Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAB) has been demonstrated to exert versatile beneficial effects on modulating intestinal immunity, increasing gut microbial diversity, promoting growth performance, and even preventing disease onset in pigs. However, the underlying mechanism of LAB-mediated gut immunity regulation in piglets remains unclear. In this study, we found that supplementation of LAB significantly increases serum TNF-α, ileum IL-4, and IL-10 levels compared with the control group. Meanwhile, oral supplementation of LAB-modified gut microbial communities was evidenced by the increased abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the colon. Mechanistically, LAB induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation, which may be relevant to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that oral administration of LAB during the suckling period shows long-lasting immunomodulatory impacts on intestinal immunity after weaning. Collectively, this study uncovers the mechanism of LAB in regulating the intestinal immunity of piglets, suggesting that LAB can be developed as an immunoenhancing biological agent during the suckling period.

Aim This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) and physterol ester (PSE) supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Methods and Results Ninety-six piglets were randomly allocated to one of four groups, including a control group (basal diet), TB group (basal diet + 1500 g t(-1) TB), PSE group (basal diet + 300 g t(-1) PSE) and TB + PSE group (basal diet + 1500 g t(-1) TB + 300 g t(-1) PSE). All groups had eight replicates with three piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed that dietary TB supplementation increased (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake and average daily gain, as well as the acetate and butyrate concentration in ileum, and dietary PSE supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) the ratio of feed to gain (F/G) on days 1-14 of the trial. Dietary TB or PSE alone supplementation improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) and the expression level of Occludin in ileum. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis identified eight biomarkers in the control group, 18 in the TB + PSE group, two in the PSE group in ileum respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundances of Enterococcus, and Streptococcus were positively correlated (p < 0.05) with propionate concentration, while the relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with acetate concentration in ileum. Conclusion These findings suggest that dietary TB or PSE alone supplementation could alter the growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota community and metabolites of weaned piglets. Significance and Impact of the Study Weaning stress is a major cause of slow growth and increased diarrhoea in piglets. This study demonstrated that dietary TB and PSE presented a beneficial role in growth performance and gut health via regulating intestinal morphology, microbiota composition and metabolites.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">阿魏酸是一种酚酸,在植物中广泛存在,具有抑菌、消炎、抗氧化、减肥、降胆固醇、降血压、抗肿瘤、改善血液循环等多种功能。本文对阿魏酸的理化性质、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产上的应用进行了综述,旨在为阿魏酸作为新型饲料添加剂开发提供参考依据。</span>

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of dietary glutamate and aspartate supplementations on diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets. Diquat injection significantly reduced growth performance, including body weight, average daily weight gain, and feed intake (P<0.05). Meanwhile, diquat administration induced oxidative stress evidenced by the decreased serum nitric oxide (NO) and elevated malondialdeyhde (MDA) concentration (P<0.05). Furthermore, diquat-induced oxidative stress disrupted intestinal absorption system and decreased serum threonine, serine, and glycine levels. Dietary supplementation with glutamate improved final body weight, antioxidant system, and expressions of amino acids transporters and enhanced serum glutamate concentration compared with diquat group (P<0.05). While aspartate failed to alleviate diquat-induced oxidative stress, growth depression, and dysfunction of nutrients absorption except for liver relative weight. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with glutamate confers beneficial effects on diquat-induced oxidative stress in piglets, while aspartate exhibits little effects.

As a green feed additive, enzymic preparation played a very important role in metabolism of animals. The category, function of enzyme preparation, and the application of complex enzyme preparation in animal production and influencing factors for its utilize were summarized in this paper.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on expression of genes for hepatic lipid and nitrogen metabolism in piglets. A total of 24 newborn pigs were assigned randomly into one of four treatments (n = 6/group). The doses of oral MSG administration, given at 8:00 and 18:00 to sow-reared piglets between 0 and 21 days of age, were 0 (control), 0.06 (low dose), 0.5 (intermediate dose), and 1 (high dose) g/kg body weight/day. At the end of the 3-week treatment, serum concentrations of total protein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intermediate dose group were elevated than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic mRNA levels for fatty acid synthase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, insulin-like growth factor-1, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase were higher in the middle-dose group (P < 0.05), compared with the control group. MSG administration did not affect hepatic mRNA levels for hormone-sensitive lipase or carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1. We conclude that oral MSG administration alters hepatic expression of certain genes for lipid and nitrogen metabolism in suckling piglets.

Glutamine is one of the most abundant amino acid in animal bloods, it has important significance to health and growth of piglets, but because of the thermal instability and low solubility, its application in animal pro duction was limited. As the synthesis precursor of glutamine, α -ketoglutaric acid good stability and provide energy to intestinal immediately after into body, than wide attention pay for it. This artical introduced the attenuating effects of α -ketoglutaric acid on growth depression in piglets immunologic stressed with lipopolysaccharide and application perspective in piglets production.

Functional oligosaccharides are new green feed additives,and have very extensive application value and great application foreground.The mechanism and application in piglets of functional oligosaccharides was summarized,the problems of the researchs at present and application foreground was discussed in this article.

As the main digestive products of protein,peptide's transport system is independent with the transport system of amino acids.Peptide transporter 1(PepT1)is an important peptide transporter.This paper reviewed the molecular characteristics,cDNA cloning and expression,transport mechanism of PepT1 in fishes.

为了研究精氨酸和精氨酸生素(AAA)对哺乳母猪泌乳及其仔猪生长性能的影响,试验选用体重和胎次相近的长×大母猪35头,随机分成5组,每组7个重复.对照组饲喂基础日粮,其余4组分别在饲喂基础日粮中添加0.8%精氨酸(Arg),0.03%、0.06%、0.09%AAA.正式试验于妊娠107d开始,并于母猪生产时耳缘静脉采血分离血浆检测生化指标.试验结果表明,Arg组相对于其余各组显著提高了21日龄仔猪断奶窝重(P＜0.05)和日均泌乳量(P＜0.05);0.03%AAA组相对于对照组有提高仔猪断奶窝重和断奶均重的趋势(0.05＜P＜0.1),相对于对照组和0.09%AAA组显著提高了仔猪平均日增重(P＜0.05),而Arg组相对于对照组有提高的趋势(0.05＜P＜0.1).与对照组相比,0.06%AAA降低了BUN的含量(P＜0.05),0.8%精氨酸组亦有降低的趋势(0.05＜P＜0.1).日粮中分别添加0.8%精氨酸和0.03%、0.06%精氨酸生素提高了母猪日均泌乳量、仔猪断奶窝重和断奶均重.

Since 1960s,people have realized that beside free amino acids,small peptide also could be absorbed directly by animals.Beside the nutritional role,peptide has the functions of immunity,neurotransmitter,antioxidation and so on after absorbed.The research of peptide's nutrition in animal science,not only about the nutritional function to animals,but also about peptide's absorption and transportation,application in animal production has been summarized in this article.

This study was conducted using the piglet model to test the hypothesis that mucosal cells of the neonatal small intestine can degrade nutritionally essential amino acids (EAA). Enterocytes were isolated from the jejunum of 0-, 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pigs, and incubated for 45 min in Krebs buffer containing plasma concentrations of amino acids and one of the following L-[1-14C]- or L-[U-14C]-amino acids plus unlabeled tracees at 0.5, 2, or 5 mM: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. In these cells, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were extensively transaminated and 15–50% of decarboxylated branched-chain α-ketoacids (BCKA) were oxidized to CO2 depending on the age of piglets. BCAA transamination increased but their decarboxylation decreased between 0 and 14 days of age. Addition of 1 and 2 mM α-ketoglutarate to incubation medium dose-dependently stimulated BCAA transamination without affecting their decarboxylation. Western blot analysis revealed that the abundance of mitochondrial BCAA aminotransferase declined but cytosolic BCAA aminotransferase increased between 0 and 14 days of age, with the cytosolic protein being the major isoform in 7- to 21-day-old pigs. BCKA dehydrogenase protein existed primarily as the phosphorylated (inactive) form in enterocytes of newborn pigs and its levels were markedly reduced in older pigs. All measured parameters of BCAA metabolism did not differ between 14- and 21-day-old pigs. In contrast to BCAA, catabolism of methionine and phenylalanine was negligible and that of other EAA was absent in enterocytes from all ages of piglets due to the lack of key enzymes. These results indicate that enterocytes are an important site for substantial degradation of BCAA but not other EAA in the neonatal gut.

随着人民生活水平的提高,肉的需要量越来越多,对肉质的要求也越来越高;改善肉品质成了消费者十分关心的问题,内质受到许多因素的影响,合理的利用各种营养因子有助于改善肉品质,本文就近年来各种营养因子对肉品质的营养调控、以及对内品质的检测指标和方法进行简要的综述.

为了探讨在热应激条件下哺乳母猪饲粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对其生产性能的影响,选择胎次、预产期及体重相近的长大二元母猪14头,随机分为2个处理。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加GABA300mg/kg。预试期7d,试验期21d。结果表明,试验组母猪日采食量、泌乳量及仔猪平均日增重分别提高了9.4%、28.5%和10.7%,显著高于对照组;同时减小了哺乳期母猪背膘降幅,缩短了断奶-发情间隔,提高了仔猪的成活率(P>0.05);常乳中,乳糖含量显著升高、乳脂率有所提高,其它成分几乎没有变化。结论是,在饲粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸能够有效地改善哺乳母猪生产性能,促进仔猪生长。

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Acanthopanax senticosus extract (ASE) as a dietary additive on gut microflora in weaned piglets. A total of sixty pigs were weaned at 21 d of age (BW = 5.64 +/- 0.23 kg) and allocated on the basis of BW and litter to three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were: control group (basal diet), antibiotics group (basal diet+0.02% colistin), and ASE group (basal diet+0.1% ASF), On d 7, 14 and 28 after consuming the experimental diets, five piglets per group were sacrificed and then the contents from the jejunum, ileum and cecum were collected to determine changes in the microbial community by using a polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique and estimating the contents of Lactobacillus and E. coli by in vitro culturing methods. The results showed that the ASE promoted the microflora diversity in the cecum. Enumeration of bacteria in the gut contents showed that the number of Lactobacillus increased (p < 0.05), while that of E. coli decreased (p < 0.05) when compared with the other 2 groups as the days of age progressed post-weaning. These findings suggested that the ASE, as a substitute for dietary antimicrobial products, could improve the development of the normal gut microflora and suppress bacterial pathogens, and effectively promote a healthy intestinal environment.

Dietary supplementation of glutamine prevents intestinal dysfunction and atrophy in weanling piglets, but the underlying mechanism(s) are largely unknown. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that weaning or glutamine may modulate expression of genes that are crucial for intestinal metabolism and function. In Expt. 1, we obtained small intestine from 28-d-old pigs weaned at 21 d of age and from age-matched suckling piglets. In Expt. 2, piglets were weaned at 21 d of age and then had free access to diets supplemented with 1% L-glutamine (wt:wt) or isonitrogenous L-alanine (control). At d 28, we collected small intestine for biochemical and morphological measurements and microarray analysis of gene expression using the Operon Porcine Genome Oligo set. Early weaning resulted in increased (52-346%) expression of genes related to oxidative stress and immune activation but decreased (35-77%) expression of genes related to macronutrient metabolism and cell proliferation in the gut. Dietary glutamine supplementation increased intestinal expression (120-124%) of genes that are necessary for cell growth and removal of oxidants, while reducing (34-75%) expression of genes that promote oxidative stress and immune activation. Functionally, the glutamine treatment enhanced intestinal oxidative-defense capacity (indicated by a 29% increase in glutathione concentration), prevented jejunal atrophy, and promoted small intestine growth (+12%) and body weight gain (+19%) in weaned piglets. These findings reveal coordinate alterations of gene expression in response to weaning and aid in providing molecular mechanisms for the beneficial effect of dietary glutamine supplementation to improve nutrition status in young mammals.

溶菌酶能专一的作用于目的微生物的细胞壁,而不作用于其它物质,是一种无毒、无害、安全性很高的盐基水解蛋白酶,具有一定的保健作用,且可作为天然防腐剂等。因而被广泛应用于医药、食品、饲料等行业。本文从溶菌酶的来源、性质、生理功能出发,论述了溶菌酶在畜牧业中的应用,并展望了其发展及应用前景。

菊粉属于植物中储备性多糖,存在于蔬菜水果及谷类植物中.在胃和小肠中不被消化吸收,作为一种有益微生物的底物,是一种新型的绿色饲料添加剂,可促进有益菌生长,在动物体内无残留,不产生抗药性,可改善动物的营养物质代谢.

A single factorial trial was conducted to investigate the effects of inulins on serum biochemical parameters of weaning piglets.72 three-line crossbred(Duroc× Landrace×Yorkshire) weaning piglets(21 d,the same average weight)were randomly assigned to 3 treatments and each treatment had 3 replicates with 8 piglets per replicate.GroupⅠ fed with basal diet(corn grain-soybean meal),groupⅡ fed with basal diet+2 % inulins,group Ⅲ fed with basal diet+0.07 % antibiotic.The experiment was conducted for 21 days.The results showed as follows:Adding 2 % inulin improved serum biochemical parameters of weaning piglets effectively.(1)The urea nitrogen contents of antibiotic group and inulin group were lower than that of the control group(P > 0.05), the antibiotic group and inulin group had an augmentation in blood glucose concentration(P > 0.05).(2)Adding inulin improved serum alkaline phosphates activity(P > 0.05) and increased IL-2 and IGF-1 concentrations(P < 0.05).(3)Compared with the control group,the antibiotic group and inulin group can significantly increased serum GH,FT3,FT4 concentrations(P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).(4)Compared with control group,the SOD,CAT and NO activity of inulin group had trended to increase(P > 0.05),only the CAT activity of antibiotic group were significant higher than the control group(P < 0.01).But the MDA activity of antibiotic group and inulin group were significant lower than the control group(P < 0.05).In summary,addition of inulin in diet improved the serum biochemical parameters of weaning piglets,but the antibiotic group was better than inulin group.