Anti-fouling coatings with liquid repellence applied for optical scenario are often required to have both transparence and excellent mechanical properties. However, the composition of multifunctional units into anti-fouling coatings can hardly realize high transparency, hardness and ultraviolet (UV) resistance simultaneously according to microscale interfacial phase separation. In this work, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid structure was developed by a continuous organic silicone resin network (MPSR), inorganic SiO2 microsphere, organic MT-PDMS, and octocrylene as polymer reactants, which were processed through grafting and polymerization reactions to form a multifunctional coating. This innovative design of covalent bonding between the inorganic constituent and the organic silicone matrix effectively prevented phase separation. The prepared coating can be applied to optical substrate like glass to make them repellent to liquids with a wide range of surface tensions and stains with different surface tensions, such as oil pens, fruit juice, ink, artificial rainwater and artificial snow water. Besides, it demonstrated high hardness (8H), high transparency (95.1%), and excellent UV resistance (280-365 nm, 99%). Moreover, the coating demonstrated excellent mechanical hardness and thermal stability, maintaining its transparency and UV-protective performance under both low-and high-temperature conditions for 240 h. Overall, this anti-fouling, transparent, and UV-resistant hard coating (UV-HSC) exhibited great promise for a wide range of optical applications, particularly in industries such as glass manufacturing and construction.

Abstract With the rapid advancement of flexible electronics, there is a growing demand for optoelectronic devices that combine softness, stretchability, and multifunctional integration. However, conventional flexible alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices exhibit notable limitations in interfacial adhesion, mechanical robustness, and environmental responsiveness, which hinder their broader application in wearable electronics, human−machine interfaces, and intelligent sensing systems. In this study, a temperature-responsive, highly adhesive, and self-healing hydrogel electrode was developed and integrated into an ACEL device. By incorporating 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), a multifunctional hydrogel electrode was developed to integrate temperature-responsive optical/electrical modulation, reversible self-healing, stretchability, and adhesion. At the optimized DMAEMA content of 6.67 mmol, the hydrogel achieved an adhesion strength of 0.044 MPa on porcine skin and a tensile strength of 18.7 kPa. The hydrogel also exhibited reversible optical modulation, with the transmittance changing from approximately 80% at 30 °C to approximately 50% at 60 °C during repeated heating−cooling cycles. When integrated into the ACEL device, the hydrogel electrode regulated the device luminance through coupled temperature-dependent resistance and transmittance changes. In the physiologically relevant temperature range of 34−42 °C, the luminance decreased from 6.5 to 3.8 cd m−2, corresponding to a relative temperature sensitivity of −5.7 to −7.5% °C−1. Electrical−optical decoupling analysis indicated that the resistance-induced electrical modulation dominated the luminance attenuation, contributing more than 70% of the total response in the 40−60 °C range. The device maintained stable electroluminescence under tensile strains up to 500% and operated continuously for 12 h with a surface temperature of approximately 30 ± 3 °C. This work provides a hydrogel-electrode-based strategy for integrating thermal sensing, luminance modulation, self-healing, and mechanical deformability in flexible ACEL devices.

A dual-channel label-free electrochemical immunosensing platform is proposed based on a 3D-printed microfluidic architecture and Ti3C2-AgNPs composite material, achieving synergistic innovation in structural design and material engineering. Structurally, stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing constructs a spatially separated dual-chamber microfluidic array integrated with screen-printed electrodes. This design enables independent liquid transport and electrical signal isolation across different analytical channels, fundamentally suppressing signal crosstalk during multi-target detection. To achieve high sensitivity, the electrode surfaces were modified with a novel Ti3C2-AgNPs nanocomposite that significantly enhances charge transfer kinetics by preventing Ti3C2 nanosheet aggregation through modulation of AgNPs interlayer spacing. This integrated platform was validated through the simultaneous quantification of two critical prostate cancer (PCa) biomarkers, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). This immunosensor mitigates signal crosstalk whilst exhibiting superior analytical performance, with a linear range of 0.1–1,000 ng mL⁻¹, sensitivity of 0.0036 µA mL ng⁻¹ for PSA and 0.0024 µA mL ng⁻¹ for PSMA, and detection limits of 0.045 ng mL⁻¹ for PSA and 0.041 ng mL⁻¹ for PSMA. Furthermore, this device exhibited exceptional repeatability, stability, and specificity. Clinical validation using human serum samples exhibited strong concordance with clinical reference methods, enabling precise discrimination between PCa patients and healthy controls. Consequently, the proposed dual-channel label-free electrochemical immunosensors (EIs), based on Ti3C2-AgNPs nanocomposites, holds substantial promise for clinical diagnostic applications, with potential for expansion to the ultrasensitive detection of other disease-related biomarkers.

Reliable temperature monitoring in cold chain logistics and food storage necessitates rapid detection of temperature excursions to ensure safety and quality. However, most existing approaches depend on powered sensors and complex data systems, limiting their suitability as passive, intuitive, and large area indicators for low temperature anomalies. Herein, raspberry-like low-temperature thermochromic microcapsules (RLTMs) were developed via a two-step interfacial polymerization approach as passive, large area visual indicators for low temperature monitoring. Structural analysis confirmed a hierarchical architecture with strong SiO2 confinement, lowering the phase change onset from 12.1 degrees C to -6 degrees C and enabling graded thermal transitions. The RLTMs exhibited rapid, reversible color switching from -10 degrees C to 37 degrees C, achieving a visually distinct color difference (Delta E > 50) within 2 s at -10 degrees C and full transition within 10 s. This high sensitivity originated from multi scale surface curvature that enhances diffuse scattering while minimizing glare. After 50 thermal cycles, the microcapsules retained fast response (<5 s) and high chromatic contrast, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. With a uniform size of 46.33 +/- 5 & micro;m, they can be directly screen printed as durable visual labels for food packaging and cold chain monitoring applications.

In this study, we developed a high-sensitivity implantable glucose sensor by constructing a synergistic architecture comprising a PEG/TPU composite membrane and a Nafion anti-interference layer. To enhance sensor stability and sensitivity, we systematically investigated glucose sensing responses under different PEG:TPU ratios, and coated with Nafion to improve anti-interference capability and long-term stability. The results indicate that the composite electrode with PEG:TPU = 1:3 and a three-layer membrane structure exhibits optimal glucose response performance: in the 0–30 mM glucose range, sensitivity is 5.533 nA/mM, linearity (R2) is 0.994, and response time is 25 s. Additionally, the sensor demonstrates good anti-interference performance and excellent in vitro stability over 24 days.

Detectable adhesives that provide real-time feedback on the curing status and bonding strength via colorimetric or electrical signals hold great promise for industrial quality control and intelligent manufacturing. However, systems that simultaneously offer non-destructive, instrument-free detection remain scarce, posing a critical challenge for their broader practical deployment. In this study, a design strategy for visually trackable adhesives that exhibit real-time, non-destructive curing-state indication is proposed, enabled by the incorporation of photochromic spiropyran molecules. The adhesive features a linseed oil core and a calcium alginate shell, allowing air-curable adhesion and mechanically triggered release. The system achieves a high transparency of over 95% and a maximum bonding strength of 15 MPa after full curing, demonstrating both optical and mechanical superiority. Compared to existing intelligent adhesives, this MLOA system integrates adhesion, visualization, and sustainability, while maintaining excellent performance under liquid nitrogen and solvent exposure and exhibiting strong compatibility with a wide range of substrates. This dual-feedback system bridges sensing and adhesion in a single platform, opening new avenues for real-time monitoring and adaptive control in next-generation smart manufacturing.

As the demand for personalized health monitoring continues to rise, wearable electrochemical biosensors have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior performance. Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with their unique layered structure, high specific surface area, and exceptional electrical conductivity, demonstrate substantial potential in biosensing applications. The incorporation of 2D nanomaterials enhances sensor sensitivity, facilitates electron transfer, reduces the detection limit, and improves the ability to detect metabolites at low concentrations. Initially, this review outlines the properties of 2D nanomaterials, and then introduces the synergistic effects of composite materials that combine 2D nanomaterials with different materials to enhance biosensing performance. Subsequently, this paper offers an in‐depth discussion of the working principles and various sensing mechanisms of electrochemical biosensors. Based on this foundation, this paper highlights the applications of 2D nanomaterials in detecting biomarkers in human body fluids, including sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid. Finally, the review analyzes the challenges associated with integrating 2D nanomaterials into wearable biosensors and explores the prospective advancements of these materials within the domain of wearable biosensing.

In this study, grapefruit essential oil (GEO)-loaded microcapsules encapsulated within silver/calcium alginate (Ag/CA) composite shells were successfully fabricated through an electrostatic spray technique. First, a pre-emulsion of GEO was prepared in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium alginate (SA). Subsequently, the pre-emulsion was sprayed into an aqueous calcium chloride solution using electrostatic spray technique in the form of microdroplets, yielding calcium alginate (CA) gel microcapsules encapsulating GEO. Then, the previously prepared CA@GEO microcapsules were introduced into hydroxymethyl aminomethane (Tris) buffer solution, followed by the addition of dopamine hydrochloride. This enabled dopamine adsorption onto the microcapsule surface and subsequent polymerization to form a polydopamine layer. Finally, the dopamine hydrochloride-treated CA@GEO microcapsules were placed into a silver ammonia solution, where coordination interaction occurred between the polydopamine (PDA) on the microcapsule surface and silver ammonia particles. Subsequent in situ reduction, facilitated by glucose acting as a reducing agent, resulted in the formation of a silver shell on the microcapsule surface. The morphology and structure of the microcapsules were comprehensively characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), etc. Moreover, the sustained release and antibacterial properties of Ag/CA@GEO microcapsules were investigated.

The alkylation of unsaturated organic and aromatic hydrocarbons represents a pivotal class of synthetic reactions with significant implications in both industrial and academic research. Furthermore, cyclohexylbenzene, synthesized via the alkylation of benzene with cyclohexene, represents a high-value-added fuel additive owing to its exceptionally high cetane number. However, it still remains challenging due to the insufficient activation of double bond-containing organic substrate over traditional phosphotungstate catalysts. In this study, we develop a single Pt atom doped phosphotungstate, as Pt1-NH4-PW catalyst, through a coprecipitation method, for the alkylation of cyclohexene with benzene. Compared to pristine NH4-PW, Pt1-NH4-PW catalyst consists of the electronic reconstructed Pt1-O pair coordinated with [PW12O40]3- . Such structure shows a typical synergistic interaction characteristic, where the Pt atom of the Pt1-O structure serves as a Lewis acid site to accept the electron from the C=C bond, and the nearby O functions as hydrogen acceptors to promote C-H bond activation of benzene. Consequently, the Pt1-NH4-PW catalyst demonstrates a threefold enhancement in catalytic activity compared to NH4-PW for the alkylation of cyclohexene with benzene. The catalytic system further demonstrated exceptional performance in diverse transformations, including alkylation of benzene with either 1-hexene or 1dodecene, and conversion of biomass-derived methyl oleate into high-value chemicals through alkylation.

Amid intensifying energy and electromagnetic (EM)-pollution pressures, smart windows that couple light modulation with EM protection are urgently needed. Electrochromic (EC) windows offer low power and high contrast; however, multifunctional EC devices often suffer from structural complexity and unstable interfaces, impeding integration. Here, therefore a WO3-PEDOT@Fe3O4 composite cathode paired with a Prussian blue (PB) anode is engineered to assemble an electromagnetic-shielding smart window (ESSW). Specifically, the ESSW delivers 53% UV-vis modulation at 611 nm, fast switching (3.1 s coloration; 4.7 s bleaching), high coloration efficiency (104.7 cm2 C-1), and durable cycling (93.4% of the initial current density after 600 cycles). Moreover, the ESSW cathode exhibits a capacitive contribution of 86.4% and an areal capacitance of 25.12 mF cm-2 at a discharge current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. Owing to multiple loss pathways introduced by PEDOT@Fe3O4, the EMI shielding effectiveness consequently rises from 15.3 dB (WO3-ECD) to 31.8 dB (ESSW). Furthermore, a 10 cm × 10 cm spray-coated prototype demonstrates scalability and, in a sunroom scenario, reduces indoor EM-radiation intensity from 108.2 to 19.2 µW cm-2. Such smart windows, integrating electrochromism, energy storage, and EMI shielding, show strong application potential in aerospace, energy-efficient buildings, and defense equipment.

The quasi‐solid electrolyte, due to its semi‐solid nature, thereby significantly improving the stability of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This research primarily employs a freeze‐dried hydrogel with a dual‐network porous structure synthesized from sodium alginate and acrylamide as the quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte adsorption carries for DSSCs. Incorporating graphene, carbon nanotubes, and MXene into hydrogels leverages the formation of numerous hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups on their surfaces and the hydrogel. This hydrogen bonds interaction promotes the synergy between the conductive fillers and the hydrogel, thereby enhancing the hydrogel's mechanical properties and electrical conductivity, ultimately improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSCs. When MXene conductive materials were used as a composite with the freeze‐dried hydrogel, a higher power conversion efficiency of 7.65% was attained, along with enhanced catalytic activity and exchange current density. The hydrogen‐bond‐enhanced adsorption‐based quasi‐solid electrolyte enables DSSCs to retain more than 95% of their initial efficiency even after 1000 h of operation. This approach offers a new perspective for the sustainable operation of DSSCs.

The multiplexed detection of tumor biomarkers represents a transformative strategy to improve diagnostic accuracy in oncology. A significant to the clinical translation of multiplexed label-free electrochemical immunosensors (EIs) is the issue of analytical reliability, which is frequently compromised by signal crosstalk and insufficient sensitivity. In this work, we designed a 3D-printed, reconfigurable microwell array through a combination of screen-printing, stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing, and microfluidic technologies for interference-free multiplexed detection. To achieve high sensitivity, the electrode surfaces were modified with a novel Ti 3 C 2 -Ag NPs nanocomposite that significantly enhances charge transfer kinetics by preventing Ti 3 C 2 nanosheet aggregation through modulation of Ag NPs interlayer spacing. This integrated platform was validated through the simultaneous quantification of two critical prostate cancer biomarkers, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The immunosensor demonstrated both the complete elimination of signal cross-talk and excellent analytical performance, including a wide linear range (0.1–1,000 ng·mL⁻¹), low sensitivities (0.0036 µA·mL·ng − 1 for PSA and 0.0024 µA·mL·ng − 1 for PSMA), and low limits of detection (0.045 ng·mL⁻¹ for PSA and 0.041 ng·mL⁻¹ for PSMA). Furthermore, this device exhibited exceptional repeatability, stability, and specificity. Clinical validation using human serum samples exhibited strong concordance with clinical reference methods, enabling precise discrimination between prostate cancer patients and healthy controls. Consequently, the proposed dual-channel label-free EI, based on Ti 3 C 2 -Ag NPs nanocomposites, holds substantial promise for clinical diagnostic applications, with potential for expansion to the ultrasensitive detection of other disease-related biomarkers.

Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors possess advantages such as mechanical flexibility, durability, and low production costs, making them valuable for applications in human motion monitoring, medical diagnostics, and electronic skin. However, in practical applications, these sensors still face numerous challenges, including long response times, low sensitivity, short lifespan, and limited functionality. This study investigates Ag@MXene-PVA composite double-network hydrogels and develops flexible piezoresistive sensors based on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The sensor exhibits high electrical conductivity and rapid response speed. The PDMS encapsulation not only maintains flexibility but also ensures resistance to damage under external forces, providing stable operational signals.

As an efficient and economical method to enhance oil recovery (EOR), it is very important to explore the applicability of chemical flooding under harsh reservoir conditions, such as high temperature and high salinity. We designed microscopic visualization oil displacement experiments to comprehensively evaluate the oil displacement performance of the zwitterionic surfactant betaine (BSB), a temperature- and salinity-resistant hydrophobically modified polymer (BHR), and surfactant-polymer (SP) binary systems. Based on macroscopic properties and microscopic oil displacement effects, we confirmed that the BSB/BHR binary solution has the potential to synergistically improve oil displacement efficiency and quantified the reduction in residual oil and oil displacement efficiency within the swept range. The experimental results show that after water flooding, a large amount of residual oil remains in the porous media in the form of clusters, porous structures, and columnar formations. After water flooding, only slight emulsification occurred after the injection of BSB solution, and the residual oil could not be activated. The injection of polymer after water flooding can expand the swept range to a certain extent. However, the distribution of residual oil in the swept range is similar to that of water flooding, and the oil washing efficiency is low. The SP binary flooding process can expand sweep coverage and effectively decompose large oil clusters simultaneously. This enhances the oil washing efficiency within the swept area and can significantly improve oil recovery. Finally, we obtained the microscopic oil displacement mechanism of BSB/BHR binary system to synergistically increase the swept volume and effectively activate the residual oil after water flooding. It is the result of the combined action of low interfacial tension (IFT) and suitable bulk viscosity. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing chemical flooding strategies in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs, significantly advancing EOR applications in harsh environments.

Advanced water purification technologies that are efficient, convenient, and low-energy are highly sought after in both scientific and industrial sectors, particularly in regions facing acute water shortages. Interface solar vapor generation (ISVG) presents a promising solution due to its high solar-to-water conversion efficiency, zero-energy cost, portability, and environmental friendliness. Hydrogel-based evaporation platforms, with their unique interconnected network structures, high hydrophilicity, and controllable photothermal hybrid properties, are considered leading candidates in this field. They offer balanced tuning between continuous water supply and minimal heat loss, salt resistance, and low enthalpy change. In this work, we explore the relationship between various hydrogel preparation methods and their performance, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate hydrogel precursors and optimizing cross-linking strategies to tailor material properties. Additionally, this review highlights recent advancements in hydrogel-based ISVG systems, focusing on system optimization factors such as photothermal management, water transportation, enthalpy of evaporation, and salt resistance. Furthermore, precise equipment designs, including composite hydrogel-based evaporators, multilevel structured hydrogel evaporators, 3D printed evaporators, Janus structures, and membrane evaporators, are crucial for enabling rapid condensation and water collection, adapting to diverse operational conditions, and achieving scalability for industrial production. We also highlight key opportunities and challenges in this domain. Hydrogel-based evaporation platforms have extensive applications in water purification, electricity generation, and atmospheric water harvesting, but there remains substantial potential for further innovation, such as developing materials with improved mechanical properties, enhancing synergies in evaporation systems, and reducing heat loss. Hydrogel-based evaporation platforms are poised to offer forward-looking multifunctionality, smart responsiveness, and scalability for potential industrial implementation.

Alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices are recognized for their simple structure, uniform and soft light emission, tunable frequency, and broad wavelength range, making them suitable for diverse display and lighting applications. In this study, four types of inorganic ACEL devices with top-emission (TES), bottom-emission (BES), dual-emission (DES), and coplanar-emission (PES) configurations were fabricated using copper-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) as the luminescent layer and barium titanate (BaTiO3) as the dielectric layer. The core novelty of this work lies in the systematic optimization of the full screen printing process for multi configuration inorganic ACEL devices, achieving independent substrate manufacturing on rigid (ITO glass) and flexible (ITO-PET, PI, cotton, and paper) substrates. In addition, we propose a PES-ACEL configuration with a polar liquid/solid interface excitation mechanism, breaking the traditional dependence of ACEL on dielectric layers and transparent electrodes and expanding substrate compatibility for special scenarios. All devices exhibited stable blue-green emission with a wavelength range of 480-550 nm, peaking at approximately 510 nm. Specifically, the BES-ACEL device demonstrated the highest performance, achieving a peak brightness of 141 cd/m2. The brightness of devices fabricated on various substrates increased monotonically with rising voltage (40-160 V) and frequency (100-400 Hz), highlighting excellent substrate independence and mechanical flexibility. The devices also withstood mechanical deformation, confirming their potential for wearable applications. Furthermore, to enhance functional versatility, an ACEL device was integrated with an STM32 microcontroller and a WiFi module to construct a dynamic display system. This system innovatively adopts an 8-channel relay module to connect the microcontroller and segmented "8" electrodes, realizing the conversion of 5 V DC input to 220 Vpp square wave output at 2 kHz and solving the problem of matching low-voltage control signals with high-voltage ACEL driving requirements. This system enables smartphone-based remote control for instantaneous switching of digital patterns (1-9). The wireless platform maintained stable illumination during dynamic operation, demonstrating a successful expansion of ACEL technology from basic lighting toward interactive human-machine interfaces.

Amid intensifying energy and electromagnetic (EM)‐pollution pressures, smart windows that couple light modulation with EM protection are urgently needed. Electrochromic (EC) windows offer low power and high contrast; however, multifunctional EC devices often suffer from structural complexity and unstable interfaces, impeding integration. Here, therefore a WO 3 –PEDOT@Fe 3 O 4 composite cathode paired with a Prussian blue (PB) anode is engineered to assemble an electromagnetic‐shielding smart window (ESSW). Specifically, the ESSW delivers 53% UV–vis modulation at 611 nm, fast switching (3.1 s coloration; 4.7 s bleaching), high coloration efficiency (104.7 cm 2 C −1 ), and durable cycling (93.4% of the initial current density after 600 cycles). Moreover, the ESSW cathode exhibits a capacitive contribution of 86.4% and an areal capacitance of 25.12 mF cm −2 at a discharge current density of 0.2 mA cm −2 . Owing to multiple loss pathways introduced by PEDOT@Fe 3 O 4 , the EMI shielding effectiveness consequently rises from 15.3 dB (WO 3 ‐ECD) to 31.8 dB (ESSW). Furthermore, a 10 cm × 10 cm spray‐coated prototype demonstrates scalability and, in a sunroom scenario, reduces indoor EM‐radiation intensity from 108.2 to 19.2 µW cm −2 . Such smart windows, integrating electrochromism, energy storage, and EMI shielding, show strong application potential in aerospace, energy‐efficient buildings, and defense equipment.

Liquid-like slippery coatings of low affinity can make surfaces repellent to foreign substances such as liquids, bacteria, and adhesives. Currently, the degradation of surface roughness and loss of the lubricant layer due to mechanical wear can diminish their anti-fouling performance which limits their practical application. Therefore, it is urgent to design a liquid-like slippery coating that is durable, recyclable, and self-healing properties. Here, we demonstrate a liquid-like slippery coating prepared through the copolymerization of hyperbranched epoxy resin (HBEP), 4,4 '-diaminodiphenyldisulfide (APD), and mono-disulfide-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (MDPDMS) which provides durable and recyclable anti-fouling properties. The designed liquid-like slippery coating can be applied to different substrates, such as glass, PET, and metal to making them repellent to not only liquids with a wide range of surface tensions but also adhesives and dust. When mechanically damaged, the coating exhibits self-healing performance due to the dynamic disulfide bonds of MD-PDMS which can be exchanged internally to reform a liquid-like layer via heating to similar to 40 degrees C, even if it undergoes multiple healing cycles. This strategy envisions a surface with durable and self-healing anti-fouling performance, offering potential applications for the protection of outdoor public facilities, architecture, ships, and more.

Conductive hydrogels provide a flexible platform technology that enables the development of personalized materials for various neuronal diagnostic and therapeutic applications, combining the complementary properties of conductive materials and hydrogels. By ensuring conductivity through conductive materials, hydrogels largely compensate for the rigidity of traditional inorganic conductive materials, making them a suitable substitute. To adapt to different working environments, conductive hydrogels exhibit excellent properties, such as mechanical properties, adhesion, and biocompatibility, which further expand their applications. This review summarizes the fabrication methods, properties, and applications of conductive hydrogels in neural interfaces. Finally, the prevailing challenges and outlines of future directions in the field of conductive hydrogels for neural interfaces are provided, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary research to address issues such as long‐term stability and scalability of production.