Shenmai Injection (SMI), which tonifies Qi and prevents exhaustion, nourishes Yin and generates body fluid, is usually used in the treatment of shock with deficiency of Qi and Yin, coronary artery disease, viral myocarditis, granulocytopenia and chronic pulmonary heart disease clinically. Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 are the main active ingredients of SMI. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantification of Rb1 and Rg1 in beagle dogs were developed and validated according to international regulatory guidelines. The methods were applied to measure the pharmacokinetics parameters of the two ginsenoside after intravenous administration. The linear ranges of the analytes were 3.9-1,000 ng/ml for Rg1 and Rb1. After injection of single and multiple doses of SMI (1 ml/kg), the plasma concentration-time profiles of Rg1 and Rb1 met the characteristics of one-compartment and typical two-compartment intravenous injection.

目的:对6种香薷属植物的挥发油化学成分进行系统研究.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取6种香薷属植物叶与花序的挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术测定挥发油中的化学成分.采用SIMCA进行主成分分析及SPSS.25软件进行聚类分析.结果:6种香薷属植物的挥发油,依据去氢香薷酮、香薷酮、玫瑰呋喃、胡椒酮、D-香芹酮、芳樟醇、乙酸香叶酯、香叶醇、1,8-桉叶油醇、γ-松油烯和β-蒎烯的相对百分含量可划分为11种化学型,其中PD型、PR型和CaDE型为新发现的化学型.结论:初步推测香薷属植物挥发油化学型的多样性与其分布范围大小无显著关系,而可能与花期的长短有关.依据已确认和推测的香薷属植物挥发油主成分代谢通路,推测鸡骨柴可能是最原始的类群,四方蒿次之,香薷、野草香、水香薷、野拔子相对进化.现有的香薷属挥发油化学型研究结果暗示着其在该属可能具有一定的系统学意义.

We sequenced the leaf and inflorescence transcriptomes of 10 Elsholtzia species to mine genes related to the volatile terpenoid metabolic pathway. A total of 184.68 GB data and 1,231,162,678 clean reads were obtained from 20 Elsholtzia samples, and 333,848 unigenes with an average length of at least 1440 bp were obtained by Trinity assembly. KEGG pathway analysis showed that there were three pathways related to volatile terpene metabolism: terpenoid backbone biosynthesis (No. ko00900), monoterpenoid biosynthesis (No. ko00902), and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis (No. ko00909), with 437, 125, and 121 related unigenes, respectively. The essential oil content and composition in 20 Elsholtzia samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that there were obvious interspecific differences among the 10 Elsholtzia species, but there were no significant differences between the different tissues among species. The expression levels of seven candidate genes involved in volatile terpenoid biosynthesis in Elsholtzia were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that HMGS had the highest expression among all genes, followed by GGPS4. In addition, there was not a significant correlation between the seven genes and the components with high essential oil contents. Combined with the essential oil components detected in this study, the possible biosynthetic pathway of the characteristic components in Elsholtzia plants was speculated to be a metabolic pathway with geraniol as the starting point and elsholtzione as the end product. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the nucleotide sequences of the geranyl diphosphate synthase candidate genes, and the results showed that genes related to the volatile terpenoid biosynthetic pathway may be more suitable gene fragments for resolving the Elsholtzia phylogeny.

目的 将采自云南的5个东紫苏(Elsholtzia bodinieri Vaniot)居群栽培于同质园内(2年),测定6个形态性状和鲜叶、鲜花挥发油成分,利用形态多样性与化学型分析,系统研究东紫苏形态特征及挥发油的差异.方法 ①对野生与同质园栽培的东紫苏进行6个形态性状的测量与统计.②采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取东紫苏鲜叶和鲜花挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术进行成分分析.③利用变异系数、主成分分析、聚类分析和方差分析等方法进行数据分析.结果 ①6个形态性状在野生与同质园栽培不同居群内的平均变异系数(CV)为31.55％,变异幅度为25.44％～ 45.24％.②鲜叶挥发油划分为C型、CT型、T型3种化学型,其中CT3型为新化学亚型;首次将鲜花挥发油划分为CP型、TR型、TRC型、RC型4种化学型.③β-蒎烯与当年生枝长显著正相关,α-乙酸松油酯与叶面积负相关,鲜叶与鲜花挥发油中的1,8-桉叶油醇与α-乙酸松油酯均表现为极显著负相关.结论 ①东紫苏形态特征受环境因素和遗传因素共同作用,挥发油化学型主要受遗传因素影响.②1,8-桉叶油醇与α-乙酸松油酯存在此消彼长的关系,环境因素可能影响其调控过程.

目的:针对云南省15个居群东紫苏叶挥发油的化学型进行探讨.方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取东紫苏鲜叶挥发油,利用GC-MS联用技术进行成分分析,采用SIMCA进行主成分分析及HemI软件进行聚类分析.结果:经GC-MS分析,共检测出 114个化学成分,其中单萜含量为72.469％～91.855％,倍半萜的含量为3.727％～13.121％,对相对百分含量高于1％的22个成分进行主成分分析及聚类分析,可将东紫苏叶挥发油划分为3种化学型,分别为C型、CT型(CT1型、CT2型)和T型.结论:化学型的分布与居群的空间距离无明显关联.推测得C型中的1,8-桉叶油醇可能是直接受基因1,8-桉叶油醇合酶的调控而合成,CT型中的1,8-桉叶油醇与α-乙酸松油酯的合成可能存在共同前体α-松油醇,可能存在竞争关系.

Objective To analyze the genetic diversity ofAconitum brachypodum,an endangered medicinal plants.Methods Three pair primers were used to evaluate the relevant genetic parameters and clustering pattern for four natural populations containing 105 individuals by using POPGENE32,MEGA4,NTSYS and other biometric softwares.Results For A.brachypodum,the Nei's genetic diversity index (He),Shannon's information index (Ⅰ),percentage ofpolymorphic loci (PPB) were 0.322 9 4 0.179 8,0.472 0 4 0.251 7,and 80.57％,respectively;and the population level were 0.115 4 ± 0.044,0.168 0 ± 0.065 3,and 12％,respectively.The genetic differentiation index (Gst) was 0.864 2.The clustering results showed that,Luquan and Dongchuan populations are grouped together,Lijiang and Huize populations are clustered together.Conclusion A.brachypodum possesses the relatively high level of genetic diversity at the species level,however,low within populations.This study should provide an initial insights for A.brachypodum germplasm conservation.

研究:野外哀牢山徐家坝地区的石松科药用植物种类及其种群特征。方法:野外样地样方调查。结果:哀牢山徐家坝地区共有石松科植物4属4种,各种类的种群分布和数量变化大。

Based on a field sample survey on vegetation community by using the method of France-Sweden school,this paper analyzed the structural characteristics and species status in the Keteleeria evelyniana community with abundant species in the phosphorus mineral region in Fuxianhu basin.A reasonable species disposition plan was proposed for the abandoned phosphate mining area based on the dominance species in Keteleeria evelyniana community,such as Keteleeria evelyniana,Castanopsis delavayi,Lithocarpus dealbatus of arborous layer,Ternstroemia gymnanthera,Rosa longicuspis of shrub layer besides Ficus ticoua,Pueraria lobata,Erianthus rockii Keng,Cynodon dactylon which are local species with strong resistance.It is expected that the restored Keteleeria evelyniana community should be an abundant species with a rational community structure and a stable ecological system as well as restoring the ecological service function of the mining as soon as possible.

According to the surveys of 1~5 years recovery of natural vegetation in phosphorus-mined wasteland which was abandoned,the rule of plant community succession,character and species status in plant community were analyzed.Based on the results of surveys and analysis,a reasonable species disposition plan of shrub-grass community on phosphorus-mined wasteland was developed forward to recovery natural vegetation.The disposition species consist of Erianthus rockii,Desmodium sequax which was dominant species of nature restoration community and some strong resistance local shrub,vine species.As a result,the poor soil environment would be improved and the shrub community would be restored in phosphorus mining wasteland.

Woody debris(WD) including coarse woody debris(CWD) and fine woody debris(FWD),is an essential structural and functional component of many ecosystems.CWD plays critical ecological roles in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystem and influences the biological and non-biological process within forest ecosystem.They not only provide habitats for organisms such as microorganism,amphibians,arthropods,birds,small mammals and so on,but also serve as carbon and nutrient pools.Furthermore,CWD can prevent from the soil erosion and play important roles in forest's hydrological ecology as well.The paper reviews the systematical outcomes of the research on forest coarse woody debris,such as its storage,composition,nutrients,and carbon element as well as regeneration roles in forest.The paper also highlights the emphasis and direction toward CWD study in the future.

作为热带、亚热带地区森林生态系统中重要组成成分之一的附生植物, 对环境变化尤为敏感.为了解附生植物对森林生境破碎化的响应, 本研究选择哀牢山北段徐家坝山地湿性常绿阔叶林因人为干扰而形成的四处森林边缘为研究对象, 分别在距离林缘10、20、40和80 m的位置设立样带, 采用树干取样法调查各样带内距地面0-2 m范围附生植物的物种组成、生物量和附生苔藓植物的生活型特征.结果显示: 边缘效应对单位面积附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物盖度均具有极显著的影响(P<0.001), 其中附生苔藓比附生蕨类对边缘效应更为敏感.边缘效应对附生苔藓植物的作用强度在各生活型之间存在着差异, 其中对丛集型(P=0.014)和交织型(P=0.030)的附生苔藓植物的影响最显著.综合附生植物在各样带的分布特征, 我们认为单位面积上附生植物的生物量和附生苔藓植物的盖度可作为指示森林边缘生境的重要指标.黄牛毛藓(Ditrichum pallidum)、角状刺枝藓(Wijkia hornschuchii)和格氏剪叶苔(Herbertus giraldianus)的分布具有指示林缘生境的意义, 而尖叶羽藓(Thuidium philibertii)、大羽藓(T. cymbifolium)、多疣麻羽藓(Claopodium pellucinerve)、波叶金枝藓(Pseudotrismegistia undulata)和扭叶藓(Trachypus bicolor)的分布局限于林内, 具有一定的保护价值.

Woody debris (WD), including coarse woody debris (CWD) and fine woody debris (FWD), is an essential structural and functional component of many ecosystems, particularly in montane forests. CWD is considered to be the major part in forest WD and it is primarily composed of logs, snags, stumps and large branches, while FWD mainly consists of small twigs. Attributes of dead woody material may change in accordance with trends in stand dynamics. The primary forest (primary montane moist evergreen broad-leaved forest) in Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve (NNR) preserves the largest tract of natural vegetation in China. The Alnus nepalensis (D. Don) association, Populus bonatii (Levl.) association and secondary Lithocarpus association represent the secondary and chronological types following human disturbance by fires and logging under different intensity. The mass and composition of coarse woody debris (CWD, ≥10 cm in diameter) and fine woody debris (FWD, 2.5–10 cm in diameter) were inventoried in a primary forest and its three secondary counterparts. Estimates of total mass of woody debris across secondary types to primary forest ranged from 2.4 to 74.9 Mg ha−1. The lowest value was found in the A. nepalensis association and the highest values were in the primary forest of which logs are the considerable differences. The ratios of CWD to FWD were low in the secondary types (about 1–4) but high in the primary forest (above 15). Our results suggested that for the recovery of woody debris in the secondary forest, it might last longer than the age of the oldest successional stage studied.

The paper analyzed the composition and characteristics of the present plant community of Pinus yunnanensis woods,Keteleeria evelyniana woods,Eucalyptus globulus woods at the phosphorus ore region of Maotian Mountain in Fuxian Lake basin on the basis of a survey in the field.The results indicate that the community of these three types of plants thrive in the area,and can be used to restore the vegetation of phosphorus ore exploitation regions,but Eucalyptus globulus woods is not suitable to be restored in a big scale because it has negative effect on biodiversity.

The distribution and utilization status,yield,cultivation status and market demand of Rhizoma Neopicrorhizae were investigated.The results showed that the distribution scope of Rhizoma Neopicrorhizae,which has fewer contents,was degenerated to high altitudes.The market price of Rhizoma Neopicrorhizae was on rise every year.The effective conservative measure was also lacking.It was suggested that we should reinforce its protection and go further into its study on the aspect of cultivation.

The study analyzed the composition and characteristics of present plant communities: Pinus armandii forest,Phyllostachys decora forest,and Castanopsis orthacantha forest in phosphorus mineral area of Fuxian Lake Watershed.The results indicate: these three types of plant community in the research area grew well and have rich species,which are suitable plant for restoring the vegetation in phosphorus mineral area.

This paper studied the composition and carbon storage of woody debris in the primary moist evergreen broad-leaved forest and its main secondary forests (regenerated Lithocarpus forest, Populus bonatii forest, and Alnus nepalensis forest) in Ailao Moutains of Yunnan Province. The results showed that in the primary forest, the carbon storage of woody debris amounted to 36.56 t x hm(-2). Castanopsis wattii, Lithocarpus xylocarpus and L. chintungensis were the main contributors, and most of them were the logs with larger diameter and at intermediate stage of decay. The unique environment of richer precipitation, higher humidity and lower temperature in the study area, and the decay-resistance of hardwood were favorable to the accumulation of woody debris. The three secondary forests had a carbon storage of 1.2-5.0 t x hm(-2), which decreased in the order of regenerated Lithocaropus forest > P. bonatii forest > A. nepalensis forest, showing a tendency of increasing carbon storage with succession course.

为快速识别抚仙湖磷矿开采区植被现状,为抚仙湖流域进一步的植被恢复和景观空间布局研究提供基础数据.本研究在对2002年2月覆盖抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区全景的TM卫星影像进行数据校正、影像融合、影像分层、计算机自动监督分类的基础上,利用全球卫星定位系统(GPS),结合野外踏察及较小面积植物群落现场勾画对机读结果进行目视检验和GIS分析校正,最终划分出16类植被类型,并统计得到各植被的分布特征.判读结果经检验,植被类型的判读精度为85.6%.

基于空间的掌鸠河流域生态环境保护GIS系统,属自行开发的GIS软件系统,实现了对流域空间数据库的生态环境信息和多媒体图形、声像等多种信息的信息管理与查询:系统除具有一般GIS系统所具有的功能外,还把现代多媒体技术和GIS空间数据库技术结合起来,丰富了GIS中属性数据查询的内容,扩充了空间信息表达方式.

Succession of plant community on 1～5 year phosphate mining wasteland in Fuxianhu watershed of Yunnan was studied through the investigation of species composition,structure and relation with environment. The research showed that the first species to colonize and dominate abandoned fields were Artemisia dubia and Eupatorium coelestrium,etc.and a few years later Desmodium sequax occurred and dominated in some areas,With the succession of plant community, the coverage and biodiversity changed gradually.The succession is positive and faster,and it demonstrates that the phosphate mining wasteland in this area has the high ability to restoration.

Yuanjiang County has complex topography, mountain area takes the 96.8% of whole county total area, elevation spatial difference reach to 2 253 metre, vegetation type has obvious vertical distribution. It is usually difficult to obtain accurate image information in use only one interpretation system. Landsat/ TM image data on Feb. 9,2002 that covers Yuanjiang County was used as data source in the study. The image data was processed with the support of methods-geometric correction, image merge, image stratification, and computer automatic supervised classification that using global positioning system(GPS) and some geographic information data established interpretation sign between field and TM image. To improve the accurate of auto-interpretation, the research have carried out visual interpretation and geographic information system(GIS) analysis correction based on auto-interpretation, combination with field survey, GPS fixed position,topographic map and land use information. As result, 18 kinds of vegetation type and 9 kinds of land use type were divided. Land use type precision is 84.2%, vegetation type precision is 80.6% by inspection.