This article assesses the state of commercial development and resource management on Indigenous land in remote Australia. Indigenous landowners control significant assets-over one million square kilometres of land-often with substantial resource rights and income earning potential. The inactivity and missed opportunities on the Indigenous estate are of such magnitude as to represent a major risk both for Indigenous landowning communities, in terms of their future economic and social well-being, and for national and international interests in terms of ecological vulnerability. The article explores the role of government as risk manager in such circumstances and outlines the principles that might underpin any intervention program targeted to the commercial development of Indigenous land. Using the analytical framework for profitrelated loans and elements of an existing venture capital support programme, the Innovation Investment Fund Program, we outline the hypothetical skeleton of a new investment scheme to assist development and natural resource management on the Indigenous estate. Our proposal can be conceptualised as a profit-related loan scheme or as a form of capped public investment. It seeks to address key elements of the market failure that exists in relation to financing development on remote Indigenous land, provides incentives for greater private sector investment, and ensures that commercial and social risks are shared equitably between government, private sector investors and Indigenous-owned corporations to avoid problems of adverse selection and moral hazard.

Five highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate population structuring in Pacific herring Clupea pallasi collected from Kodiak Island, two sites in the Bering Sea and four sites within Prince William Sound, Alaska. All loci revealed high levels of variability with heterozygosity estimates ranging from 86 to 97% (mean heterozygosity: 89%). The variation was structured significantly among sites suggesting that the samples investigated were genetically distinct from each other. Genetic divergence was greatest between populations from the Bering Sea and those from Prince William Sound. The Kodiak Island and Point Chalmers samples appeared to be distinct from the Prince William Sound and Bering Sea populations. The observed genetic distance relationships among samples could be explained largely in terms of geographical separation.

If desire is conceived as investment in a sex object, why is sexual objectification regarded as intrinsically degrading? The distinction between the "objectification " of pornographic depiction and the "beauty " of erotic depiction can be understood as a difference in degree between the uni-dimensional enframing of one treatment and the multidimensional enframing of the other. The phenomenon of context includes the anticipations of the participating witnesses: the object of pornographic or erotic depiction cannot be isolated from the posture, situation, and desire of the persons participating in the revelation. Erotic depiction which strives to represent the full range of structures, connections, and relationships constitutive of sexlove-that is, forms of mimesis that elaborate the horizons of erotic encounter, that seek to contextualize the intertwining of flesh rather than focus on the slappings of meat-might well meet the most discerning standards of artistic production.

Mature female sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) live in socially cohesive groups of 10-30, which include immature animals of both sexes, and within which there is communal care of the young. We examined kinship in such groups using analyses of microsatellite DNA, mitochondrial DNA sequence, and sex-linked markers on samples of sloughed skin collected noninvasively from animals in three groups off the coast of Ecuador. Social groups were defined through photographic identification of individuals. Each group contained about 26 members, mostly female (79%). Relatedness was greater within groups, as compared to between groups. Particular mitochondrial haplotypes were characteristic of groups, but all groups contained more than one haplotype. The data are generally consistent with each group being comprised of several matrillines from which males disperse at about the age of 6 years. There are indications of paternal relatedness among grouped individuals with different mitochondrial haplotypes, suggesting long-term associations between different matrilines.

In this paper, I argue against the kind of "scientific objectivity" that attempts to maintain the facade of value neutrality on the grounds that since objectivity is impossible, the claim to it is necessarily hypocritical. The impossibility stems from the inextricability of sex and sexuality: Sex as a natural phenomenon cannot be separated from sexuality as a matrix of value-laden, historically situated ideas and emotions. It stems also from the fact that the intensity of the pleasure-pain continuum, which is indissociable from sexual activity, makes caring a fundamental component of our sexual being: To desire is already to value. And it stems finally from the fact that the psychic and somatic health that stands as the goal of the counseling and therapy-providing services is itself a value. My recommendation is that we take responsibility for the values that inform our professional behavior-if only to make them available for critical scrutiny.

Abstract: A crucial issue facing the public sector is the extent to which efficiency and effectiveness are elements in the concept of accountability to parliament and the people. This paper argues that the recent moves towards efficiency audit in many countries, including Australia, need to be extended to effectiveness audit, and that to the extent that this does not occur, efficiency (and compliance) audit in the public sector is ineffective and accountability lacking.An examination of Australian public sector auditing is undertaken first, based on a discussion of the 1974–76 Royal Commission on Australian Government Administration, the 1977–82 Review of New South Wales Government Administration and the subsequent implementation of their recommendations as the means of clarifying and elucidating the definitions of compliance, efficiency and effectiveness audit, as well as a means of critically analysing Australian developments. Developments in public sector auditing in the United Kingdom and the United States of America are critically examined. Finally, the future prospects and problems facing public sector audit in Australia are reviewed, and policy options relating to the development of comprehensive audit are outlined.

Abstract: The Western Australian Museum was given responsibility for the administration of the Western Australia Aboriginal Heritage Act when it was enacted in the early 1970s. This essay examines the Museum's record in protecting the State's Aboriginal heritage particularly in relation to sites of current and continuing significance to Aboriginal people. It is argued that the Museum has been unwilling or unable to take the forceful action required if the wider society is to become cognizant of its responsibilities. The Noonkanbah and Argyle developments are examined in some detail; it is argued that the Museum, following retrograde amendments to the Act in 1980, has become a political arm of the government rather than an independent body able to provide professional advice on the protection of the State's Aboriginal heritage. Future prospects are discussed and recommendations made to improve the administration of the Act and the implementation of stated Government policy.

122Philosophy and Literature finally, we must be able to distinguish between those activities which are part of a game and those which are part of a form of life. Sutherland holds that by tracing out the life of Zossima we can see how Dostoyevsky modified the concept of miracle, but he concedes that if the pattern! of living we are shown is so circumscribed as to have no application outside a monastery then, according to the criteria just stipulated, Zossima cannot be said to exemplify a form of life at all. Sutherland also agrees with Bakhtin that Dostoyevsky "could not accept any single metaphysical picture with its consequent ideology, and that this is what dominated the structure of the novels" (p. 138). For Sutherland, emotions can be "constituent parts" of belief, not merely "associates or correlations of beliefs" (p. 140). It would seem to be an essential tenet of the view to which he is committed, however, that emotions are characterized by their objects and beliefs as much as by their behavioral features; and it is the complex beliefs of the characters that Sutherland, like the commentators he castigates, seeks to spell out. At one point Sutherland refers to the narrator (p. 118), and although he denies an identity of views between Zossima and Dostoyevsky, the book as a whole is presented as a study of Dostoyevsky's reply, through the novel, to one form of atheism (p. vii). Several problems arise here which are neither discussed nor acknowledged. In the end, one must judge the book to be a disappointment. It is quite extraordinarily labored in its presentation, and the whole could have been condensed, with profit, into a single, sharply focused article. Students of philosophy need little reminder of standard, current views on emotion, and students of Dostoyevsky may well retort that one cannot be subtle in one's interpretation by merely claiming to be. Many writers are now trying "to show how philosophy and literature have much to contribute to one another" (p. 2), but, sadly, the present book is too loose, too long, and too late. University of EdinburghPeter Jones Phenomenology and Literature, by Robert R. Magliola; xi & 208 pp. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1977, $10.95. What is phenomenological about phenomenological criticism? Before I read Magliola's book, I would have been tempted to answer: wholesale borrowing and strained application of a technical vocabulary from a heterogeneous group of philosophers—Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty—loosely associated under the heading "phenomenology." My limited exposure to this genre had all but convinced me that the critics had not done their philosophical homework, had appropriated the esoteric language of phenomenology without understanding it, had remained blissfully unaware of important differences between the thinkersjust mentioned, and had indulged themselves in enthusiastic Shorter Reviews123 play with such phrases as "the ontological infrastructure" of author X or "the prereflectively attuned Being-in-the-world" of author Y. Such a characterization cannot be applied to this new book. Magliola has done his homework. His philosophical grounding is sound and his training in criticism is apparent. He is an expert and he writes with an insider's understanding of both phenomenology and literature. He has dared to define "phenomenological criticism": "I call 'phenomenological' any literary theory or practice which is broadly in the neo-realist Husserlian tradition ... as long as the theory or practice adheres to the following two provisions. First, it must incorporate somehow an epistemology of mutual implication, and second, it must 'see' the essence of Being and/or beings concretely, and in experience" (p. 63). The "epistemology of mutual implication" turns out to be one in which the complicity/interrelation of subject and object ("self and outside") of experience is a necessary basic premise. The concrete "seeing" requires the critic to refrain from abstract labelling but rather attend closely to "the verbal texture." On this latter point Magliola applauds the Geneva School for interlarding "commentary with passages quoted directly from the literary work . . . so that the poetic sensibility of critic and reader luxuriate in the form and language of the original text" (p. 63). Some would challenge this definition. (Describing the Husserlian tradition as neo-realist, for instance...

M. C. Dillon LOVE IN WOMEN IN LOVE: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Despite his sexism, his turgid prose, and his antiquated social conscience , Lawrence is on every bookshelf. This is not merely because of the vicarious erotic entertainment to be found in the saga of John Thomas and Lady Jane, but because Lawrence remains a major guru of romance. We take him seriously, look to him for guidance, measure ourselves against Ursula and Birkin. If he is on our shelves—and his thoughts not far from our pillows—then his ideas starid in need of scrutiny. Women in Love is as much a treatise as a novel: we witness more talking about than making of love. The agon of ideas engulfs the agon of flesh. Hence, the book suits the present purpose. It cannot be taken as Lawrence's definitive statement on love—later works, notably Lady Chatterly's Lover, move in different directions—but it is his most philosophical treatment and, I think, most clearly expresses his conceptual framework, the parameters which define and limit his thinking. What he says about love in Women in Love may therefore illumine his depictions of the behavior of lovers in other works. Lawrence is a romantic. In the popular sense of the word he is one who makes of romance or erotic adventure a dominant life value. Lawrence is also a romantic in another sense insofar as he takes the transcendence or unattainability of the other as essential to the project of loving. These two senses are conceptually compatible but existentially in conflict. That is, if one's major undertaking in life is to seek erotic satisfaction, and if one desires only so long as the object is beyond reach, then one has established the groundwork for continual frustration. This, I will try to show, is what Lawrence has done. I Many writers have tried to bring the ideas implicitly present in and constitutive of romantic love to the level of explicit reflective awareness. 190 M.C.Dillon191 The most successful treatment I know is given by a writer who did not know—or at least did not say—that he was writing about romantic love. Sartre purports to reveal the inner structures of love itself—the unqualified, unrestricted essence of love. As I have tried to show elsewhere,1 he fails at this. But he succeeds admirably in unveiling the inner contradictions of romantic love. Our project here is to draw upon Sartre's insights: first, to develop a conception of romantic love, and then to discern the model of Eros which informs Women in Love. The key idea in romantic love is transcendence. Something is transcendent when it is beyond me, when I cannot adequately prehend it conceptually or master it with my will. The role of transcendence in romantic love is demonstrated clearly in Denis de Rougemont's book on Love in the Western World.2 There he shows that Tristan's passion for Iseult is directly proportional to her distance from him: he is increasingly attracted as she becomes further removed. On the other hand, when through various deeds of gallantry and subterfuge, he succeeds in winning her to his side, he loses interest and must create circumstances which put her again beyond his reach. The culmination of romantic love, according to de Rougemont, is death—it sets the other absolutely beyond reach. It also arrests and preserves at their apices the youth and beauty of the lovers and the intensity of the erotic relationship. It is, I believe, this complex of ideas that led Kierkegaard to this cynical reflection on the nature of romantic love: "When two beings fall in love with one another and begin to suspect that they were made for each other, it is time to have the courage to break it off; for by going on they have everything to lose and nothing to gain."3 The same idea, qualified by increased optimism, underlies Stendhal's notion of crystallization in his book On Love.* Love is predicated on the attribution of perfection to the beloved. Just as a plain bough emerges from the salt-saturated waters of the Salzburg mines encrusted with beautiful crystals...