the current density reached 10 mA cm(-2), respectively. The self-assembled alkaline elctrolyzer also shows exceptional catalytic efficiency, required only 1.62 V cell voltage at 10 mA cm(-2) and Faradic efficiency is almost 100%. The remarkable performance benefits from two molybdate components take advantages of respective active ingredients to promote collaboratively catalytic property. The N and P dual-doping strategy with electronegativity jointly regulates the electrons transfer from electron cloud in Ni and Fe to Mo in the P-M-x(MoO4)(y)@PC/NF structure, forming electron-deficient regions and electron-rich regions, collaboratively optimizing the interfacial electron reconstruction, reducing the adsorption energy of OH*/OOH* intermediates. Meanwhile, the polydopamine-derived carbon layer not only expedite the carrier transport but also heighten the electrolysis durability, achieving at least 24 h of continuous durability testing. Therefore, the work provides a beneficial insight into the construction of compound molybdate salts with dual-functional characteristics in electrochemical water splitting.

Vanadium-bearing steel slag (VBSS), a bulk vanadium-containing industrial solid waste, is currently stockpiled at scale due to intractable vanadium extraction barriers, causing critical resource loss and environmental hazards. Here we report a high-efficiency vanadium recovery strategy via co-roasting of vanadium slag (VS) and VBSS followed by sulfuric acid leaching. VBSS inherently contains CaO, Ca2Fe2O5, Ca2SiO4 and Ca3SiO5, which act as a external calcium source; meanwhile, Mg/Mn-bearing minerals in both feedstocks drive selective oxidation of vanadium spinel, enabling phase transformation of refractory V(III) to acid-soluble Ca2V2O7, Mn2V2O7 and Mg2V2O7. Under optimized conditions (850 degrees C, 120 min roasting, n(Ca/V) = 0.5 corresponding to 13 wt% VBSS dosage, leaching pH 2.8), 91.24% vanadium leaching efficiency is achieved. VBSS-derived phosphorus complexes with vanadium in leachate to promote vanadate dissolution, while excess VBSS forms inert CaMgSi2O6 encapsulation that inhibits leaching. The vanadium-bearing leachate yields 99.09% pure V2O5 via acidic ammonium precipitation and calcination, with 89.26% overall vanadium recovery and 2.84 kg CO2-eq global warming potential (GWP)-1.78 %age points higher and similar to 32% lower than conventional CaCO3 roasting, respectively. This strategy uses industrial solid waste as calcium feedstock, cutting raw material costs while enabling high-value VBSS utilization and sustainable vanadium recovery.

With the rapid growth in demand for vanadium redox flow batteries, the development of a green and short-process route for the production of high-purity VOSO4 electrolyte and V2O5 remains a critical challenge. Here we propose a new strategy for the direct production of high-purity vanadium products through additive-free phase reconstruction of vanadium slag, selective NaHCO3 leaching, in situ extraction and precipitation. The additive-free phase reconstruction of vanadium-bearing phases is successfully induced through the selective association between vanadium and silicate phases present in vanadium slag. The mechanism by which NaHCO3 decomposes manganese vanadate was revealed by the lgC–pH diagram. Under the optimum conditions, the vanadium leaching efficiency reached 92.39%, whereas the leaching efficiencies of Ca, Mn and Mg, were all below 1%. In addition, Without any adjustment of the leachate, in situ extraction with N263 enabled the selective and efficient separation of vanadium from sodium. Environmentally benign C6H8O6-mediated stripping suppressed vanadium hydrolysis during H2SO4 stripping by reducing VO3− to VO2+, thereby enabling efficient vanadium recovery. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction and stripping efficiencies of vanadium reached 99.21% and 99.65%, respectively, and the resulting VOSO4 electrolyte exceeded the national first-grade standard. In addition, the leachate could be directly used for vanadium precipitation after calcination, yielding V2O5 with a purity of 99.73%. The wastewater generated from vanadium precipitation was recycled for cyclic leaching, and the vanadium leaching efficiency remained at 93.52% after four cycles. This work provides new insights into the green, short-process production of VOSO4 electrolyte and V2O5.

With the gradual depletion of high–grade manganese and carbonate ores, manganese oxide ores have become an important alternative resource for manganese extraction. Due to the similar physicochemical properties of iron and manganese, these two elements are often co–extracted, making subsequent iron removal from manganese challenging. This study introduces ammonium polyvanadate (APV), an intermediate product from vanadium metallurgy, as a roasting additive to facilitate the conversion of manganese minerals into acid–soluble manganese pyrovanadate. Separation of iron and manganese was achieved via acid leaching, and the underlying reaction mechanism was systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, the leaching efficiency of manganese reached 86.69%, while iron was barely leached, demonstrating the high selectivity of the process. Furthermore, using carbonation, ammonia leaching, and ammonium salt precipitation, manganese, iron, and vanadium were successfully recovered and recycled in separate products: carbonization efficiency 99.999% MnCO3, Fe–containing tailing, and high–purity APV. The roasting additive was recycled with an efficiency exceeding 95%. This study demonstrates significant potential for industrial application, offering a novel approach for the separation of iron and manganese from low–grade manganese oxide ores.

This work successfully synthesized and empirically evaluated the F-doped Prussian blue analogues (PBA) deposition of FePO4 (FPO) on the nickel foam (NF). The PBA/NF cubic structure was hydrothermally grown on the Ni-MOF/NF precursor and encapsulated by electrodeposited FePO4 spheres, leading to the final F-PBA@FPO/ NF. The catalyst serves as a high-performance bifunctional electrocatalyst, delivering low overpotentials of 220 mV for the OER and 174 mV for the HER at 10mA cm- 2, coupled with favorable Tafel slopes of 144 and 130.9 mV dec- 1, respectively. The catalyst was doped with a large number of F atoms, which formed abundant hydrogen bonds with water, thereby promoting the generation of HER. The substantial formation of Ni-F bonds during the testing stage created a modified local coordination environment, thereby establishing a foundation for the continuous in-situ formation of active NiOOH phases under operating conditions. Interestingly, F doping plays a dual role: it tailors the electronic structure of metal centers and induces in-situ etching of the material, thereby generating structural openings during the electrochemical process. This work advances the fundamental understanding and rational design of F-doped catalysts and bifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen production.

Cerium (Ce)-based free radical scavengers, including soluble Ce3+ species, have been widely investigated to enhance the chemical durability of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) owing to their rapid and regenerative redox cycling. However, the high mobility of soluble Ce3+ ions in hydrated membranes leads to severe leaching, disruption of ion-cluster nanostructures, and degradation of PEM fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. Regulating the behavior of cerium species within the nanophase-separated environment of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes remains a critical challenge. Herein, we report a nanointerface-regulated cerium confinement strategy enabled by crown ether coordination. A model organometallic complex (Ce/HMCRE) is constructed using 2-(hydroxymethyl)-15-crown-5-ether (HMCRE), in which hostu2013guest coordination and secondary hydrogen bonding interactions cooperatively modulate cerium distribution at polymer nanointerfaces. This coordination-mediated nanoconfinement effectively suppresses direct Ce3+u2013sulfonate interactions while preserving the intrinsic ion-cluster morphology of PFSA membranes. As a result, the Ce/HMCRE complex exhibits significantly enhanced cerium retention (3.76 fold higher than free Ce3+) together with sustained radical scavenging activity. The corresponding membrane electrode assembly delivers a low open circuit voltage decay rate of 0.45 mVu00B7hu22121 and retains 83.4% of its maximum power density after 150 h of accelerated degradation testing. This work highlights the importance of nanointerface engineering and confined microenvironments in regulating redox-active species within ionomer membranes, providing new insights into the design of durable electrochemical energy materials.

The catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 with propylene oxide (PO) represents a sustainable route for the synthesis of propylene carbonate (PC). Herein, nitrogen-rich carbon nitride materials (CN-AU) were synthesized via a co-condensation process using 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (A) and urea (U) as precursors, and a series of ZnBr2/CN-AU materials were then prepared. The characterization results showed that use of urea improved the specific surface area of CN-AU, and a strong interaction between Zn and N existed in the ZnBr2/CN-AU materials. As a heterogeneous catalyst, the 0.5ZnBr2/CN-AU-1-300 material exhibited high activity toward the cycloaddition of CO2 and PO. When the reaction pressure and temperature were 150 degrees C and 2.5 MPa, the PO conversion and the selectivity to PC reached 81.6% and 99.7%, respectively, at a reaction time of 6 h. The catalytic activity of this material was higher than those of catalysts supported ordinary carbon nitride (PO conversion: 75.3%) and SiO2 (PO conversion: 78.6%). The interaction between Zn and N suppressed the leaching of the ZnBr2 component in the liquid-phase reaction.

Air-cooled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer compact structure, low parasitic power, and zero emissions, making them suitable for volume-constrained platforms. However, the tight coupling between air supply and internal heat removal limits power output and robustness. To address this issue, an intelligent temperature regulation strategy is proposed, in which airflow and stack temperature are jointly adjusted over a wide range of operating conditions. A control-oriented, data-driven transfer-function model is identified across multiple operating regimes. Then, a hybrid intelligent controller is proposed to regulate the stack temperature. Next, a bald eagle search algorithm is employed to adaptive tune all controller parameters online. Finally, the proposed method is validated on a 100 W air-cooled PEMFCs in two scenarios. Under a constant temperature set-point, the proposed strategy achieves root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.3289 and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.1081, which improves upon modified active disturbance rejection control (MADRC) (RMSE = 0.3925, MSE = 0.1540) by 16.2 % and 29.8 %, respectively. Under a step change in the temperature set-point, RMSE and MSE are reduced from 0.3690 to 0.1361 (MADRC) to 0.3128 and 0.0978, corresponding to the decreases of 15.2 % and 28.1 %. These results confirm that the proposed method realizes fast and accurate temperature tracking, and demonstrate that integrating data-driven modeling, robust hybrid control, and intelligent parameter optimization substantially can substantially enhance heat dissipation and maximize the power output potential of aircooled PEMFCs.

Defect and heterostructure engineering have emerged as effective approaches to modulate active-site electronic structures and boost catalytic and storage performances. Here, the S-NiMnSe/NF heterostructured electrode was fabricated through the facile two-step hydrothermal process, enabling the in-situ growth of sulfur-modified NiSe2/MnSe nanostructures on a nickel foam substrate for overall water splitting and hybrid supercapacitors. Sulfur incorporation generates plentiful Se vacancies and tailors the local electronic configuration of the bimetallic selenide, thereby substantially boosting the catalytic activities for both HER and OER, as well as improving the charge-storage capability. The S-NiMnSe/NF catalyst achieves 10 mA cm- 2 at remarkably low overpotentials of 224 mV and 113 mV for OER and HER, respectively, in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. Notably, NiMnSe/NF demonstrates exceptional HER activity, achieving 10 mA cm- 2 at merely 14 mV overpotential, surpassing even the commercial Pt/C benchmark. This remarkable behavior is attributed to the suitable electronegativity of Se, which facilitates a balanced adsorption-desorption of intermediates at the catalytic interface. Furthermore, the assembled S-NiMnSe/NF//AC hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) achieves an energy density of 0.55 mWh cm- 2 at the power density of 3.76 mW cm- 2, maintaining 91.8% of its original capacitance over 5000 charge-discharge cycles. These outstanding performances originate from the synergistic interface between NiSe2 and MnSe, together with the optimized electronic structure and abundant active sites induced by selenium vacancies.

Hybrid proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) powertrains offer a promising solution for long-endurance and zero-emission unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, balancing hydrogen economy, PEMFC durability, and energy-storage safety remains challenging under dynamic load demands. To address this issue, this paper proposes a physics-guided adaptive high-low-pass soft actor-critic (PG-AHL-SAC) energy management strategy (EMS). In the proposed framework, propulsion power demand is decomposed into frequency-specific components. The low-frequency component is primarily assigned to the PEMFC, while the battery (BAT) and supercapacitor (SC) buffer medium- and high-frequency transients, thereby reducing dynamic stress on the fuel cell. A continuous-action SAC controller then optimizes real-time power distribution using a multi-objective reward function accounting for hydrogen consumption, PEMFC degradation, and energy-storage constraints. The framework is evaluated under a representative single-mission flight profile, incorporating both noise-free and noisy mission profile. The results demonstrate that PG-AHL-SAC achieves a competitive hydrogen economy while strictly maintaining the BAT state of charge and SC energy limits. Compared with benchmark EMSs, the proposed strategy provides smoother PEMFC power trajectories and a more favorable trade-off among hydrogen economy, PEMFC durability, and energy-storage safety, performing closely to the offline dynamic programming optimum without requiring prior load knowledge. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses indicate robust performance under filtering parameter and cost-weight perturbations. Ultimately, these findings reveal that PG-AHL-SAC provides an effective, health-aware EMS for multi-source UAV powertrains operating under the specific mission profile evaluated. While robustness against noisy mission profile and parameter perturbations is confirmed within this tested scope, validation across broader operating conditions remains for future work.

The liquid-phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BZA), particularly conducted under solvent-free conditions using atmospheric O-2 as the oxidant, represents a sustainable approach for benzaldehyde (BZL) synthesis. Among numerous heterogenous catalysts developed, supported Pd nanoparticles have showed high activity and selectivity for this process. Herein, to further upgrade the activity of the Pd-based catalysts, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was employed as a support for Pd-Au bimetallic nanocatalysts (PdxAuy/g-C3N4-T). The supported Pd and Au formed alloy nanoparticles, with the introduction of Au reducing the particle size of the supported metals. Moreover, strong interaction between the nitrogen atoms in the g-C3N4 support and the supported metals was evidenced. In the liquid-phase and solvent-free selective oxidation of BZA with O-2, the bimetallic catalysts exhibited higher catalytic activity than their monometallic counterparts. Under mild reaction conditions (90 degrees C and 6 h), merely 20 mg of 1Pd(3)Au(1)/g-C3N4-350 catalyst achieved a high BZL yield of 62.7%. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused at least six times without any loss of activity and meanwhile exhibited activity toward other aromatic alcohols.

Lithium metal anode faces formidable challenges from uncontrollable dendrite growth and unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Interface engineering of the current collectors (CCs) or lithium anodes presents a viable solution. We propose engineering the intrinsic microstructure of coatings to precisely construct interlayers that are both lithiophilic and possess rapid kinetics. A strategy using ion beam deposition (IBD) technology to craft ZnMgSn films with composite microstructures on commercial Cu CCs and lithium foils is reported. This artificial interphase not only exhibits a strongly lithium adsorption energy, but also significantly reduces the diffusion barrier for lithium atoms, thereby synergistically enabling uniform lithium plating. Crucially, this interphase promotes the in-situ formation of a mechanically robust, bilayer SEI rich in LiF, which can effectively accommodate volume changes during cycling. As a result, the ZnMgSn@Cu CC symmetric cell achieves an ultralong lifespan of over 11000 h. The full cell shows a capacity retention of 85.13% after 130 cycles at 5C. The modified lithium anode maintains over 80% capacity after 620 cycles at 1C. This work not only provides an efficient modification strategy but also offers profound insights into the microscopic design principles for an ideal lithium metal interphase, paving the way for practical lithium metal batteries.