THE PRESENT STUDY was conducted on 180 male chicks (RMBCs) that were categorized into nine groups based on the post hatching age: D1, D4, D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, D42 and D58. To accomplish this research, routine and special stains as well as mouse anti -chicken; monoclonal anti -Bu -1 antibody markers were employed. The epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius possessed simple columnar epithelium, M -cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The M -cells were characterized by vesicular nuclei and pale cytoplasm that did not stain with H&E, PAS and Diastase -PAS. The lymphoid follicles of the bursa consisted mainly of lymphocytes as well as lymphoblasts, reticular cells, plasma cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. The bursal lymphoid follicles obviously appeared at D1 old and then continued during bursal age. At D7 old, a layer of cuboidal cells associated with blood capillaries clearly appeared in the corticomedullary border. The number of the lymphoid follicles gradually decreased significantly (P < 0 .05) with the advance age, whereas the diameter of the same follicles increased significantly (P < 0 .05) with progress of age also. The Bu -1 positive B -lymphocytes were chiefly located in cortex and medulla of the lymphoid follicles from D1D58 old. The study concluded that the maturation of the lymphoid follicles of the bursa in this breed was depending on age.

THE most frequently used synthetic sweetener that is used by patients who have high blood glucose and in food administration is sodium saccharin. The danger of sodium saccharin is still in debate, according to the outcomes of some previous research. The aim of this study was to observe the changes that happen due to sodium saccharin's effects on the renal and hepatic organs of laboratory albino rats by histotechnique. Forty experimental rats were used in this study; they were 3-4 months old, and their weight was between 250 and 325 gram. They were separated into four groups (each group contained 10 rats); the control group was the first one (water and food ad libitum). The second, third and fourth groups have been administered by three different measures of sodium saccharin, which were started at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg respectively. The oral gavages were used to give treatments to rats once daily for 120 days; at the end of the experimentation, for histopathological technique, the organs were collected. Depending on the dose, the pathological lesions were different in the hepatic and renal tissues as an outcome of therapeutic effects with sodium saccharin compared to the normal group. The ending results demonstrate that the toxic effects of sodium saccharin in rats taken at 10 mg/kg are higher than those of animals in group 2 treated at 5 mg/kg, and the effects appear lower in group 1 when administered at 2.5 mg/kg of substance. This indicates that sodium saccharin requires an elevated dose to generate pathological changes. The conclusion of this research was that sodium saccharin toxicity became higher for the liver and kidneys by raising its dose.

BACKGROUND:DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a specialized system that corrects errors in DNA replication, namely, base substitution mismatches and minor insertion-deletion mismatches. The deficient mismatch repair (d-MMR) protein plays a vital role in predicting the prognosis of endometrioid carcinoma. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of MMR errors in endometrial cancer (EC) and their correlation with clinicopathological features.METHODS:We examined the immunohistochemistry presence of four MMR proteins in 50 samples of EC tissues that were preserved in formalin and embedded in paraffin. The proteins identified were MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), post-meiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2), MutS homolog 2 (MSH2), and MutS homolog 6 (MSH6). The study examined several clinicopathological characteristics and conducted MMR phenotyping.RESULTS:The findings revealed that among the 50 cases of EC, 40% of patients had grade I disease and 78% had stage I malignancy. Furthermore, among the 50 individuals evaluated, 56% exhibited competence in MMR, whereas 44% displayed loss in nuclear expression of MMR. The rate of MLH1 and PMS2 protein loss was recorded as the greatest, at 18%, while the loss of MSH2 and MSH6 was documented at 6%. Within the same range, the majority of patients with d-MMR were above the age of 50 years.CONCLUSION:The majority of the recruited EC patients in this study showed advanced age and a high percentage of d-MMR status.

T HE current study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pathological observation of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in sheep and goats at Duhok abattoir of Iraq. A total of 4061 lung samples from small ruminants (3667 sheep and 394 goats) were selected randomly from slaughtered sheep and goats. All samples were examined macroscopically is involving color, consistency, texture, adhesion, pattern, the number of the lesion, distribution, the nature of exudates and lobe of the lung are involved. Histopathological examinations were performed from 55 affected lungs The results showed that the prevalence of disease in the Duhok abattoir was 1.35% based on macroscopical features while results found 45.45% percentages of affected lung with OPA according to histopathological features, the gross lesions of OPA in sheep and goatsfound that the upper respiratory part was filled with excessive frothy material fluid and the lungs were heavy, enlargement, and edematous appearance. While the important histopathological observations of the affected parts was varied from small discrete nodules that appears white in color and are involves both lungs, measuring around 0.5–2 cm of the diaphragmatic and other lobes were recorded, and classified as classical and atypical form. Histologically results showed the presence of multiple proliferations foci of neoplastic cells in the epithelial cell of alveoli and bronchi, these proliferations appear either papillary or as the impression of solid growths appearance or acinar shape. Inconclusion our study gives important data about the prevalence and pathological changes of OPA in sheep and goats at the Duhok abattoir of Iraq.

Ovine Pulmonary Adenomatosis is a chronic respiratory disease of sheep or contagious lung cancer of sheep, and less commonly of goats. A total of 4061 lung samples were selected randomly from slaughtered sheep and goats. All samples of lungs with typical lesions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and examination is performed by macrocsopical and microscopical observation. To perform IHC technique, we used TMA with a polymer system by application of specific markers Napsin A. Results showed 35 lungs suspected from natural cases are diagnosed as OPA. Histologically results showed that the presence of multiple proliferations foci of neoplastic cells in the epithelial cell of alveoli and bronchi, these proliferations appears either papillary or as impression of solid growths appearance or acinar shape which is classified as classical and atypical form. The current study found that the expression of Nnapsin A was observed in 85.71% of the OPA as a granular cytoplasmic staining but there was staining in the nucleus of tumor cells. In conclusion, these findings indicate for the first time that Napsin A is extremely specific for adenocarcinoma of lung in primary origin and use of this important biomarker is guaranteed to help disconnect primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma for diagnosis from other types of lung cancer.

Aspartame is a commonly employed artificial sweetener used by hyperglycemic patients and in food management. Its danger depends on the outcome of previous studies that revealed controversy. The purpose of this study was to look into the histopathological effects of aspartame on renal and hepatic organ tissues in laboratory albino rats. This study used thirty albino rats that were 3 to 4 months old and weighed between 250 and 325 g. They were divided into three groups (ten animals for each group); Group 1 was a control group (food and water ad-libitum). Groups 2 and 3 were treated with aspartame at doses of 40, 80 mg/kg, respectively. All the treatments were administered by using oral gavage once a day for 120 days after the end of the experiment, the organs were collected for histopathological examination. According to dose, results showed the histopathological changes were varied in both the liver and kidney as a result of aspartame administration compared to the control group. The results show that the toxic effects of aspartame in rats treated with 80 mg/kg are greater than those in rats treated with 40 mg/kg, this indicates that the aspartame needs a high dose to create pathological effects. The study concluded that aspartame became more hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic by increasing its dose.

The Aim of study was conducted to evaluate the potential protective role of quercetin against the corneal toxicity which caused by administration of cisplatin in male mice. Thirty-six adult male albino mice were divided into three equal groups; Group I control, Group II cisplatin mice injected as single dose I.P of cisplatin 10 mg/kg, and Group III mice received Q 75 mg/ kg with cisplatin 10 mg/ kg. The treatment continues for eight days then the tissues were collected for histopathological study. The histopathological changes in the cornea of eye were demonstrated in groups of mice received cisplatin. The changes represented by damages of superficial epithelial layer, vacuolar degeneration, hyperplasia, separation of stromal layer and sever damage of the stromal hemorrhage, and perforation of sclera, edema and inflammatory cells infiltration as well as separation of descement membrane from stroma layer. While these changes were diminished when the mice are treated with Q in the combination of cisplatin in comparison to treated cisplatin alone mice. Cisplatin induced structural and histopathological changes in the cornea of adult albino rat that could be ameliorated by concomitant treatment with quercetin.

T HE study was conducted to identification of liver lesions of sheep at Duhok abattoir from the month of May to October 2021.In the present study, 223 liver samples of sheep were examined and collected from Duhok Abattoir for pathomorphological studies.About 158 liver samples were severely infected with parasitic liver diseases, 140 it was cystic hydatidosis, 5 liver worm, and 13 samples was recorded as Hepatic cysticercoa, while the rest samples was abscesses, fatty degeneration, Congestion& hemorrhage.The prominent gross lesions in cystic hydatidosis included hard parenchyma with congestion and presence of fibrous tissue.While fascioliasis liver enlarged, icterus, fibrosis of bile ducts.As for hepatic abscesses, it was observed visually by presence of white to yellow solid texture compositions as spherical shapes to ovals and in different sizes and distributed through and the surface of the hepatic lobes and extended, As for congestion and hepatic hemorrhage, livers have been observed as congestion with enlarged of liver and coloration of the liver tissue while fatty change the lobes of livers were enlarged, pale yellow, soft and friable with rounded edges, Histopathological examination of liver cystic hydatidosis, revealed protoscoleces attached to the germinal layer of the cyst associated with extensive fibrosis of the liver parenchyma in cases of liver with presence of different larval stage of worms inside of the bile duct in cases of liver fluke,different larval stages were seen in the bile ducts accompanied by marked cellular reaction characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts, diffuse infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, hemorrhage, abscesses with degeneration of hepatocyte.Biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis were also observed in the infected liver.

The acute phase proteins (APPs) are a group of blood proteins that contribute to restoring homeostasis and limiting microbial growth in an antibody-independent manner in animals which are exposed to different pathological conditions like infection, inflammation, surgical trauma and stress. In the last two decades, many advances have been made in monitoring APPs in both farm and companion animals for clinical and experimental purposes. Also, the mechanism of the APPs response is receiving attention in veterinary science in connection with the innate immune systems of animals. This review describes the many of new results of research and role APPs in farm animal, with special reference to their functions, types, induction and regulatory expression, some of biological functions, and their current and future applications to veterinary diagnosis and animal production.

Background: Diabetes is directly involved in oxidative stress production. Therefore, this work was conducted to investigate the histopathological changes which occur in parenchymatous and to evaluate the antioxidant effect of quercetin in alloxan induced diabetes in male albino rats.Methods: Thirty-six male albino rats were divided into six groups of 6 rats in each group and treated as follows: a control group, quercetin group, diabetic control group, diabetic with quercetin group, diabetic with insulin group, diabetic with quercetin plus insulin group, alloxan was administered as a single dose (140 mg/kg body weight) to induce diabetes.Results: Result showed histopathological changes which included degenerative to necrotic changes of the liver, kidney and pancreas and this are due to the effect of oxidative stress that occurred from diabetes by alloxan. Conversely, quercetin significantly modulated improved histopathological changes founded on this study with or without of insulin, furthermore, results showed that damaged tissues where improved when groups of rats treated with quercetin and insulin together.Conclusions: It has been concluded that the quercetin could be promising antioxidants for reducing the risk of oxidation induced by diabetes that lead to nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and pancreatic damage.

Caseous lymphadenitis is an infectious bacterial disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. This study is aimed to estimate the frequency of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats and to compare with the results of bacteriological analysis, histopathology and molecular diagnosis of suspected cases. In this study, 22 (2.1%) suspected cases of caseous lymphadenitis were diagnosed clinically from 1090 sheep and goats slaughtered at Duhok abattoir. The study showed grossly affected mediastinal lymph node was congested and highly oedematous compared to other lymph nodes. Histopathological examination showed presence of abscess in the centre of affected mediastinal lymph node. Based on standard bacteriological methods, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was the only causative agent isolated from all suspected cases. The confirmation was performed by amplification of the target genes of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis including 16S rRNA, rpoB and pld The results showed successful amplification of 16S rRNA, rpoB and pld among all suspected cases. Overall, the results of this study showed that the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still the main causative agent of CLA in sheep and goats. The results also revealed molecular and histopathological studies together could be used to identify Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis directly from cases of CLA from sheep and goats. Further studies including study of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility together with phylogenetic analyses are recommended to be done in the future for better understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen in Duhok city.

To evaluate the effect of diode laser therapy on healing of palatal mucosal wound in rabbits. Twenty male local breed rabbits (average weight 2Kg) were included in this study. One cm full thickness incisions of the anterior part of the palatal mucoperiosteum were created on either side of the midline. Immediately after wound incision, the right sided palatal wound was irradiated with single application of 0.5W diode laser for 5 minutes (1 minute for every 2mm of the incision). The left sided incisions were kept as a control. The animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days and the mucosal wounds were subjected to histological and histomorphometric under light microscope. Clinical observation revealed immediate arrest of bleeding of the lasered wound. Histological examination showed massive infiltration of inflammatory cells with edema in the laser and non-laser sides in the first postoperative day. After 3 days, there was significant reduction in the inflammatory cells (neutrophil and macrophages) in the lasered side, as compared to non-lasered side (p<0.01). At 7 and 14 days, the density of collagen fibers in the lasered side was significantly denser than non-laser side. The thickness of epithelial layer was significantly thicker in the lasered side than non-lasered side (P<0.01) at 7 and 14 days. Single application of diode laser application was found to improve the healing and regeneration process of surgically created palatal wounds in rabbit model.

Granulomas are masses of tissue reaction resulted as well from of infection, inflammation or presence of foreign bodies. The present study was conducted to investigate the gross and histopathological features of granulomas of unknown etiology.Twenty seven cases of granulomas were collected from the lung of sheep and goats. The gross lesions of granulomas were small to large nodules, white to gray in color, and hard in palpation. Histopathologically, all granulomas were undergone caseous necrosis which surrounded by inflammatory zone and most importantly presence of multinucleated giant cells. This study differentiates the granulomas from other lung lesions based on gross and histopathological finding.

To evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy on healing of extracted tooth socket of healthy rabbits.The sample of this study was 20 male rabbits of 2-2.5 kg weight with age range of 8-12 months. Right and left lower first premolar teeth were extracted. The extraction sockets of lower right first premolar were irradiated with 0.9 W gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser for 5 min, immediately after extraction and then every 72 h for the next 12 days. The extraction socket of left side were not exposed to laser and served as a control. The animals were sacrificed after 7, 14, 30 and 45 days and the experimental and control sockets were removed from the harvested mandibles and prepared for haematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's stain. The prepared slides were examined under light microscope for histological and histomorphometric examination.The histological examination showed that diode laser-treated sockets demonstrated early formed new bone with faster maturation of primary bone to secondary bone as compared to non-treated control sockets. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in the density and volume of trabecular bone in laser-treated sockets than control sockets.Diode laser application to tooth extraction socket has a positive effect on bone formation.

Mammary tumors in five intact bitches were evaluated at the Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Duhok University. Information about the breed and age of the animals, location and number of affected mammary glands, surgical outcome, tumor recurrence and survival were recorded. All the removed tumors were histologically examined and diagnosed as malignant types. INTRODUCTION Mammary gland tumors are the most common group of tumors encountered in dogs ranking second to skin tumors (1, 2, 3), and in female dogs, it comprise 52% of all tumors (4, 5). Most frequently, mammary gland tumors are found in 5 years and older bitches (6). Many breeds of dogs like Dachshunds, Cocker spaniels, Toy poodles, German shepherds and mixed breed dogs have been reported to have an increased incidence of mammary tumors (7). Clinically, canine mammary tumors occur Grossly either as single or multiple nodules, which vary from well-circumscribed nodules with stationary growth to large, and sometimes ulcerated, nodules which grow rapidly and become fixed to adjacent tissues (8). There are multiple types of mammary tumors in dogs which are either benign or malignant; the most common malignant form of canine mammary tumor is actually a mixture of several different types of cells. For a single tumor to posses more than one kind of cancerous cell is actually rare in many species. This combination between tumors in the dog is called a malignant mixed mammary tumor and contains two parts, glandular and connective tissue (9).

Summary Zangana, I. K. & M. A. Abdullah, 2013. Epidemiological, clinical and histopathological studies of lamb and kid pox in Duhok, Iraq. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 16, No 2, 133−138. Retrospective quantitative analysis of epidemiological data of sheep and goat pox from the Duhok area revealed important scientific information. In the state, 308 lambs and kids from two flocks were affected by pox outbreaks and the disease was reported during the winter season. The study clearly showed that disease incidence was the highest in December and the percentage of affected animals was 30% in lambs, 40% in kids. Clinically severe systemic reaction characterised by nasal discharge accompanied by intense coughing, dyspnea, conjunctivitis and lacrimal discharge were observed. Gross and histopathological findings showed presence of pox lesions in different stages especially in areas with less wool and hair with clearly changes in the epidermis and the dermis of the skin layers. This study characterised the sheep and goat pox according to epidemiological, clinical and pathological events in Duhok area of Iraq.

Haptoglobin is a long known acute phase protein involved in hemoglobin breakdown, which was thought to be from the liver. The discovery of pHp was achieved by applying transcriptome analysis to human lung tissues which were subjected to a short term culture and infected or not infected with Haemophilus influenzae. These tissues were fixed and paraffin-embedded by the HOPE-technique.

Background: The acute-phase protein haptoglobin (Hp) and its receptor CD163 serve as immunomodulators and possess anti-inflammatory besides antioxidant functions. Objectives: To further understand the role of the recently described pulmonary Hp (pHp) and its receptor CD163 in case of inflammation and infection, pHp and CD163 were investigated on mRNA and protein level to gain insight into the cellular events taking place upon stimulation with the inflammatory mediators LPS, Pam3, cytokine IL-6 and dexamethasone, and upon infection with respiratory pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcuspneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae) by use of a human ex vivo tissue culture model and cell cultures of A549 and alveolar epithelial cells type II. In addition, pHp and CD163 expression in COPD and sarcoidosis was assessed. Methods: We conducted experiments using 942 ex vivo cultured lung samples applying immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, RT-PCR, slot and Western immunoblot analyses with tissue lysates and culture supernatants as well as ELISA and cytometric bead array analyses. Results: This study describes for the first time the expression, regulation and secretion of pHp and its receptor CD163 in the human lung. The release of soluble mediators from A549 cell line and human monocyte-derived macrophages was observed indicating that Hp differentially activates the release of soluble mediators and major chemoattractants. Conclusions: The findings indicate a native function of pHp and CD163 as functional pulmonary defense elements due to local expression, regulation and secretion during lung infection and as part of the inflammatory immune response of the respiratory system.

Haptoglobin is a long known molecule. The recently discovered pHp variant is coming into focus in the coarse of immunoregulatory events in the human lung. Here we describe the fast release of pHp upon different stimuli using a human tissue culture model, cultivated BAL-cells and a cell line (A549). Dependent from the certain cell types we show that pHp get released in different time frames. Whereas the macrophages need up to 36h of stimulation with LPS dexamethasone or IL6, epithelial cells react much faster. We regularly measured reasonable amounts of pHp in the supernatants of human tissue cultures after stimulation periods as short as 5 minutes. Due to the well known anti-inflammatory properties of haptoglobin and the capability to bind and neutralize free hemoglobin, we propose pHp to be a local first line immunoregulatory molecule which could play a crucial role in quickly fixing alveolar damages e.g. due to arterial leakage. The signalling leading to pHp-release need to be illuminated, however, the speed makes it easy to speculate about a system that is largely independent from the common pathways such as TLR-signaling.