Quantitative and perceptual studies have been used to define and model sustainable tourist behaviour in past years, but few studies have undertaken qualitative research of actual behaviour to delve deeper into understanding the different classifications of such behaviour. This research employed a three-phase design, comprising a pretrip survey, in-person semistructured interviews and participant observation of tourist behaviour during an adventure cruise expedition. The aim was to test the accuracy of the Holmes-Frochot model of everyday behaviour and assess whether sustainable tourist behaviours were actually demonstrated rather than just intended. Survey data were analysed using cluster and regression analysis, while interview transcripts and field notes were examined through deductive thematic analysis. Findings suggest that the Holmes-Dodds-Frochot model of everyday behaviour can help be a good predictor of sustainable travel behaviour, and that the constructs of frugality, pro-ecological behaviour and altruism emerge differently as distinct tourist influences. By combining these quantitative and qualitative findings, this research has been able to derive meta-inferences examining how perceived intentions manifest to actual behaviours. Furthermore, these meta-inferences highlight nuances in how travellers understand and practice sustainability, with the qualitative findings delving deeper into the motivations and constructs that may help destinations understand 'sustainable' travellers.

Mapping a tourist's travel frequency and behaviour over time (as outlined in the Tourism Experience Life Cycle (TELC)), may be as important as Butler's Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) as there is a 'need to understand the life cycle for a tourist' (Dodds, 2020, p. 219). This paper, using a quantitative approach of 980 Canadians, tests the validity of the TELC model to determine if sustainable travel behaviours increase the more a tourist travels. Two hypothesis are tested in this paper. First, the more trips taken by a traveller, the more sustainable their behaviur will be and second, the more a traveller revisits the same destination, the more sustainable their travel behaviour will be. Findings, supported through ANOVA and hierarchical multi-step regression, show that there is a relationship between the number of trips taken and sustainable behaviour. The greater the number of domestic and/or international trips that a leisure traveller takes, the more likely their behaviour while travelling will be more sustainable. On the other hand, findings also outline that the more frequently a visitor returns to the same destination, the less likely they will practice sustainable travel behaviour.

Does a person’s everyday behavior at home influence their desire to travel sustainably and pay for it? Testing the Holmes, Dodds and Frochot (HDF) model, this research sought to understand the influence that daily behavior – measured by frugality, altruism, and pro-environmental behavior – has on both sustainable travel behavior and a traveler’s propensity to pay. This paper augments the HDF model in that it finds sustainable travel behavior to be not just a single construct, but rather influenced separately by sociocultural, environmental and local consumption behaviors. Second, this study also examines how these differences in sustainable travel influence the traveler’s propensity to pay. The findings of this study explain that day-to-day behavior at home does explain a traveler’s propensity to pay for sustainability efforts when traveling. Those who are more altruistic are more likely to be more environmentally friendly and more likely to look for local experiences when traveling. Those who are more environmentally minded at home are also more likely to seek out cultural, environmentally friendly and local experiences when traveling. In contrast, those who are more frugal are less likely to be environmentally friendly when traveling.

While there is considerable research into what drives tourists to travel sustainably, little has been done to examine business travellers and how they differ from leisure travellers. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by looking to understand these differences and what drives them. Specifically, this paper looked to understand the influence that demographics, travel characteristics, and everyday behaviour (pro-ecological actions, frugal consumption patterns, and altruistic behaviours) have on sustainable travel behaviour, and if these influences held true for both business and leisure travellers. To facilitate this investigation, a quantitative study of 869 Canadian travellers in March of 2020 was undertaken. This research found that demographics and travel characteristics to contribute to the prediction of sustainable travel behaviour, but the greatest prediction power came from everyday behaviour. Beyond confirming that everyday behaviour is still the greatest indicator of sustainable travel domestically or abroad, this research found that this influence does not change whether the travel is for business or leisure.

What satisfies food truck patrons? The current study attempted to answer this question by investigating the impacts of cognitive and affective image, perceived risk, and experiential value on customer satisfaction. Further, this paper looked to understand how satisfaction with food truck offerings translates into repurchase intention. To facilitate this research, a panel of Canadian and American food truck customers were surveyed. A total of 421 sample data were retained from online surveys and the relationships among the forementioned variables were analyzed through path analysis. The study findings indicate that a positive food truck image reduces customers’ perceived risk of dining at a food truck and increases the value they believe they can obtain from the operation. Furthermore, finding that reduced perceived risk and positive image and value perceptions can result in increased customer satisfaction and, in turn, increased repurchase intention. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Ten years ago, in 2012, the United Nations announced a global waste crisis. The festival industry produces a significant amount of waste; however, management practices and policies across locational contexts can help address sustainability goals. This study used Mair and Jago's model to understand the drivers and barriers experienced by festival organizers in Canada and New Zealand. Five key findings emerged from this study: (1) similarities in context, drivers, barriers, and catalysts exist across these two countries; (2) internal forces were generally more significant drivers than external forces; (3) waste management companies hold the potential to be a significant catalyst; (4) the most prominent barriers were a lack of resources and a lack of knowledge/awareness/skill; (5) political leadership as a contextual factor can support the adoption of festival waste management practices. Recommendations are put forth to leverage drivers and fill management and policy gaps in support of the United Nations SDGs.

Building and maintaining a sustainable workforce in the hospitality sector, where demand for talent consistently exceeds supply across the globe, has only been exacerbated by COVID-19. The need to sustain this workforce behooves the industry to unpack core drivers of employee commitment in order to retain top talent. This paper explores how dimensions of employee empowerment increase organizational commitment and, in turn, reduce turnover intention—leading to a more sustained workforce. Drawing on the results of 346 surveys within the Canadian lodging industry, structural equation modeling was undertaken to examine the influence of empowerment on organizational commitment and organizational commitments influence on turnover intention. Findings suggest that the development of meaning through employee empowerment, particularly when the ideals and standards between workers and their organization are aligned, creates a strong emotional commitment which appears to strongly reduce an employee’s intention to leave. Feelings of emotional connection or duty towards an organization show clear positive relationships with reduced intentions to leave. For an industry struggling with higher-than-average turnover intention and labour costs, focusing on creating work with meaning, and instilling a sense of belonging in the workforce will enable organizations to reduce their employee’s turnover intentions.

This research looks to examine attractors and detractors for students looking to enter the hospitality and culinary industries, their perceptions of work/life balance, and their schedule preferences. To accomplish this, surveys were undertaken at 2 universities and 6 colleges located in Ontario, Canada. This study found that the long hours, mid shifts, and work-life balance deter students in culinary and hospitality programs from wanting to enter the industry and that there is a preference for four-day workweeks. The paper concludes by discussing the preferences of tomorrow's workforce, proposing that the foodservice industry should look to offer schedules that will improve employee wellbeing and retention.

Visiting a beach is one of the most popular tourist activities and one that draws people to the surrounding area. Although much literature has been written on tourism, little examines preferences for visitor behavior in a rural versus urban setting or whether that behavior is linked to environmental management of the setting. To this end, this paper examines tourists' motivations to visit beaches, as well as their experiences, perceptions, demographics, and desires, all within the context of the tourists' geographic orientation (i.e. urban vs. rural). Drawing on responses from 1664 quantitative surveys from Ontario beaches in Canada, this research found that beachgoers to rural beaches were more likely to have higher income levels but lower levels of education than city beachgoers. Rural beachgoers were also more likely to spend more per trip, as well as having higher levels of overall satisfaction. Findings also show that beachgoers to both rural and city beaches would be more willing to make the Blue Flag environmental management designation a component of their future beach going decision if they were aware of which beaches had the certification. The outcomes of this research have implications for beach destinations, tourism organizations, and municipalities, enabling them to better understand beachgoers and derive targeted marketing strategies.

In today's fast-paced and globalized business landscape, the need for sustainability has increased for organizations. The need to re-evaluate practices, however, can be difficult if existing practices or models of operation are traditionally change adverse. For organizations to be motivated to make these changes, understanding both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for change are essential. This is especially true in the festival industry. This study applied the Drivers of Sustainability Framework and linked it to the underlying psychological factors outlined in Self-determination Theory in the context of Canadian festivals. Interviews were conducted with 38 festival organizers to determine intrinsic and extrinsic motivations along with barriers towards the implementation of sustainability practices. Four key findings were identified. First, intrinsic motivations were the primary driver towards festival sustainability management and are a key influence on the holistic integration of sustainability. Second, intrinsically driven volunteers contribute greatly to the adoption of sustainability practices. Third, extrinsic motivations affect how festivals address their sustainability efforts but are often short-term and isolated in nature. Fourth, autonomy, competence, and relatedness were recognized to increase self-determination of festivals in adopting sustainable initiatives.

As competition increases, so does the need for a destination to differentiate itself. Blue Flag, a voluntary environmental certification, has been described as an effective marketing tool to communicate nature-based management to consumers. Does certification, however, influence the consumer's choice when choosing a destination? This study examined consumer's satisfaction of beach characteristics and tourist preferences for beach selection through subjective indicators of destination competitiveness. Findings show that knowledge of Blue Flag certification increased the importance that beachgoers placed on selecting future destinations, as well as higher levels of overall satisfaction, satisfaction with water quality, water cleanliness and beach cleanliness. These results suggest that beach certification is a signal of indirect competitiveness. As such, tourism agencies may be able to deploy the results of this research to support their decision to utilize certifications as a means of differentiation, as well as being a strategy through which to educate the beachgoers of their role in protecting and maintaining the beach for current and future generations.

Considering the evolution of climate change and recognizing that the tourism industry is among the key contributors to this evolution, this study aims to clarify how researchers and practitioners can understand better what the triggers to the adoption of a sustainable behavior are while on holidays. Various studies have been conducted on the sustainable tourist, pointing to numerous characteristics but as of yet, not achieving an agreement as to what the profile of this type of tourist is. Through a study on a sample of Canadian tourists, this article aims to identify whether a sustainable consumer type can be identified, how those consumers differ in their everyday sustainable behavior, and whether daily life behaviors continue when traveling. By investigating indicators such as altruism, frugality, and pro-ecological behavior, the study both identifies the underlying structure of sustainable behavior and brings a new insight into which elements permeate or not when traveling.

This research presents the findings of a year long study, undertaken between 2016 and 2017, seeking to understand the degree to which students are influenced to attend culinary school by food medias, social media, and the Food Network. The notion that food medias draw the majority of new cooks to the industry is often present in popular media discourses, although no data exists seeking to understand this relationship. This study reveals that food medias play a secondary or tertiary role in influencing students to register at culinary school, while also showing previously unknown patterns related to culinary students’ intention to persist with culinary careers. Nearly 40 percent of this sample do not intend to remain cooking professionally for greater than five years, and about 30 percent are “keeping other doors open” upon entry into culinary school. Although food celebrity certainly plays a role in awareness about culinary careers, intrinsic career aspirations are the most frequently reported motivation.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to engage the ecological model as a conceptual tool to examine the ethics of conducting research on LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace. In particular, it focuses on outness and the act of outing in research. Design/methodology/approach Established methodologies for studying LGBTQ+ persons in the workplace are examined using a critical outness lens. The ecological model is used to identify a critical path forward for researchers working with LGBTQ+ participants and to improve LGBTQ+ workplace experiences more broadly. Findings The tension between the ethics of coming out of the closet and the ethics of outing someone for the greater good is problematized. It suggests that organizational and diversity scholars approach research methods with an understanding of the role played by the body and sexuality in LGBTQ+ workplace research. Practical implications Researchers should recognize that workers may have varying degrees of outness within their organization and/or across their private and public lives. Originality/value Research on LGBTQ+ persons in the workplace is limited, and research examining the ethics of relevant methods is scarcer still. This paper begins a discussion on how researchers can trouble current hegemonic approaches to LGBTQ+-centered research in organizations.

Of all the forms of tourism, visiting a beach is one of the most popular. The objective of this study was to determine whether satisfaction levels of beach visitors could be predicted using a hierarchical linear regression. This research drew on 1451 complete surveys conducted at rural and urban beaches across Ontario, Canada. Using a hierarchical multivariate regression, a model for predicting overall beachgoer satisfaction was developed. The model is able to predict 24.2% of variance in overall beachgoer satisfaction levels. While visitor demographics and beach demographics account for 2.8% of the explanatory power, the greatest explanation of variance comes from the perceptual measures (21.4%) – satisfaction with facilities and beach. Utilizing these findings, destination management operations will be able to better manage their visitors’ overall satisfaction levels, negative impacts such as overtourism, and increase their likelihood to revisit.

Much of the literature surrounding beach management and pro-environmental behaviour focuses on social norms, certification and beach management and their relation to education, gender and age. Utilizing 1611 quantitative surveys from four Ontario beaches, this study builds upon past research to test three key hypotheses to understand to what extent education, certification, social norms and beach satisfaction are differentiated by the type of visitor. This research found that residents and older beachgoers were more likely to utilize environmental education programs. While residents were more likely to visit a beach with Blue Flag certification, they were less likely to support the notion of municipalities having to maintain the award. In contrast, those who were older, more highly educated, and/or female were more likely to support municipalities maintaining certification. Blue Flag, although relatively new to Canadian and Ontario beaches, may be a differentiator that helps to contribute to both environmental protection and marketing. As such, educating the public of the benefits derived from certification programs needs to be the focus of those looking for these programs to be utilized.