With the rapid uptake in renewable energy there are emerging risks for countries that rapidly displace baseload generation with intermittent sources. Whilst these risks can be mitigated with storage technologies, the cost to do so, is ultimately passed onto households in the form of higher electricity bills. We use a discrete choice experiment to explore some of the potential trade-offs households might be willing to consider in order to experience lower bill increases including delaying electricity infrastructure investments as well as demand-side management policies. Respondents were asked to evaluate alternative electricity contracts with lower cost increases, delayed renewable and battery storage investments and the potential imposition of consumption limits. We also explore how household risk attitudes explain differences in compensation required within a mixed logit model. Our results suggest that households which are highly risk-averse may require more compensation.

Plastic is the most pervasive type of marine litter and is found in all of the world's oceans and seas, even in remote areas far from human activities. In Australia, evidence has demonstrated that plastic pollution in the oceans is a serious threat to marine life and the marine environment more generally. In response to the adverse effects of marine plastic pollution, the Australian Commonwealth and state government's focus on plastics has shifted from a linear ‘take-make-dispose-of’ economy to a more circular economy approach. This study identifies different policy strategies that align with the 4R framework (Reduce, Recycle or Reuse and Recover) of a circular economy for plastics and provides estimates of the public's Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the reduction of plastics in marine waters. The results, from our Australian case study, indicate a preference for Redesigning and Recovering approaches over Recycling or Reuse policies. Results indicate a WTP of $7.52 to $23.50 for attributes based upon redesign and a $0.84 to $0.87 range for attributes based upon recovery at the household level. The findings of this study are useful for policy makers focused on the reduction of marine plastic pollution and strengthening a circular economy for plastics.

Microplastics are ubiquitous in marine environments and have been documented across all ocean compartments, especially surface waters, across the world. Even though several studies identify the presence of microplastics in the world’s five oceans, there remains an overt problem of large inconsistencies in their sampling, extraction, and consequent quantification. Despite the complexity of these methodologies, researchers have tried to explore microplastic abundance in ocean surface waters. Using a systematic review approach, a dataset was derived from 73 primary studies undertaken since the year 2010 following the Oslo and Paris Conventions (OSPAR) guidelines to monitor and harmonise marine debris. The results showed differences in the abundance and distribution of microplastics in surface waters across oceans. The overall concentration of microplastics in all five oceans ranged between 0.002 and 62.50 items/m3, with a mean abundance of 2.76 items/m3. The highest mean concentration of microplastics was found in the Atlantic (4.98 items/m3), while the least was observed in the Southern Ocean (0.04 items/m3). While challenging, this paper recommends harmonisation of the sampling, separation, and identification methods across the globe to aid in the design of the appropriate mitigation strategies for reducing marine plastic pollution.

In response to the looming climate crisis, many countries are adopting technologies to reduce the accumulation of greenhouse gases. However, national energy policies are often multiobjective and resolution deeply divisive. The result is a policy trilemma between the energy mix and the trade-offs with other policy objectives, including cost and reliability. Utilising a discrete choice experiment (DCE), the objective of this study is to explore Australian household preferences for alternative electricity contracts containing features reflecting changes in future energy policy. The first set of features include investments in renewable generation and community-based energy storage. The second set of features reflect demand-side management policies, including installing smart meters and consumption limits being imposed on households during peak demand. Two versions of the DCE were developed to obtain both willingness to pay and willingness to accept estimates for the same features. In line with the literature, differences in the two sets of estimates were observed, with the willingness to accept estimates being statistically larger for some features. These dollar value measures can be used to support public policy decision-making - the choice of which depending on the context of the policy problem being considered.

In this study, we analyse how beliefs concerning environmental action influence choices in a stated preference survey on coastal water quality and marine habitat areas. Survey respondents were presented with a series of choice tasks featuring improvements in water clarity, reef health, seagrass area and a series of costs in the form of reallocated state budget against a baseline of no new improvements and no change in the budget. The reallocated budget scenario was used as it is likely to be realistic to respondents. Estimates of willingness to reallocate were obtained using a hybrid choice model which included the choice data, attitudinal data regarding support for environmental action and sociodemographic characteristics. Our results suggest that beliefs supporting environmental action influence the willingness to reallocate for attributes that change coastal water quality. A decision support tool for policy analysts was developed to illustrate how public support, as a probability of supporting reallocation, is shaped by beliefs and changes with sociodemographic characteristics.

Non-market values, as measured by willingness to pay, are often required for integrated resource management projects where assessments include a range of social, financial and environmental indicators. In this study, improvements to the Tuckean wetland in New South Wales, Australia was presented as part of a discrete choice experiment. One treatment group was given more background information about the history and economy of the case study area, information about acid sulfate soils and a quiz. The other treatment group was given less background information and no quiz. The confidence intervals on willingness to pay estimates overlap suggesting more information has limited impact on willingness to pay estimates. Information influences perceptions of the survey and preference heterogeneity for some of the attributes. Our findings suggest that given the limited impact of background information, less information may be preferred due to cost considerations.

The Southern Rock Lobster (Jasus edwardsii) is key to management of the Long Spined Sea Urchin (Centrotephanus rodgersii). The southern shift of the urchin has created 'urchin barrens' of the kelp forests (Ecklonia radiata and Macrocystis pyrifera) in coastal waters off the East Coast of Tasmania. Consistently high fishing efforts of large Southern Rock Lobster in the region has reduced natural predation of the urchin. A number of restoration options exist but these options have not been tested for acceptability with the public to date. In this study we estimate the willingness to pay by households in Tasmania for Southern Rock Lobster habitat and management. The willingness to pay estimates can be used in benefit-cost analysis of the various combinations of restoration options supporting decision-making in this Australian marine planning context. Results indicate that direct replanting of kelp is worth $37 per household per year for five years and a 1% increase in the area of marine reserves is worth $2 per household per year for five years. Direct intervention to control sea urchin populations by reintroducing Rock Lobsters or capturing and crushing urchins is worth $33 and $31 respectively per household per year for five years. Households did not support artificial kelp beds installations or subsidising urchin farming operations.

Trade-offs involving land use change, cultural values, water resources and jobs are critically important to understand the opportunity cost of resource extraction. Stated preference techniques can be particularly useful in eliciting the non-market values expressed as trade-offs. This study assesses preferences over the management of groundwater released from deep mining operations in Western Australia. A discrete choice experiment is used to investigate the trade-offs Australians are prepared to make for remote economic, ecological and cultural goods against costs. The results suggest that there is heterogeneity of preferences as indicated by a three-class structure of a latent class model. One class supports the use of released groundwater across a range of economic, ecological and cultural uses modelled: extending town water supply, restoring rangeland habitat, creating jobs for Aboriginal Australians and preserving cultural waterholes. The smallest class supports all these uses except job creation and the final class only supports preserving cultural waterholes. These results illustrate public attitudes towards cultural values as well as wider environmental policy tensions between instrumental and intrinsic values.