Photocatalytic water splitting has emerged as a viable approach for sustainable energy conversion and environmental applications. This study employs density functional theory (DFT) to systematically evaluate the SiS2/WSSe heterojunction as a photocatalyst. The electronic structure and interfacial characteristics are comprehensively analyzed to determine the feasibility of overall water splitting. The SiS2/SeWS heterojunction features a direct Z-scheme band structure with robust structural stability, facilitating effective spatial separation of photogenerated carriers and consequently enabling spatially differentiated hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Furthermore, the heterostructure maintains efficient overall water-splitting performance across both acidic and neutral environments. The reaction mechanism is elucidated by calculating the Gibbs free energy profiles for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which thermodynamically confirm spontaneous water dissociation under photoexcitation. Moreover, the heterostructure exhibits significantly improved visible-light absorption and superior charge carrier mobility relative to its individual monolayer components. With a remarkable solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of 12.3%, surpassing the 10% benchmark for economic viability, the SiS2/SeWS heterojunction demonstrates strong potential as a high-performance photocatalyst for practical water-splitting applications.

Solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting is a pivotal technology for global carbon neutrality, with the core challenge being the development of efficient, stable photocatalysts operating without sacrificial agents. Two-dimensional (2D) Z-scheme heterostructures are promising for efficient charge separation, while Janus materials with intrinsic polarization offer unique opportunities to enhance photocatalytic performance. Herein, we systematically investigate a 2D Janus WSSe/GaO heterostructure constructed from Janus WSSe and GaO monolayers via first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that the heterostructure exhibits a high electron mobility of 1864.53 cm2 V-1 s-1 and broadband visible-light absorption. Owing to its Z-scheme band alignment, the heterostructure enables spontaneous water-splitting hydrogen production under neutral or acidic conditions, achieving a theoretical solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.99%-surpassing most reported 2D heterostructures. This work highlights the potential of Janus-based Z-scheme heterostructures for high-performance photocatalysis and provides a theoretical basis for experimental fabrication.

Bimetallic metal organic frameworks (MOFs) hold significant promise for gas separation applications owing to the synergistic effects of dual-metal centers; however, the fabrication of defect-free and mechanically robust bimetallic MOF membranes remains significant challenges. This study developed a novel support-induced assisted confined counter-diffusion strategy to fabricate highly flexible bimetallic Zn/Co-zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes on rationally designed ZnO-PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)/PVDF dual-layer polymeric-supports. The bottom PVDF layer (42.0 mu m) provided essential mechanical strength to composite membrane, while its well-developed finger-like channels facilitated efficient mass transport, minimizing diffusion resistance. The top ZnO-PVDF layer, thin (9.0 mu m) and featuring fine pores, not only offered abundant heterogeneous nucleation sites through uniformly dispersed ZnO-nanoparticles but also regulated the diffusion of Co2+ ions and 2-methylimidazole (Hmim) ligands, enabling spatially confined membrane growth. The bimetallic Zn/Co-ZIF membrane with 1.2 mu m-thickness exhibited high H2 permeance (4.3 x 10- 7 mol m-2 s- 1 & sdot;Pa- 1) and excellent selectivities for H2/CH4 (26) and H2/N2 (22), demonstrating outstanding molecular sieving capability. Notably, mechanical stability tests under bending stress (curvature: 300 m- 1) revealed that the membrane remained structural integrity and maintained nearly constant gas permeation after bending, indicating superior flexibility and mechanical durability. Moreover, the H2/CH4 selectivity remained stable over 120-h of continuous operation, confirming outstanding long-term operational stability. Furthermore, a series of membranes with consistent performance were successfully fabricated on a large-area ZnO-PVDF/PVDF support (127.5 cm2), highlighting high reproducibility and scalability. This work establishes a robust foundation for the controllable synthesis of high-performance bimetallic MOF membranes toward industrial-scale gas separation processes.

Polyimide aerogel fibers (PAFs) are increasingly favored in personal thermal insulation applications for extreme environments; however, the inherent trade-off between thermal insulation and mechanical strength severely limits their practical application. To address this challenge, this work proposes a fabrication strategy for producing PAFs via dual-step chemical imidization and wet spinning based on nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). Triethylamine (TEA) is introduced to retard nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) kinetics, forming a uniform porous structure. The dual-step strategy realizes rigid-flexible coupling: preimidization builds a rigid gel skeleton for mechanical enhancement, while postimidization forms a complementary flexible skeleton. Precise draw ratio tuning further optimizes mechanical properties. After optimization, the PAF-Dual fiber achieves high mechanical properties with the stress at break of 59.8 MPa, the strain at break of over 150%, and the outstanding toughness of 63.6 MJ m-3. Additionally, the PAF-Dual fiber exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.032 W m-1 K-1, excellent thermal protection over a wide temperature range, and a specific surface area of 124.75 m2 g-1. This work provides a feasible approach for balanced PAFs, promising for wearable extreme-environment protective materials.

Background: Early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC) differs clinically and biologically from late-onset gastric cancer (LOGC), but its standardized age threshold remains controversial. This study identified the data-driven optimal EOGC age cutoff, clarified its clinicopathological, treatment and prognostic features vs LOGC, and characterized its long-term epidemiological trends. Methods: A total of 47,839 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2007 and 2020 were enrolled from the SEER database, and 1990–2023 U.S. epidemiological data of gastric cancer were extracted from the GBD 2023 database. Restricted cubic splines determined the optimal age cutoff. Kaplan–Meier, Cox regression and competing risk analysis assessed survival outcomes. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) modeling analyzed EOGC burden trends and projected them to 2050. Findings: After minimizing competing risk bias by restricting the population to patients aged ≤60 years, data-driven analysis identified 43–45 years as the optimal EOGC age cutoff, with 45 years chosen for stratified analyses per clinical consensus. EOGC was more aggressive than LOGC and associated with significantly poorer prognosis across all treatment subgroups. The epidemiological burden of EOGC in the U.S. remained stable from 1990 to 2023, with no significant fluctuations; prominent male predominance persisted, and BAPC modeling projected this stable trend to 2050. Interpretation: 43–45 years is the optimal EOGC age cutoff, with 45 years recommended for standardized clinical stratification. EOGC has inherently more aggressive biology and poorer prognosis than LOGC. The persistently stable EOGC burden in the U.S. over three decades coupled with a consistent and significant male predominance underscores the urgent need for targeted early screening and preventive strategies for young male high-risk populations.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction to formate represents a promising route for carbon neutrality. However, current bismuth (Bi)-based catalysts suffer from limited active site exposure, poor charge transfer kinetics, and rapid performance degradation. Herein, we report a three-dimensional (3D) carbon fiber aerogels (CFAs) with a porous network architecture supporting well-distributed Bi nanoparticles (BiNPs) that synergistically address these challenges via geometrical structure and interfacial electronic modulation. The 3D porous network of the catalyst offers a high specific surface area of 534.39 m2 & centerdot;g-1, promoting CO2 adsorption and efficient charge transport. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the 0.02 M BiNPs@CFAs catalyst achieves a Faradaic efficiency of formate (FEformate) of 96.73% +/- 1.45% at-1.0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), while sustaining a high partial current density of-221.7 mA center dot cm-2 in the flow-cell operation. After continuous operation for 72 h, the FEformate values remained above 90.6%. In-situ electrochemical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that Bi active sites effectively stabilize the *OCHO intermediate, a key step in formate formation. This work establishes new ideas for designing efficient and stable electrocatalysts through synergistic structural and electronic modulation by metal nanoparticles and aerogel architectures.

ZnZrOx catalysts have attracted considerable attention for the thermal catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol. However, their practical application remains challenging hindered by elevated temperatures and pressures, resulting in unsatisfactory methanol space-time yields (STYs). In conventional oxide-based catalysts, surface oxygen vacancies have been recognized as key active sites that substantially enhance hydrogenation efficiency. Herein, a high concentration of oxygen vacancies in ZnZrOx was introduced by doping dopants, and the potential of the catalyst for CO2-to-methanol conversion was systematically explored via a photothermal coupling strategy. The optimized Sn1Zn2Zr9 catalyst achieved a methanol selectivity of 62.3%, a CO2 conversion of 15.8%, and a methanol STY of 811 mg & centerdot;g-1 & centerdot;h-1 under mild reaction conditions at 180 degrees C. It is worth mentioning that this is approximately 1.3 times higher than that obtained under light-free conditions, confirming the positive contribution of light assistance to catalytic performance. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that Sn doping reduces the adsorption energy barriers for both CO2 and H2, thereby effectively promoting the utilization of both reactants and strengthening the catalytic performance in CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. These findings provide new insights into oxygen vacancy engineering and photothermal coupling strategies for optimizing ZnZrOx catalysts toward efficient CO2 hydrogenation to methanol.

Traditional studies on the enhancement of birefringence have primarily focused on the stereochemically active lone pair of cations; however, the presence of lone-pair electrons often raises the valence-band maximum, thereby significantly reducing the band gap, which hinders their broad-range spectrum application. Anions derived from more electronegative elements exert stronger electron-binding ability, leading to lower energy levels of their nonbonding orbitals compared to those of cations and probably providing a new pathway to overcome the existing limitation. Therefore, in this work, we first propose an anion-centered strategy via structural unit center transformation, similar to that observed in perovskites and antiperovskites, and successfully obtained an anion-centered SCALP-containing chalcogenide, beta-[Hg3S2][ZnCl3]Cl, which features the anion-centered [SHg3] unit. Remarkably, beta-[Hg3S2][ZnCl3]Cl demonstrates remarkable optical performance with a significant birefringence (0.232@546 nm) and a band gap (3.28 eV) that breaks the limit for cation-centered SCALP-containing chalcogenides and approaches the UV region (320 nm). For the first time, this work confirms the significance of the SCALP-driven second-order Jahn-Teller effect in anion-centered units in simultaneously generating a large polarizability anisotropy and widening the HOMO-LUMO gap, establishing a new paradigm for designing potential birefringent materials.

Zirconium (Zr)-based UiO-66 has been widely recognized as a promising membrane candidate in water treatment applications owing to its tunable pore aperture and excellent stability. However, conventional methods for fabricating UiO-66 membranes are typically time-consuming (>= 48 h) and involve complex procedural steps, posing significant challenges for the rapid synthesis of defect-free UiO-66 membranes, particularly on highly curved tubular supports. In this study, a rapid microwave-assisted synthesis approach combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) surface modification was developed to fabricate a well-intergrown, 1.2-mu m-thick UiO-66 membrane on alpha-Al2O3 tubular supports. Comparative experiments between conventional oven heating and microwave-assisted synthesis, conducted on both unmodified and PVP-modified ceramic tubes, revealed a strong synergistic effect between microwave irradiation and PVP surface functionalization, both of which were critical for achieving rapid and uniform membrane growth. The PVP molecules provided robust adhesion and a high density of functional groups, which served as effective nucleation sites for the UiO-66 membrane growth. The synthesized UiO-66 exhibited a BET surface area of 1327 m2/g and an average pore size of 6.1 & Aring;, confirming its suitability for dye removal from wastewater. The resulting membrane achieved high rejection efficiencies for various dye molecules, including congo red (CR), methyl blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and semixylenol orange (SO), while exhibiting low rejection of monovalent salts, making it suitable for the effective removal of dyes from saline wastewater. Notably, this membrane maintained stable performance during long-term operation, evidenced by a 100-h continuous filtration test using CR solution and an additional 20-h test with a CR-NaCl mixture. Furthermore, it not only exhibited superior chemical stability under harsh conditions including strongly acidic (pH = 1) and alkaline (pH = 10) environments, but also maintained a stable CR rejection rates across a wide concentration range (20-100 mg/L), highlighting its practical applicability. The exceptional membrane stability can be attributed to the strong interfacial binding between the UiO-66 membrane layer and the support, with PVP serving as a stabilizer for Zr-MOF crystals. Additionally, the membrane exhibited outstanding antifouling properties, achieving a flux recovery ratio (FRR) up to 91.4 %. The overall performance of the fabricated UiO-66 membrane surpasses those reported in previous studies. These results demonstrated that the developed UiO-66 membrane holds great practical potential for industrial wastewater treatment, separation, and purification.

To address the problem that the detection of hazardous indoor gases, such as formaldehyde, toluene, and carbon monoxide, is readily affected by humidity fluctuations and interference from background volatile gases such as ethanol, this study developed an electronic nose system based on a commercial multi-sensor array, dynamic feature analysis, and machine learning. Using a self-developed high-throughput platform, dynamic responses of commercial MOS sensors were systematically collected under varied gases, concentrations, humidity levels, and ethanol-background interference, and multidimensional dynamic features were extracted from sensor response curves for sensor selection, gas identification, and concentration-trend prediction. On this basis, the sensor array was optimized by evaluating the classification performance of a support vector machine (SVM), reducing the array size from 14 to 6 sensors while maintaining detection performance. The results showed that the proposed system achieved a classification accuracy of 0.950 and a macro F1-score of 0.959 for seven gas classes. In the concentration prediction task, the random forest (RF) model yielded a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 4.084 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.647. Furthermore, a portable IoT-enabled electronic nose prototype developed based on the optimized array was tested under controlled mixed-interference conditions and practical indoor scenarios. The prototype showed stable gas identification capability, produced real-time response curves, and its predictions followed the concentration variation trends. These results indicate that the proposed system is feasible for online monitoring of hazardous gases in complex indoor environments.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a facultative anaerobic bacterium widely distributed in oil reservoirs. Efficient production of rhamnolipids by P. aeruginosa in anoxic environments of oil reservoirs contributes to oil displacement. How to enhance the synthesis of rhamnolipids by P. aeruginosa under anaerobic conditions has become a new scientific question. Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG anaerobically synthesized much lower yield of rhamnolipids than that under aerobic conditions. The key genes rmlBDAC (m), rhlABRI (h) and rhlC (c) and their combination genes were overexpressed in P. aeruginosa. Among seven genetically engineered strains, P. aeruginosa SGhm anaerobically synthesized the highest yield of rhamnolipids, 1.34 g/L, which was about 4.5-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain SG (0.24 g/L). The results of Plackett-Burman (PB) design indicated that glycerol and nitrate were the nutrient factors that significantly influenced the anaerobic production of rhamnolipids by strain SGhm. Optimization of culture medium by response surface method improved the rhamnolipids production of strain SGhm to 1.54 g/L under anaerobic conditions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa SGhm emulsified oil in anaerobic tubes through anaerobic synthesis of rhamnolipids. The percentage of oil droplets formed with a diameter of 0–5 μm was 89.4

To address the "trade-off" challenge between ionic conductivity and stability in anion exchange membranes (AEMs), nanocomposite AEMs made from quaternized nanocellulose (QNC)/polysulfone (QPSF) have been fabricated and characterized extensively. These membranes were then employed in the electrolysis of water for hydrogen production, resulting in remarkable ionic conductivity and robust stability simultaneously. The ultrathin QNC/QPSF membrane exhibited a nanocomposite structure, where QPSF served as the polymer matrix, and QNC established three-dimensional networks integrated within the QPSF matrix. The ionic conductivity of the QNC/QPSF-70 % membrane remained at 46.95 mS/cm at 80 °C, showing an increase of 60 % compared to that of pristine QPSF membrane and 2.5-times higher than that of the commercial AEM (AMI-7001S), respectively. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional networks of nanocellulose enhanced the alkaline and dimensional stability (swelling ratio = 9.97 %, 70 °C) as well as the resistance to hydrogen crossover of the QNC/QPSF membrane for water electrolysis applications. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested better ionic transport characteristics and alkaline stability promoted by the ion channels present in the nanocomposite AEM. This was further confirmed by the AEMWE performance where the QNC/QPSF-70% membrane containing ion channels exhibited 4.7-times higher current density than that of the pristine QPSF membrane without QNC component.

Addressing the limitations of rapid carrier recombination and narrow spectral response in conventional photocatalysts, we propose a strain-engineered PtS2/BTe Z-scheme heterojunction through first-principles calculations, demonstrating exceptional visible-light hydrogen evolution performance. The van der Waals structure exhibits ultrastable characteristics, evidenced by negative binding energy (-0.261 eV), stable phonon spectra, and robust molecular dynamics at 300 K. The intrinsic Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism driven by a 2.35 eV work function difference effectively reduces the electron-hole recombination rate while maintaining a strong redox capability through band edge alignment across the water splitting potential (pH = 0-7). The heterojunction shows a low hydrogen evolution barrier and high carrier mobility, outperforming conventional PtS2-based systems. Compressive strain (-3 % to 3 %) dynamically tunes the bandgap from 0.90 eV to 1.25 eV, achieving optimal visible-light absorption (402 nm wavelength) with a peak coefficient of 2.90 x 10(5)cm(-1). Additionally, the STH efficiency reaches a high of 14.61 %. These synergistic effects-strain-responsive band structure, efficient Z-scheme dynamics, and favorable thermodynamics-establish a new paradigm for designing adaptive photocatalysts in solar fuel conversion.

Superhydrophobic Gas-Liquid Membrane Contactors (SGLMCs) have attracted considerable attention in the field of mixed gas separation due to their distinctive properties and promising applications. Featuring superhydrophobic surfaces (SS), SGLMCs effectively facilitate gas transport across the membrane while minimizing liquid permeation, thereby enhancing both separation efficiency and selectivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in SGLMC technology, with particular focus on their synthesis, surface modification strategies, and role in mixed gas separation. The growing demand for efficient gas separation technologies across industrial, environmental, and energy sectors highlights the critical importance of SGLMCs. The review also addresses the challenges associated with optimizing SGLMC performance and discusses the latest research efforts aimed at overcoming these obstacles. Additionally, it explores the design principles, characterization techniques, and potential applications of SGLMCs in mixed gas separation processes. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying future research directions, this review aims to support the continued development and broader adoption of SGLMC technology across various industries.

Bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) membranes exhibit significant potential for separation applications, but the most commonly employed one-pot synthesis approach often leads to unavoidable physical mixtures of monometallic ZIF phases and requires toxic organic solvents. The development of bimetallic ZIF membranes on hollow fibers (HFs) via an environmentally benign, green synthetic strategy remains a significant challenge. In this study, a solvent-free vapor-phase self-conversion method was developed for the fabrication of bimetallic ZIF membranes using ZnO-HFs with inner and diameter diameters of 1.54 mm and 2.11 mm, respectively. This strategy grows hydroxy double salts (Zn/Co-HDS) layers on ZnO-HFs and subsequently converts them into Zn/Co-ZIF membranes. The effects of Zn/Co-HDS synthesis parameters and gasification conditions of 2-methylimidazole (Hmim) ligands on membrane performance were systematically investigated. The pore size of bimetallic ZIF membranes was finely tuned through the incorporation of 2-aminobenzimidazole (2abIm-Zn/Co-ZIF), resulting in a significant improvement in selectivity from 13.51 to 60.75 for H2/CH4 and 9.29 to 37.11 for H2/N2. 2abIm-Zn/Co-ZIF membrane exhibited excellent operational stability over 100-h and robust thermal cycling stability between 25 degrees C and 150 degrees C. Moreover, the membrane maintained high separation performance under humid conditions, confirming its superior hydrothermal stability. Notably, the CO2/CH4 separation factor increased significantly from 3.74 to 19.2 while maintaining stable performance during a 72-h continuous operation. Bimetallic Zn/Co-ZIF membranes fabricated in this study possess superior gas separation properties, attributed to the dual role of ZnO-HFs as both nucleation and anchoring sites, ensuing strong interfacial adhesion between the membranes and support compared to previously reported membranes. This study presents a straightforward, environmentally friendly synthesis strategy for bimetallic Zn/Co-ZIF membranes, highlighting their considerable potential for industrial applications in H2 and CO2 separations.

Membrane separation technology is widely recognized as a sustainable option, but achieving green manufacturing for the membranes themselves remains a significant challenge. To ensure sustainable development, it is crucial to prepare membranes in accordance with the "12 principles of green membrane materials and processes". The preparation of most metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes currently requires the use of certain of toxic organic solvents and appropriate metal sources in the synthetic solution. Developing defect-free internally-supported MOF membranes on polymeric hollow fibers (HFs) via an environmentally friendly green synthetic route represents a significant yet challenging task. In this study, a straightforward continuous flow growth method under organic solvent-free conditions and without external metal sources in the synthetic solution to synthesize zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) membranes on the inner surface of PESf(polyethersulfone)-ZnO-HFs was proposed. This approach facilitates the in situ formation of well-intergrown ZIF-8 membranes through the direct coordination of an aqueous solution of 2-methylimidazole (Hmim) with ZnO embedded within PESf-HFs. ZnO particles not only regulate the porosity of PESf-HFs but also serve as both metal sources and nucleation sites for ZIF-8 membrane formation. The recirculating flow process ensures a steady and uniform supply of Hmim aqueous solutions within the HFs, thereby optimizing the regulation of the heterogeneous nucleation rate and crystallization conditions for ZIF-8 crystals across the entire inner surface of the HFs. The resulting ZIF-8 membranes were thin and continuous, with a thickness of approximately 800 nm. The membrane demonstrated outstanding molecular sieving performance, achieving ideal selectivities of 23.1 for H2/CH4 and 13.6 for H2/N2 mixtures at a H2 permeance of 3.56 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1. Furthermore, this ZIF-8 membrane exhibited remarkable mechanical, thermal, long-term, and pressure stabilities, as well as excellent reproducibility and scalability. The method developed in this work eliminates the need for metals in the synthetic solution and avoids the formation of ZIF-8 crystals in solution, thereby substantially mitigating the environmental risks and economic costs associated with subsequent separation processes. This contribution paves the way for simple, cost-effective, scalable and environmentally friendly strategies for the design and synthesis of MOF membranes on the inner surface of HFs.

A membrane reactor (MR) offers a solution to overcome thermodynamic equilibrium limitations by enabling in situ product separation, enhancing product yields and energy efficiency. Here we present a protocol for synthesizing a carbon MR that couples a H 2 -permeable carbon molecular sieve hollow fiber membrane and a metal supported on zeolite catalyst for non -oxidative propane and ethane dehydrogenation. We describe steps for catalyst preparation, membrane fabrication, and MR construction. The as -developed MR has significant improvements in alkene yield and a record -high stability. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Liu et al. 1

Separating helium (He) and hydrogen (H 2 ), two gases that are extremely similar in molecular size and condensation properties, presents a formidable challenge in the helium industry. The development of membranes capable of precisely differentiating between these gases is crucial for achieving large-scale, energy-efficient He/H 2 separation. However, the limited selectivity of current membranes has hindered their practical application. In this study, we propose a novel approach to overcome this challenge by engineering submicroporous membranes through the fluorination of partially carbonized hollow fibers. We demonstrate that the fluorine substitution on the inner rim of the micropore walls within the carbon hollow fibers enables tunability of the microporous architecture. Furthermore, it enhances interactions between H 2 molecules and the micropore walls through the polarization and hydrogen bonding induced by C−F bonds, resulting in simultaneous improvements in both He/H 2 diffusivity and solubility selectivities. The fluorinated HFM-550-F-1 min membrane exhibits exceptional mixed-gas separation performance, with a binary mixed-gas He/H 2 selectivity of 10.5 and a ternary mixed-gas He/(H 2 +CO 2 ) selectivity of 20.8, at 40 bar feed pressure and 35 °C, surpassing all previously reported polymer-based gas separation membranes, and remarkable plasticization resistance and long-term continuous stability over 30 days.

A novel C 3 -symmetric triphenylamine discotic liquid crystal with fluorescent gel properties has important applications in detection of PA and Si hybrid solar cells.

Organic redox electrolyte-enhanced electrochemical double layer capacitors (ORECs) are potentially better solution for combining both high power and energy density. The critical factor of ORECs is to develop highperformance organic redox electrolytes. Anthraquinone (AQ) derivatives are the promising organic redox electrolyte candidates because of their low redox potential and fast two-electron redox kinetics. Low solubility and poor longevity in aprotic solvents of charged AQ species are main issues for effective enhancement. Here we report two-electron redox ionic compounds by functionalizing AQ with a robustly electron-withdrawing sulfonyl (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (AQSTFSI) anion and pairing counter monovalent cations for high-performance ORECs. The highly electron-conjugate substitute markedly stabilizes the radical and 2e--charged forms of AQ by decentralizing the electron density of the C--O - - O heads, preventing the adverse reaction of electrophilic/nucleophilic attack, revealing by theoretical simulation. Also, the STFSI-- substituent enables AQSTFSI-compounds significantly improved solubility, thermostability, and redox reversibility. Consequently, the AQSTFSI-K applied in OREC shows all-roundly superior performance containing 3.2 V cell voltage, specific energy of 58 Wh kg- 1 with 1.8 times of corresponding electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), specific power over 8 kW kg- 1 , cycling stability over 12,000 cycles, low self-discharge, and wide working-temperature range. This molecular strategy grounded on electron density modulation of redox electrolyte structures provides valuable insights into the design for high-performance ORECs in practical applications.