Bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS) exhibit diverse bioactive properties, making them useful for biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications. In the present study, soil-derived bacterial isolates were screened for their EPS production capacity, and the isolate DT3-C was determined to be the highest EPS producer (0.4 g/L EPS). This isolate was identified as Cytobacillus oceanisediminis (GenBank No: OR826625). The EPS showed high solubility in water (90

ABSTRACT This study focused on biological activities and chemical characterization of secondary metabolites from the fungus Talaromyces annesophieae MD2 (GenBank: PQ252671). The dichloromethane extract (DCM‐E) of its culture supernatant was fractionated using chromatographic techniques. Initially, three main fractions were first prepared from DCM‐E. Subsequently, the selected active fraction 2 was subfractionated into six subfractions. The subfraction 3 demonstrated high water solubility and strong antibacterial activity against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria (MIC values of 105.41, 82.76, 71.92, and 70.38 µg/mL against B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae, respectively). It exhibited selective anticancer activity through regulation of autophagy‐ and apoptosis‐related pathways without affecting healthy cells (IC50 values of 7.65, 3.76, 10.76 µg/mL against HT‐29, DU‐145 and SH‐SY5Y, respectively). Furthermore, it exhibited DPPH and ABTS radical‐scavenging activities (48.3% and 44.1% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL, respectively) and protected dermal fibroblasts against H2O2–induced toxicity. Structural analyses elucidated that the subfraction 3 contained four nitrogenous polar compounds. Three compounds (C5H3O4N8, C15H25O4N4, and C23H21N4) were suggested to be alkaloid‐like or nitrogen‐rich heterocyclic secondary metabolites, while the remaining compound (C9H9O4N) was probably an aminobenzoic acid‐type or heteroaromatic carboxylic acid derivative. This is the first report on bioactive metabolites of T. annesophieae. Due to multifunctional biological activities, its metabolites can find application in dermocosmetics and pharmacology.

Streptomyces-derived melanins exhibit diverse bioactive properties. This study aims to (1) produce melanin production from Streptomyces bottropensis SY8 (GenBank accesion number: PQ565816), (2) characterize the melanin, and (3) investigate its bioactive properties (toxicity and irritancy as well as invitro wound healing and anti-skin aging activities). Under optimized culture conditions, melanin production of 3.26 g/L was achieved in shaking flask cultures of the bacterium. The purified melanin was characterized as eumelanin. Compared to the control (Vitamin C), the purified melanin was found to have moderate antioxidant activity in radical scavenging assays. It did not cause toxicity on fibroblast cell line and irritancy in HET-CAM test (hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane test). The melanin reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell senescence induced by H2O2 or UV in fibroblast cells, indicating its anti-skin aging potential. When compared the control (melanin free), the melanin doses of 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL caused increments of 17.59 % and 24.53 % in wound closure ratios at the end of the 24th hour, respectively. This is the first report on melanin production from S. bottropensis. Besides, in vitro wound healing and anti-skin aging activities of Streptomyces-derived melanins were investigated for the first time. Furthermore, HET-CAM test was used for the first time to analyze irritancy property of melanins. The results of this study indicate that S. bottropensis SY8-derived eumelanin can be exploited as an ingredient of anti-aging creams or wound dressings.

Microbial exopolysaccharides have different applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries owing to their bioactive properties. This study was undertaken to characterize the exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Niallia circulans BP13 (GenBank: PP268015) and to evaluate its biological activities. The exopolysaccharide was determined to be a water‐soluble heteropolysaccharide with low molecular weight, composed of different monomers, mainly galactose. The exopolysaccharide displayed in vitro antioxidant, wound healing and antiskin‐aging activites. Furthermore, EPS was determined to exert dose‐dependent anticancer effects on lung, colon, neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cell lines. This is the first attempt to determine the in vitro wound healing and antiskin‐aging activities of N. circulans ‐derived EPS. Owing to these beneficial biological activities, EPS may find applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Microorganisms, especially their co-cultures, that can degrade pollutants in non-sterile wastewater without requiring external nutrient supplementation, are important for sustainable wastewater treatment practices. This study aimed to (1) perform biodegradation of triclosan (TCS) using co-culture of locally isolated Bacillus licheniformis AEM2 (GenBank: PQ856279) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis AEM5 (GenBank: PQ856280), (2) analyze degradation byproducts and biodegradation pathway of TCS, (3) examine in vitro cytotoxicity of degradation byproducts, and (4) develop a non-sterile culture process for TCS biodegradation. In mono-culture strategy, TCS-containing mineral salt broth medium (MSBM) was inoculated with 1 mL of preculture of either AEM2 or AEM5. In co-culture strategy, two bacteria were simultaneously inoculated into the culture media at the different inoculum volumes (between 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mL/100 mL for each bacterium, with a total inoculum volume of 1 mL). The co-culture C (0.25 mL of AEM2 pre-culture + 0.75 mL of AEM5 pre-culture) (80.62

Biofilms are implicated in most chronic infections and exhibit up to 1000-fold higher antibiotic resistance than planktonic cells, creating an urgent need for new antibiofilm agents. Here, we characterized GK-11, an 11-amino acid derivative of pleurocidin. Although GK-11 showed limited antimicrobial activity (MIC: 64 µg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 256 µg/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa), it demonstrated potent antibiofilm effects at sub-MIC levels (MBIC: 32 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL, respectively). Microscopy and SEM confirmed disruption of biofilm structure, while qRT-PCR revealed downregulation of key virulence genes. GK-11 was non-toxic to Caenorhabditis elegans and maintained > 80

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that has attracted considerable interest in various fields, including biological and biomedical applications, due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, high degree of crystallinity, and outstanding physicochemical characteristics. It is widely used in several industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. In this study, a novel BC-producing bacterial strain, AC2, was isolated from naturally fermented apple vinegar and identified as Acetobacter okinawensis based on a 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Glucose and yeast extracts were determined to be optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The highest BC production (5.1 g L-1) was achieved at 28 degrees C, with an initial pH of 6, an inoculum concentration of 7%, an ethanol concentration of 2%, and an incubation time of 10 days under static culture conditions. The presence of functional groups of BC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed a nanofibrous network and an intense structure. The potential of BC as a bioadsorbent for azo dye removal was investigated, showing maximum removal of 73% for crystal violet and 49% for Congo red. This is the first report of BC production by A. okinawensis and its application as a bioadsorbent.

Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are two interconnected biological processes, which have critical roles in onset or pathogenesis of diverse health disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review study aims to consolidate the current literature knowledge on extraction and purification methods of macroalgal polysaccharides, as well as their therapeutic roles in diseases associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials reveal that macroalgal polysaccharides, especially edible ones, can reduce symptoms of these diseases through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The underlying mechanisms of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties include the reduction of reactive oxygen species production, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide synthesis, the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes, along with the concomitant increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory transcription factors, and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, they also indirectly reduce symptoms of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases by supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria that produce natural metabolites with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the available evidence indicates that macroalgal polysaccharides may be used as ingredients in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical formulations to combat diseases associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation.

This study examined the anti-ulcer potential of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (Hyd) against indomethacin (Ind)-induced gastric ulcer. Hyd was prepared from feathers by microbial fermentation technique using locally isolated Bacillus licheniformis EYT2 (GenBank accession number: PV612017). Hyd was orally administrated to the rats at the doses of 100 mg/kg BW (low-dose group, Hyd100) and 200 mg/kg BW (high-dose group, Hyd200) before Ind treatment. The effectiveness of Hyd was compared with Ranitidin (Ran). Six experimental groups were designed: Control, Ind, Ran+Ind, Hyd100 + Ind, Hyd200 + Ind, and Ran+Hyd200 + Ind. Hyd was determined to have a high protein content (81.6%) and exhibit high water solubility in a wide pH range from 1 to 10. Ind-treatment caused severe erosion, ulceration, and degeneration in gastric tissue, elevated the levels of malondialdehyde, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, 8 hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, Bax, caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) and reduced the levels of glutathione, antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, prostaglandin E2, anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Conversely, Hyd administration, especially high dose Hyd (Hyd200 + Ind group) reversed these alterations. Furthermore, a combination of Ran and high-dose Hyd (Ran+Hyd200 + Ind) completely prevented Ind toxicity. The protective effect of Hyd was attributed to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activites as well as prostaglandin synthesis-enhancing property. These results imply that Hyd may be used as a supplement with anti-ulcer activity in alternative medicine and/or as a protein source in animal and human nutrition. This is the first report on anti-ulcer potential of Hyd.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that severely restricts plant growth by inducing oxidative stress and metabolic imbalance. This study evaluated the potential of Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus to mitigate Cd-induced stress in maize (Zea mays L.) under controlled conditions. Plants were exposed to 100 µM Cd with or without bacterial inoculation (102 CFU mL-1). Cd treatment markedly reduced germination (95.3% to 44.1%), root length (16.24 to 7.06 cm), shoot length (8.69 to 4.23 cm), and dry weight (0.0645 to 0.0543 g), while increasing oxidative damage. Bacterial inoculation partially alleviated these effects, improving germination to 49.6% and increasing root and shoot lengths to 11.0 and 5.37 cm, respectively. Under Cd stress, inoculation significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase increasing by 117%, 140%, and 13%, respectively, compared to Cd-treated plants. In contrast, peroxidase activity decreased by 48.57%, likely reflecting reduced hydrogen peroxide levels. These changes were accompanied by reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, Cd accumulation in plant tissues was not significantly altered, indicating that stress mitigation was associated with improved physiological tolerance rather than reduced metal uptake. Overall, A. caldiproteolyticus enhances maize resilience through antioxidant modulation and maintenance redox balance.

Benzophenone-3 (BP3) is an organic pollutant widely detected in soil and aquatic environments. The aims of this study were to isolate a bacterium which is capable of degrading BP3 and converting it into non-toxic products, and to design a non-sterile culture process which may be applied to the real biological treatment systems for the bioremediation of BP3. Klebsiella huaxiensis W2 (GenBank accession number: PQ143284) isolated from a wastewater treatment system was found to have high potency to degrade BP3. This bacterium degraded BP3 into two byproducts: phenol, 2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylethyl) and benzyl benzoate. Oxygenases (P450 monooxygenases, dioxygenases etc.) were predicted to be effective in BP3 degradation. BP3-degradation products did not cause a toxicity on fibroblast cell line. Optimizing inoculum size, that is, inoculating the high size (1–2

Antioxidants are organic molecules that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), thereby maintaining cellular redox balance in living organisms. The human body synthesizes endogenous antioxidants, whereas humans obtain exogenous antioxidants from other organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. This review primarily focuses on the antioxidant potential of natural metabolites and extracts from five major bacterial phyla, including the well-studied Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, as well as less-studied Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The literature survey revealed that the metabolites and the extracts with antioxidant activity can be obtained from bacterial cells and their culture supernatants. The metabolites with antioxidant activity include pigments, phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, mycosporins-like amino acids, peptides, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Both metabolites and extracts demonstrate in vitro antioxidant capacity through radical-scavenging, metal-reducing, and metal-chelating activity assays. In in vivo models, they can scavenge ROS and RNS directly and/or indirectly eliminate them by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Due to their antioxidant activities, they may find applications in the cosmetic industry as anti-aging agents for the skin and in medicine as drugs or supplements for combating oxidative stress-related disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. The literature survey also elucidated that some metabolites and extracts with antioxidant activity also exhibited strong antimicrobial properties. Therefore, we consider that they may have future applications in the treatment of infectious diseases, the preparation of pathogen-free healthy foods, and the extension of food shelf life.

The intrinsic and extrinsic factors (natural aging, diseases, infections, chemicals, radiation, heavy metals etc.) create oxidative stress, thereby causing reproductive defects in males and females. Similarly, oxidative stress causes the abnormalities in sperm and oocytes, and thus reduces the success of in vitro fertilization. Fungi and/or algae-derived metabolites (polysaccharides, carotenoids, ergothioneine, phycobiliproteins, phlorotannins, and cordycepin) alleviate the damages in ovaries and testis and correct the impaired reproductive functions (spermatogenesis, ovulation, fertilization and implantation) in the in vivo models by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase etc.), making mitochondrial parameters better (membrane potential, distribution, dynamics and activity of mitochondria), decreasing oxidative stress (the reductions in intracellular ROS and malondialdehyde levels), inflammation (the reductions in COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels) and apoptosis (the reductions in Caspase-3 and Bax levels) and balancing blood hormone levels (follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone). Similarly, in the in vitro models, they increase antioxidant enzymes activities, decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis, and make mitochondrial functions better, thereby restoring the defects in sperm and oocyte parameters and increasing blastocyst formation. Overall, this review study reveals that the antioxidants from fungi and algae contribute to the improvement of the reproductive outcome of humans and animals and assisted reproductive technology by preventing or alleviating oxidative stress. However, more in vitro, in vivo, or clinical studies are needed to prove the safety profile and efficacy of fungi- and algae-based antioxidants. This is the first review study focusing on the protective effects of fungi and algae-based antioxidants against oxidative stress-induced reproductive defects.

In mammalian cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) participates in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as ATP production, oxidative stress resistance, DNA repair, metabolic homeostasis, and inflammation. Due to these properties, exogenously applied NAD+ precursors (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinamide mononucleotide) can protect organs and cells of mammalian against detrimental effects of various stress factors and diseases. For instance, NAD+ and its precursors have critical importance for the in vivo and in vitro fertilization success of mammals. This review summarizes that the natural aging process, diseases, and toxic compounds cause the detrimental effects in the reproductive parameters of the in vivo models, such as the meiotic defects and the reductions in cellular NAD+ level, mitochondrial functions, sperm and oocyte quality, blastocyst and embryo formation rate, implantation success, whereas the intragastric, intraperitoneal or oral administration of NAD+ precursors prevents or attenuates these detrimental effects. Similarly, the supplementation of NAD+ precursors can protect the oocytes and sperms against the cryopreservation process, aging and toxic compounds in the in vitro and also enhances blastocyst and embryo formation in vitro. This review study also revealed that the ability of NAD+ precursors-loaded drug delivery systems to prevent reproductive defects has not yet been investigated in literature. Therefore, we recommend the development of NAD+ precursor-loaded drug delivery systems targeting reproductive system organs and/or cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus). To achieve this, hormone receptors in testicular and ovarian cells can be targeted. Similarly, triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) can be used to specifically target mitochondria.

Commercially available glutathione (GSH) compound isspin coated on n-Si wafer to passivate the surface of Si. The optical absorption and SEM analysis of the GSH film are performed. The optical bandgap energy of the GSH and the fundamental bandgap energy are equal to 5.526 eV and 6.325 eV, respectively. GSH presents much lower value of binding energy. It isobserved that the Au/GSH/n-Si MIS junction exhibited both a dark-rectifying ratio of 3370 and an excellent photoresponse in the visible light, UV and IR regions. Comparing the Au/GSH/n-Si junction with the Au/n-Si diode, the reverse current of the device containing the GSH interlayer decreased by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Since the low reverse current is essential for high performance in photodetectors, the photoresponse analysis of the device isinvestigated in detail. The highest responsivity and detectivity values under 365 nm UV light are 53.18 mA/W and 2.18 × 1011 Jones, respectively. Time-dependent I-V characteristics showed that the MIS device photosensitive device maintained its stability even after 110 days. These experimental results show that the Au/GSH/n-Si MIS photodetector has the potential for optical signal communication in a wide wavelength region.

This study aimed to assess the in vitro probiotic and antioxidant potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from different white cheeses, also known as “Beyaz Peynir” in Turkey. A total of 58 bacterial strains were isolated from 11 different white cheeses obtained from small-scale dairies. According to some preselection criteria (having the distinctive features of LAB, exhibiting non-haemolytic property, and resisting the simulated gastrointestinal conditions such as low pH, pepsin, pancreatin and bile salt tolerance), four (ED13, ED20, ED25 and ED36) out of 58 isolates were selected for the subsequent experiments. Among the four isolates, ED25 exhibited the maximum lactase production and cholesterol removal potential, the highest biological activity (antimicrobial and antioxidant activity) and the lowest antibiotic resistance. In addition, the second highest B12-producing capacity were measured for ED25. The isolate ED25 was found to possess antimicrobial effectiveness against all tested microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans) according to the agar well diffusion method. In vitro antioxidant activity assay demonstrated that the culture supernatant of the ED25 had the ability to scavenge DPPH (49

Background Hydrophobins have great potential in many biotechnological applications due to changing surface characteristics. In recent years, although there has been a significant increase in the biotechnological applications of hydrophobins, industrial production has still not been achieved due to yield problems. Therefore, more studies are needed on the recombinant production of hydrophobins. In this work, the recombinant production of class I hydrophobin DewA from Aspergillus nidulans, which is determined to have high contact angle in the literature, was aimed. As a result, DewA protein was recombinantly produced using P. pastoris X-33 strain under AOX1 promoter by transferring into pPICZα-A vector. Results The optimal culture condition for DewA expression was obtained at 1% methanol concentration as 77 mg/L in 96 hour. Recombinant DewA has been proven to change the surface characteristics on the teflon and glass surfaces. Then, the surface stability of the protein was evaluated by applying hot SDS and UV to these surfaces. The surface-coated DewA was resistant to hot SDS application on both glass and teflon surfaces; in the UV application, it was understood that while the protein was degraded by UV exposure on glass surfaces, it preserved its structure on teflon surfaces. Conclusions In the study, the DewA protein of A.nidulans was cloned into the pPICZα-A vector and recombinantly produced in the P.pastoris X-33 strain for the first time.

This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of using locally isolated bacteria to degrade crude oil in sea water-based medium. The bacteria were isolated from water samples taken from different sea environments (Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, and Black Sea). The experiments for crude oil degradation were carried out in small volume (100 mL sea water medium in 250 mL shaking flasks) or large volume (14 L sea water-based medium in a plastic container). Furthermore, the media were not sterilized and remained open to the environment (non-sterile conditions). On the other hand, the media were shaken at a low speed of 50 rpm to mimic sea conditions. Of twelve bacterial isolates, four isolates (PB1, PB4, PB6, and PB7) having higher oil degradation potential were selected. According to 16S rRNA analysis, the isolates PB4 and PB6 were identified as, respectively, Rhodococcus qingshengii and Alcanivorax venustensis, and the other two isolates (PB1 and PB7) as Pseudomonas sabulinigri. When the usability of four isolates alone or as a co-culture for crude oil degradation was tested, co-cultures were found to cause more crude oil degradation than individual bacterial cultures. Among the co-cultures, the maximum degradation of crude oil was achieved with the association of PB6 + PB4. During the experiments, carbon sources and minerals were not supplemented to the sea water medium, and even the supplementation of only nitrogen source (especially ammonium sulphate) was determined to significantly enhance the crude oil degradation potential of the bacterial consortium (PB6 + PB4). Spectrophotometric analyses (OD225) demonstrated that crude oil degradation continued up to 12th day in small volume but 16th day in large volume. GC-MS analyses revealed that co-culture of PB6 and PB4 degraded 100% of C9-C12 and C16-C29 hydrocarbons and 85% of C13-C15 hydrocarbons.