Raya (Brassica juncea L.) as an imperative oilseed crop, necessitates a judicious amount of fertilizers for its sufficient yield, however the soils in Pakistan are becoming nutrient scarce owing to extensive farming. In order to evaluate the accurate fertilizer requirement for potential raya yields, an experiment was conducted at Regional agricultural research institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan during the years 2018-2020. Various combinations of NPK fertilizers were made and applied to Raya crop. The treatments were T1 (0-0-0 NPK kg/ha), T2 (0-60-60 NPK kg/ha) ,T3 (60-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T4 (90-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T5 (120-60-60 NPK kg/ha), T6 (90-0-60 NPK kg/ha), T7 (90-30-60 NPK kg/ha), T8 (90-90-60 NPK kg/ha),T9 (90-60-0 NPK kg/ha), T10 (90-60-30 NPK kg/ha) and T11 (90-60-90 NPK kg/ha). Subsequently, fertilizer recommendations were made on the basis of Mitscherlich-Bray equation. Theoretical maximum yield of Raya was obtained by plotting log y (grain yield) versus 1/x (amount of nutrient applied). The results showed that Soil have 10 kg (P ha?1) would need 125 kg Phosphorus oxide per hectare fertilizer to attain 90% grain yield. Moreover it was concluded that recommended dose of fertilizer for Raya was less in comparison to that achieved through application of Mitscherlich-Bray equation. From these results, it is crucial to assess the 90%maximum yield by implementing the formula prior to conducting of field trials in order to enhance economic outputs and to balance the nutrients in soils.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as an important food and fuel crop is undergone breeding for novel types, and its expansion into the new environments is necessary, however the efforts become complicated for breeders as well as agronomists to select for the best performing genotype in a particular environment due to unexpected, but significant genotype x environment interaction. This study was performed to thoroughly analyse the trade-offs between the agronomic performance and stability of sorghum genotypes produced under agro ecological conditions of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Three sorghum lines i.e., G1 (S14), G2 (S22) and G3 (Jowar-86) were evaluated under eight environments which were formed by combining two sites of varying soil conditions (saline and normal soil) and were sown at four different sowing dates in order to determine the yield performance. Furthermore, AMMI analysis and GGE (generation×gene×environment) interactions were performed to identify the most stable variety for semi-arid environment. The results revealed that soil conditions significantly affect the grain yield of sorghum. The highest yield was obtained in E4 (1799 kg ha -1) under normal soil conditions and the best performing line was identified as G1. While under saline/problematic conditions E3 gave mean yield of 1530 kg ha-1 while line G1 gave 1505 kg ha-1 of yield. As far as the AMMI and GGE analysis is concerned, significant value for scores of PCAs were obtained as PC1 (61.3%) and PC2 (38.7%) while GGE analysis also gave significantly different scores for PC1 and PC2 as 86.8 and 13.2% respectively. The genotype G1 had low PC1 scores (1.59) as compared to G2 and G3 and thus it was identified as most stable genotype. The environment (E3) and (E4) were highly correlated to each and (E6), (E8) were discriminatory environments for all tested genotypes.

The abrupt and extreme climatic conditions have paved ways for a shift in crop adaptability in their agro-ecological zones. To combat the uncertainty in crop yield, it is prerequisite to test newly developed crop genotypes to specific climatic conditions. Hence a two-year experiment was planned to evaluate the phenotypic performance and genetic potential of grain yield of six locally produced genotypes of Raya (Brassica juncea L.). The experiment was conducted at the research farm Regional Agricultural Research Institute, Bahawalpur, Pakistan during 2018-19 to 2019-20. The study was laid out in Randomized complete block design and replicated four times. The observations were recorded for yield and yield determining components and final results showed that variety Bwp-Raya produced maximum grain yield (kg ha-1) as 4856.5 kg/ha due to highest number of silique per branch as 169.25, grains per silique as 18.500 and 1000 grain weight as 4.015g. While among strains Brj-9070 produced maximum grain yield (kg ha-1) as4278 kg/ha due to highest number of silique per branch as 168.50, grains per silique 18.250 and 1000 grain weight. This evaluation was crucial in order to determine the best performing Raya variety in arid conditions, so that farmers can select the best suitable variety according to climatic conditions prevailing in their areas.

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The present study was planned to determine the effect of different levels of Nitrogen on the economic yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Aas-11. Thus, an experiment was carried out in the research area of Regional Agriculture Research Institute Bahawalpur (RARI) during 2013-14 to test the effect of various Nitrogen levels on the yield and yield component of wheat. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Nitrogen levels i.e, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha were tested in this study. The results revealed that 120 and 150 kg/ha levels of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the fertile tillers, plant height, spike length, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield per plot and grain yield kg/ha. The application of nitrogen fertilizer was found to be most effective for enhancing the quantitative and qualitative growth of wheat.

Three experiments were conducted to ascertain the yield performance and water use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) sown in different planting methods during the year 2005, at three different locations in cotton zone of Punjab (Pakistan) province in case of different planting methods The planting methods were, flat planting and no earthing up, flat planting and earthing up after 1 irrigation (35 days after planting) , flat planting and alternate row earthing up after 1 irrigation, flat planting in 112.5/37.5 cm apart paired rows and earthing up after 1 irrigation, ridge planting and bed planting. Cotton crop obtained a maximum benefit from the available water at all three locations in flat planting with alternate row earthing up method by giving a maximum water use efficiency of 5.63 kg ha mmand maximum seed cotton yield of 2991 kg ha .