Microorganisms, especially their co-cultures, that can degrade pollutants in non-sterile wastewater without requiring external nutrient supplementation, are important for sustainable wastewater treatment practices. This study aimed to (1) perform biodegradation of triclosan (TCS) using co-culture of locally isolated Bacillus licheniformis AEM2 (GenBank: PQ856279) and Lysinibacillus fusiformis AEM5 (GenBank: PQ856280), (2) analyze degradation byproducts and biodegradation pathway of TCS, (3) examine in vitro cytotoxicity of degradation byproducts, and (4) develop a non-sterile culture process for TCS biodegradation. In mono-culture strategy, TCS-containing mineral salt broth medium (MSBM) was inoculated with 1 mL of preculture of either AEM2 or AEM5. In co-culture strategy, two bacteria were simultaneously inoculated into the culture media at the different inoculum volumes (between 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mL/100 mL for each bacterium, with a total inoculum volume of 1 mL). The co-culture C (0.25 mL of AEM2 pre-culture + 0.75 mL of AEM5 pre-culture) (80.62

This study aimed to (1) isolate amylase-producing bacteria from different hot springs, (2) purify and characterize the amylase of the highest-potency isolate, and (3) investigate its potential for industrial use. BT-5 was determined as the isolate having the highest amylase activity among nine bacterial isolates. This isolate was identified as Niallia alba. The most suitable culture conditions for amylase production from BT-5 were an initial pH of 9.0, a temperature of 45 °C, a starch concentration of 1.5%, and an incubation time of 48 h. Under these optimized culture conditions, 113.17 U/mL amylase could be produced. Amylase, with the specific activity of 4679.2 U/mg protein, was purified 5.23-fold and obtained with 56.7% yield. The molecular weight of N. alba BT-5 amylase was found to be approximately 72 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Kinetic values (Km and Vmax) of amylase were determined to be 1.189 mg/mL and 1209 U/mL, respectively. The potential of purified amylase for industrial use was investigated. The desizing percentage of the enzyme in textile applications was found to be 3.47%, while the clarification percentage in fresh apple juice was determined to be 37.5% and 56.79% in the presence of 5-10 mM CaCl2, respectively. Furthermore, high stain removal performance was shown when the enzyme was used in combination with the compatible detergent. This study is the first to investigate Niallia alba as a source of amylase, and it reveals that the enzyme has potential for use, particularly in the detergent and beverage industries.

This study examined the anti-ulcer potential of chicken feather protein hydrolysate (Hyd) against indomethacin (Ind)-induced gastric ulcer. Hyd was prepared from feathers by microbial fermentation technique using locally isolated Bacillus licheniformis EYT2 (GenBank accession number: PV612017). Hyd was orally administrated to the rats at the doses of 100 mg/kg BW (low-dose group, Hyd100) and 200 mg/kg BW (high-dose group, Hyd200) before Ind treatment. The effectiveness of Hyd was compared with Ranitidin (Ran). Six experimental groups were designed: Control, Ind, Ran+Ind, Hyd100 + Ind, Hyd200 + Ind, and Ran+Hyd200 + Ind. Hyd was determined to have a high protein content (81.6%) and exhibit high water solubility in a wide pH range from 1 to 10. Ind-treatment caused severe erosion, ulceration, and degeneration in gastric tissue, elevated the levels of malondialdehyde, pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase, 8 hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, Bax, caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase-38 (MAPK-38) and reduced the levels of glutathione, antioxidant enzymes, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, prostaglandin E2, anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Conversely, Hyd administration, especially high dose Hyd (Hyd200 + Ind group) reversed these alterations. Furthermore, a combination of Ran and high-dose Hyd (Ran+Hyd200 + Ind) completely prevented Ind toxicity. The protective effect of Hyd was attributed to its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activites as well as prostaglandin synthesis-enhancing property. These results imply that Hyd may be used as a supplement with anti-ulcer activity in alternative medicine and/or as a protein source in animal and human nutrition. This is the first report on anti-ulcer potential of Hyd.

Antioxidants are organic molecules that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), thereby maintaining cellular redox balance in living organisms. The human body synthesizes endogenous antioxidants, whereas humans obtain exogenous antioxidants from other organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. This review primarily focuses on the antioxidant potential of natural metabolites and extracts from five major bacterial phyla, including the well-studied Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, as well as less-studied Bacteroides, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The literature survey revealed that the metabolites and the extracts with antioxidant activity can be obtained from bacterial cells and their culture supernatants. The metabolites with antioxidant activity include pigments, phycobiliproteins, polysaccharides, mycosporins-like amino acids, peptides, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. Both metabolites and extracts demonstrate in vitro antioxidant capacity through radical-scavenging, metal-reducing, and metal-chelating activity assays. In in vivo models, they can scavenge ROS and RNS directly and/or indirectly eliminate them by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Due to their antioxidant activities, they may find applications in the cosmetic industry as anti-aging agents for the skin and in medicine as drugs or supplements for combating oxidative stress-related disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. The literature survey also elucidated that some metabolites and extracts with antioxidant activity also exhibited strong antimicrobial properties. Therefore, we consider that they may have future applications in the treatment of infectious diseases, the preparation of pathogen-free healthy foods, and the extension of food shelf life.

In this study designed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with bacteriocin production potential, white cheese samples were collected from different provinces of Turkey and isolation was carried out. A series of experiments were carried out for the main purpose and the actual bacteriocin producers were identified by detecting the genes encoding this bacteriocin. The experiments carried out in this direction were initially carried out with 20 isolates and as a result of various experiments, the number of isolates was reduced to 8 and the study was continued with 8 isolates. In order to determine that the 8 isolates identified as a result of a phenotypic and biochemical characterization study were true bacteriocin-producing strains, their antibacterial activity was investigated and then the presence of bacteriocin genes was examined by specific PCR using gene-specific primers. As a result, MS16 coded Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OR922652 was found to have strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, the isolate was susceptible to clinically important antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, penicillin G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin) and resistant to erythromycin, had no hemolytic activity and possessed plnA and plnD genes encoding bacteriocin production. In conclusion, the MS16 coded L. plantarum isolate has emerged as a promising strain that can be used especially in the health field and in the food industry related to LAB.

This study aimed to assess the in vitro probiotic and antioxidant potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from different white cheeses, also known as “Beyaz Peynir” in Turkey. A total of 58 bacterial strains were isolated from 11 different white cheeses obtained from small-scale dairies. According to some preselection criteria (having the distinctive features of LAB, exhibiting non-haemolytic property, and resisting the simulated gastrointestinal conditions such as low pH, pepsin, pancreatin and bile salt tolerance), four (ED13, ED20, ED25 and ED36) out of 58 isolates were selected for the subsequent experiments. Among the four isolates, ED25 exhibited the maximum lactase production and cholesterol removal potential, the highest biological activity (antimicrobial and antioxidant activity) and the lowest antibiotic resistance. In addition, the second highest B12-producing capacity were measured for ED25. The isolate ED25 was found to possess antimicrobial effectiveness against all tested microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans) according to the agar well diffusion method. In vitro antioxidant activity assay demonstrated that the culture supernatant of the ED25 had the ability to scavenge DPPH (49

This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of using locally isolated bacteria to degrade crude oil in sea water-based medium. The bacteria were isolated from water samples taken from different sea environments (Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, and Black Sea). The experiments for crude oil degradation were carried out in small volume (100 mL sea water medium in 250 mL shaking flasks) or large volume (14 L sea water-based medium in a plastic container). Furthermore, the media were not sterilized and remained open to the environment (non-sterile conditions). On the other hand, the media were shaken at a low speed of 50 rpm to mimic sea conditions. Of twelve bacterial isolates, four isolates (PB1, PB4, PB6, and PB7) having higher oil degradation potential were selected. According to 16S rRNA analysis, the isolates PB4 and PB6 were identified as, respectively, Rhodococcus qingshengii and Alcanivorax venustensis, and the other two isolates (PB1 and PB7) as Pseudomonas sabulinigri. When the usability of four isolates alone or as a co-culture for crude oil degradation was tested, co-cultures were found to cause more crude oil degradation than individual bacterial cultures. Among the co-cultures, the maximum degradation of crude oil was achieved with the association of PB6 + PB4. During the experiments, carbon sources and minerals were not supplemented to the sea water medium, and even the supplementation of only nitrogen source (especially ammonium sulphate) was determined to significantly enhance the crude oil degradation potential of the bacterial consortium (PB6 + PB4). Spectrophotometric analyses (OD225) demonstrated that crude oil degradation continued up to 12th day in small volume but 16th day in large volume. GC-MS analyses revealed that co-culture of PB6 and PB4 degraded 100% of C9-C12 and C16-C29 hydrocarbons and 85% of C13-C15 hydrocarbons.

The major barrier to the wide-range application of biosurfactants is their high cost of production and low yield. In this study, waste frying oil (WFO) was used as the sole carbon source to produce cost-effective and eco-friendly rhamnolipids by Halopseudomonas sabulinigri OZK5 isolated from crude oil–contaminated soil samples. The optimal culture conditions for rhamnolipid production were determined as 30 ml/l waste frying oil, 37 °C temperature, pH 8, and 72 h incubation time. Under the optimized conditions 2.97 g/l rhamnolipid production was achieved. With a critical micelle concentration of 50 mg/l, the rhamnolipids could reduce the surface tension of water to 37.5 mN/m and demonstrate strong emulsifying activity (E24 = 67.3

Peptones are one of the most expensive components of microbial culture media. The present study was conducted to test the usability of low-cost sheep wool peptone (SWP) as an organic nitrogen source in the production of six industrially important enzymes (lipase, amylase, tannase, pectinase, cellulase and invertase). SWP was prepared by alkaline hydrolysis and acid neutralization. Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus niger were selected as test microorganisms for enzyme production. To evaluate the efficacy of SWP in enzyme production, it was compared with commercial tryptone peptone (TP) in the shaking flask cultures of the test microorganisms. The optimum concentration of both SWP and TP was determined to be 8 g/L for the production of B. licheniformis-derived enzymes, but 6 g/L for the production of A. niger-derived enzymes. It was determined that SWP was superior to TP in the production of four enzymes (lipase, amylase, tannase and pectinase) of both B. licheniformis and A. niger. This is the first study about the usage of sheep wool protein hydrolysate (SWP) as an organic nitrogen source or a peptone in fermentative production of microbial enzymes.

This study was performed to investigate the fibrinolytic enzyme-producing potentials of locally isolated soil bacteria and to purify and characterize the fibrinolytic enzyme of the most potent bacterial isolate. Among 40 isolates, the isolate V4 was found to have the highest potential to produce the fibrinolytic enzyme. According to 16 S rRNA sequence analysis, the isolate V4 was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus ( GenBank number: OL662991). The optimal parameters for fibrinolytic enzyme production from B. atrophaeus were determined as a skim milk powder concentration of 15 g/L, an initial pH of 7.0, a temperature of 35 °C and an incubation time of 72 h. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was calculated as 36 kDa. After ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromotography-based processes, the specific activity of the fibrinolytic enzyme was determined as 6414.7 U/mg. The purified enzyme showed the maximum activity at pH 7.0 and 35 °C. The enzyme was inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. The substrate specifity of the enzyme was in the following order; fibrin (62.3 U/mg) > fibrinogen (46.2 U/mg) > casein (42.1 U/mg) > serum albumin (6.8 U/mg). This is the first report on the fibrinolytic enzyme production potential of the species B. atrophaeus.

Fungi are accepted as novel sources of chitinous materials. The present study was performed to produce chitinous material from locally isolated Penicillium crustosum TZ18 (GenBank accesion number: OM095448) using molasses as substrate, prepare chitosan from chitinous material and investigate the antibacterial activity of the prepared chitosan. An initial pH of 6.0, a molasses concentration of 120 g/L, a temperature of 25 °C and an incubation time of 5 days were the most favourable parameters for the production of chitinous material. Under the optimized culture conditions, fungal biomass of 29.5 g/L and total chitinous material of 7.79 g/L (26.4%) could be produced. The chitin and chitosan concents of chitinous material were 97 (7.56 g/L) and 3% (0.23 g/L), respectively. Chitin fraction was converted into the chitosan (Penicillium chitosan, PC) by deacetylation process. FT-IR results revealed that the functional groups of PC and commercial chitosan (CC) were very similar to each other. Deacetylation degrees of PC and CC were found to be 78.3 and 76.9%, respectively. The viscosity-average molecular weights of PC and CC were determined as 122.7 and 298.3 kDa, respectively. When compared to CC, PC was found to have higher antibacterial efficiency against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. High antibacterial efficiency of the chitosan could be ascribed to its low molecular weight and high deacetylation degree. The chitosan may be useful for biomadical applications. The production of chitinous material from P. crustosum and the antibacterial efficiency of P. crustosum chitosan were investigated for the first time in the present study.

In this study, chitin extraction from shrimp shell powder (SSP) using locally isolated Paenibacillus jamilae BAT1 (GenBank: MN176658), the preparation of chitosan from the extracted chitin, and the characterization and biological activity (antimicrobial and antioxidant) of the prepared chitosan (PC) were investigated. It was determined that P. jamilae BAT1 did not have chitinase activity but showed high protease activity and protein removal potential. Optimum pH, shell concentration and incubation time for deproteinization were determined as 7.0, 60 g/L and 4 days, respectively. Addition of KH2PO4 or MgSO4 did not affect chitin extraction and deproteinization yield. The maximum yields of deproteinization, demineralization and chitin extraction yields were 87.67, 41.95 and 24.5%, respectively. The viscosity-average molecular weight of PC was determined as 1.41 × 105 g/mol. The deacetylation degree of PC (86%) was found to be higher that of commercial chitosan (CC) (78%). DPPH scavenging activity of PC (IC50 0.59 mg/mL) was higher than that of CC (IC50 3.72 mg/mL). PC was found to have higher antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus and the yeast C. albicans when compared to CC. This is the first study on the use of the bacterium P. jamilae in biological chitin extraction.

Peptones are among the most expensive culture components used in the cultivation of microorganisms. This study was performed to prepare a protein hydrolysate from sheep wool using a locally isolated keratinolytic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis EY2 (GenBank: MN809476), and to investigate the usability of the prepared hydrolysate as a peptone in a microbial medium. The optimum pH, temperature, and incubation time for wool hydrolysis and keratinolytic activity were determined as 7.0, 55 degrees C, and 6 days, respectively. Optimum concentrations of KH(2)PO4, MgSO4, and NaCl were determined as 1.5, 0.5, and 2 g/L, respectively. After the prepared hydrolysate was partially purified, it was converted to wool peptone (WP). The total protein, ash, carbohydrate, and lipid content of WP was found to be 82.7, 7.2, 0.1, and 0.2 g/100 g, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of WP confirmed the formation of sulfoxide bonds (S=O), which indicated the breaking of disulfide bonds. When compared with commercial tryptone peptone (TP), WP was found to be superior for the cell growth performances of Esherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Candia albicans and Aspergillus niger. A protein hydrolysate (including wool protein hydrolysate) prepared via microbial hydrolysis was tested for the first time as a peptone source. The cost of WP is much lower than commercial peptones. At the same time, the method developed offers an environmentally friendly approach for the reduction of the amount of unutilized or waste sheep wool. (c) 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A Gram-reaction-positive, endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain P1T, was isolated from water samples collected from Pasinler Hot Spring and characterized using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain P1T was found to have chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics consistent with its classification in the genus Bacillus. The strain shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence identity values with Bacillus thermolactis R-6488T (97.6 %) and Bacillus kokeshiiformis MO-04T (97.2 %) and formed a distinct clade with both type strains in the phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain P1T could grow optimally at 55 °C and in the presence of 2 % NaCl. The organism was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinone was determined to be MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Based upon the consensus of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain P1T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus pasinlerensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P1T (=DSM 107529T=CECT 9885T=NCCB 100674T).

Peptones are accepted as one of the most expensive medium components of microorganisms. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of chicken feather peptone (CFP) on enzyme (lipase and amylase) production by Bacillus licheniformis 016. In order to assess its effectiveness on enzyme production, CFP was compared with commercial fish peptone (FP) and protease peptone (PP). The optimum concentration of CFP for lipase and amylase production was determined as 5 and 6 g/L, respectively. The optimum concentration of both FP and PP was found as 4 g/L for lipase production and 5 g/L for amylase production. In all the peptone media, the optimal incubation times for amylase and lipase production were determined as 24 and 48 h, respectively. CFP was found to be more favorable for lipase and amylase production. In CFP, PP and FP media, the maximum lipase activities were 1870, 1582 and 1831 U/L, and the maximum amylase activities were 1680, 1505 and 632 U/L, respectively. On the other hand, better cell growth performance was achieved in CFP media compared to PP and FP media. The least pH change was detected in CFP-containing media. CFP was also found to prevent starch aggregation in the medium in contrast to FP and PP. This study exhibited that CFP was a better nitrogen source or an inducer for lipase and amylase production as well as cell growth in comparison to the tested commercial peptones.

The present study investigated the potential of thermophilic bacteria isolated from hot springs to simultaneously produce protease and amylase enzymes. Among ten isolates, the strain T2 was found to be more favorable for amylase and protease. This strain was identified as Anoxybacillus rupiensis (GenBank number: MN252572). Potato peel powder (PPP) was used as a substrate for co-production of amylase and protease from A. rupiensis T2. Experiments were performed under sterile and non-sterile culture conditions. The optimal parameters for co-production of these enzymes were a PPP concentration of 60 g/L, temperature of 50 °C, initial pH of 7.0 and incubation time of 48 h. Under these culture conditions, the amylase and protease activities were determined as 64.9 and 26.2 U/mL in sterile medium. Relatively lower amylase (41.1 U/mL) and protease (14.2 U/mL) activities were attained in non-sterile medium.

In this study, traditional sausage samples from different provinces of Turkey (Gaziantep, Antalya, Erzurum and Kahramanmaras) were obtained and one hundred three isolates were collected. Using the (GTG)(5)-PCR genomic fingerprint analysis method, seven of them were observed to be different and conventional tests of these isolates were performed. Molecular identification of two isolates carrying the bacteriocin gene and having antimicrobial activity by agar disc diffusion method was performed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. As a result, the seven isolates were identified as Aerococcus urinaeequi (EK1), Streptococcus salivarius (EK2), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (EK3), Macrococcus caseolyticus (EK4), Lactococcus garvieae (EK5), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (EK6) and Lactobacillus sakei (EK7). Among these strains, it has been determined that Ln. mesenteroides and L. sakei carried the mecentericin and sacacin genes. When antimicrobial activity against different strains was examined, inhibition formations of Ln. mesenteroides and L. sakei on Enterococcus faecalis, Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli O157: H7 were observed.

In this study, one hundred and thirty isolates were isolated from water and sludge samples taken from hot springs located in different regions of Turkey.Among them, eleven isolates were chosen according to conventional (morphological, physiological and biochemical tests) and molecular methods (rep-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing).These bacteria were then tested for their capability to produce valuable enzymes.As a result; species belonging to Bacillus, Anoxybacillus, Aeribacillus, Enterococcus, Exiguobacterium and Paenibacillus were identified.Test strains were found to have optimum reproductive potential at pH 5.0-9.0 and 15-65°C, usually at a concentration of 1.0-10.0%(w/v) NaCl.In addition, all thermotolerant bacteria were Gram, endospore (except E. profundum), catalase and oxidase (except E. faecium and E. profundum) positive, and rod-shaped (except E. faecium).It was observed that all isolates had a 99% similarity percentage as a result of 16S rRNA sequence analysis.All of the isolates were capable of producing industrially important enzymes moreover, eight of them could produce at least two of these enzymes.Test strains had high potential of industrial enzyme production, and the enzymes from these thermo-tolerant isolates will be widely used in biotechnological processes.

Lipases are widely used in textile, food, medical and chemical industries.The present study was performed to produce lipase from thermophilic bacterial strains using waste frying oil as substrate.Among four bacterial strains, Bacillus licheniformis A7 (GenBank accesion number: KC310458) was determined to be the best lipase producer.A frying oil concentration of 40 mL/L, temperature of 55 °C, initial pH of 6.0 and incubation time of 72 h were found to be optimal for lipase production from Bacillus sp.Under the optimal culture conditions, the maximum cell growth and lipase activity were determined as 2.219 0D600nm and 1607 U/L, respectively.

Peptones are accepted as one of the most favourable nitrogen sources supporting pigment synthesis in Monascus purpureus. The present study was performed to test the feasibility of chicken feather peptone (CFP) as nitrogen source for pigment production from M. purpureus ATCC16365. CFP was compared with fish peptone (FP) and protease peptone (PP) in order to elucidate its effectiveness on pigment production. CFP was prepared from waste feathers using hydrolysis (KOH) and neutralization (H2SO4) methods. The protein content of CFP was determined as 67.2 g/100 g. Optimal concentrations of CFP and glucose for pigment production were determined as 3 and 20 g/L, respectively. A medium pH of 5.5 and an incubation period of 7-days were found to be more favourable for pigment production. In CFP, PP and FP media, yellow pigment absorbances were 2.819, 2.870 and 2.831, red pigment absorbances were 2.709, 2.304 and 2.748, and orange pigment absorbances were 2.643, 2.132 and 2.743, respectively. Sugar consumption and mycelia growth showed the similar trends in CFP, FP and PP media. This study indicates that the peptone from chicken feathers may be a good nutritional substrate for pigment production from M. purpureus.