In the present contribution, a novel cyclobutane-derived thiazole-thiourea hybrid 1-(4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)thiourea (1), which was readily fabricated from addition of p-isothiocyanatotoluene to 4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl) thiazol-2-amine, is reported. The formation of 1 was firmly confirmed by the means of elemental analysis, and IR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Theoretical DFT-based computations were additionally applied to reveal the structure and electronic features of the title compound. The chemical activity of 1 was estimated by the reactivity descriptors and MEP surface. ADMET properties of the reported compound were predicted in silico using online services. Potential inhibition of a series of the SARS-CoV-2 and tickborne encephalitis proteins by 1 was studied using molecular docking, which, in turn, allowed to reveal the ligand efficiency scores for the resulting protein-1 complexes. It was established that 1 exhibits the best inhibition activity against Nonstructural protein 14 (N7-MTase) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) glycoprotein amongst the studied SARS-CoV-2 and TBE proteins, respectively.

In the present contribution, novel 1,2,4-triazolethiol-thiophene hybrids, namely 4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1) and 4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (2), which were readily fabricated from addition of isothiocyanatoethane or isothiocyanatobenzene, respectively, to thiophene-2-carbohydrazide followed by addition a KOH solution to provoke the cyclization to the 1,2,4-triazole ring. The formation of compounds 1 and 2 was firmly confirmed by the means of elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The DFT-based computations in gas phase were additionally applied to shed light on the structure and electronic features of the title compounds. Theoretical calculations revealed that for both molecules their corresponding thione derivatives, namely 4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (1') and 4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (2'), are 15.00 and 11.96 kcal/mol, respectively, more energetically favorable in gas phase. However, a comparison of the experimental and calculated IR and NMR spectra testify to the thiol tautomers of compounds 1 and 2 for both compounds in solid state and in DMSO-d6. The chemical activity of 1 and 2 was estimated by reactivity descriptors and MEP surface. ADMET properties of the reported compounds were predicted in silico using online services. Potential inhibition of a series of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) proteins by compounds 1 and 2 was studied using molecular docking, which, in turn, allowed to reveal the ligand efficiency scores for the resulting protein-ligand complexes. It was established that compound 1 exhibits the best activity against the tick-borne encephalitis virus Serine protease NS3, while compound 2 is preferable for the RNA-stimulated ATPase activity of tick-borne encephalitis virus helicase.

Synthesis, characterization and theoretical studies of a novel coumarin-triazole-thiophene hybrid 4-(((4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)methyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one (1), which was fabricated from 4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 4-(chloromethyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one, are reported. The resulting compound was characterized by microanalysis, IR, 1H, and 13C APT NMR spectroscopy. The DFT calculations examined the structure and electronic properties of 1 in gas phase. Its reactivity descriptors and molecular electrostatic potential revealed the reactivity and the reactive centers of 1. ADMET properties of 1 were evaluated using the respective online tools. It was established that 1 exhibit positive gastrointestinal absorption properties and negative human blood-brain barrier penetration. The Toxicity Model Report revealed that 1 belongs to toxicity class 4. Molecular docking was additionally applied to study the interaction of 1 with some SARS-CoV-2 proteins. It was established that the title compound is active against all the applied proteins with the most efficient interaction with Papain-like protease (PLpro). The interaction of 1 with the applied proteins was also studied using molecular dynamics simulations. A novel coumarin-triazole-thiophene hybrid 4-(((4-ethyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)methyl)-6,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one (1) is reported. The structure and electronic properties of 1 were examined by the DFT calculations. ADMET properties of 1 were also evaluated. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were applied to study interactions of 1 with a series of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins.

In this work, 1-(4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-(p-tolyl)thiourea was synthesized by alcohol-mediated condensation of 4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)thiazol-2-amine and isothiocyanatobenzene. The molecule results were experimentally characterized using FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311G) was used to investigate the ideal molecule structure, vibrational frequencies, and 1 H with 13 C NMR (theoretically) chemical shifts. Theoretical and experimental spectroscopy results were compared and agreed with each other, which indicated the validity of the used developed molecular structure. The Dipole moment, hardness, softness, electronegativity, electrophilicity index, nucleophilicity index, and chemical potential as electronic structural parameters linked to corrosion inhibition efficacy were investigated for the prepared compound. Furthermore, the fraction of transferred electrons was calculated to determine the interaction between the iron surface and organic molecules. The results indicated a favorable relationship between organic-based corrosion inhibitors and quantum chemical parameters processes. The corrosion inhibitors’ behavior can be predicted without the need for experimental investigation.

In this study, we have presented the synthesis and structure analysis of 2-chloro-1-(3-methyl-3-mesityl-cyclobutyl)ethanone. The molecular elucidation is conducted by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear magnetic spectroscopy NMR (H-1 and C-13-NMR). The FT-IR recording in 4000-500 cm(-1) are done in KBr solid phase, while the NMR spectrum for both H-1 and C-13-NMR are done in the DMSO-6. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to stimulate and confirm the structure and molecular characteristics, using the DFT/B3LYP/cc-pVDZ method to study various conformers of the compound and their minimum energies by the scanning potential energy surface. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map and charge spreading have been plotted for the molecule to account for the chemical reactivity and site selectivity. Furthermore, the thermodynamic properties for the molecule have been studied. A good correlation is found between experimental and simulation studies for FT-IR and NMR results. In the simulation data, the differences of energy between the conformers are found to be very small.

This study was synthesized: 1-(4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-phenylthiourea and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(3-methyl-3-phenylcyclobutyl)thiazol-2-yl)thiourea. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) were used to characterize the molecular formula. Theoretical vibration was computed with Gaussian 09W software, and corrosion inhibiting activity was computed with quantum chemical calculations. Furthermore, the GaussView 5.0 package was used on the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method to calculate the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO), the energy of the lower occupied molecular orbital, energy gap (ΔE = ELUMO - EHOMO), the dipole moment (µ), and the percent of transmitted electrons (ΔN). Other molecular properties such as hardness (ɳ), softness (σ), and electronegativity (χ) were calculated based on the results of inhibitor activity. The corrosion inhibiting activities of the derivatives were predicted using quantum chemical calculations. As a result, the corrosion inhibitor behavior can be predicted without the need for an experimental study. The results show a strong relationship between organic-based corrosion inhibitors and the process's quantum chemical parameters.

1-(3-Mesityl-3-methylcyclobutyl)-2-((4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-ethan-1-one was successfully synthesized in this work by condensation of 4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 2-chloro-1-(3-mesityl-3-methylcyclobutyl)ethan-1-one with potassium carbonate in the presence of acetone. The compound was characterized experimentally using FT-IR, 1H-, and 13C‑NMR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. Density Functional Theory (B3LYP/cc-Pvdz) computations were used to analyze the optimal molecular shape, vibrational frequencies, and 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts. The results of theoretical spectroscopy were compared to experimental data. The practical and theoretical results were found to be in agreement, confirming the molecular structure of the created molecule. Dipole moment (μ), hardness (ɳ), softness (σ), electronegativity (χ), electrophilicity index (ω), nucleophilicity index (ε), and chemical potential (Pi) were among the electronic structural factors connected to corrosion inhibition efficacy are investigated. The fraction of transferred electrons (ΔN) was also calculated to determine the interaction between the iron surface and organic molecules. The calculations show that organic-based corrosion inhibitors and quantum chemical parameters processes have a positive association. Without the necessity for experimental investigation, the behavior of corrosion inhibitors can be predicted.

This study aims to synthesize and identify both theoretically and experimentally 4-phenyl-5-(thiophene-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and 4-ethyl-5-(thiophene-2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol compounds. Experimentally, FT-IR and NMR techniques have been used to characterize the synthesized compounds. The density functional theory with the basis set of cc-pVDZ have been utilized for measuring the molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies, and gauge including atomic orbital (GIAO) 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the title compound in the ground state. The results have shown that the optimized geometry replicate the theoretical vibrations and the calculated chemical shift in line with the experimental values are in good harmony. B3LYP/cc-pVDZ was applied to the aforementioned compound to find different parameters such as the energy of the highest occupied and lower unoccupied molecular orbital (EHOMO and ELUMO), moreover, the bandgap energy (AE) and the dipole moment (??) are calculated for the corrosion efficacy of organic compounds whose molecular geometry and electronic properties have been previously studied. Properties such as hardness (.), softness (a), electronegativity (x) values are computed using the respective measurements to investigate the inhibitor activity of the compound. The fraction of transferred electrons (AN) is also calculated, which determined the interaction between the iron surface and the organic compounds. Corrosion inhibitor behavior can therefore be predicted without an experimental study. The findings of the calculations show good relation between organic-based corrosion inhibitors and quantum chemical parameters process.

Many heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atom are used in drug development. Thiazole is one of the most important heterocyclic compounds in drug design, which contains sulfur and nitrogen atom. Different site reactions in thiazole compounds extend to new drug synthesis and plays an important role in medicinal chemistry. Thiazole and derivatives are found to possess widely biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-consulsant, anti-HIV, anti-hypertensive, anti-Alzheimer, anti-oxidant and anthelmintic. The aim of this review is to corroborate procedures which are available for the synthesis 1,3-thiazole derivatives

In this study, the cytotoxic effects of some 2- (4H- [1,2,4] triazol-3-yl-sulfanyl)-acetamide derivatives compounds on the L1210 rodent leukemia cancer cell line were investigated. At the same time, the effect on MDA concentration showing the degree of lipid peroxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells treated with these compounds and vitamin A, E and C values were investigated. In addition, the antioxidant properties were investigated by the DPPH radical scavenging method. It was determined that the compounds did not make a statistically significant difference in the A, E, C vitamin levels and MDA concentrations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. It was observed that the study groups did not show antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging activity results. Based on the antitumor activity results, the compounds were generally found to have an effective cytotoxic activity on the L1210 cell line.

Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) play an important role in computational quantum theory especially in physical chemistry. Melatonin is a hormone produced naturally by the pineal gland that prevents the production of melanin. It is believed to be involved in regulating the reproductive cycle. The energy bandgaps for melatonin structure have been calculated using DFT and HF method at different basis sets. The bond length, bond angle, and dihedral angles for the melatonin compound have been described. The atomic orbital (GIAO), H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shifts of the title compound in the ground state have been calculated using the density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Using the PCM model, the electronic absorption spectra have been determined using the TD-DFT method based on the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level optimized structure in different solvents (DMSO, ethanol, aniline, chloroform, THF, and diethyl ether), the maximum wavelength has been observed in DMSO solvent. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, and thermodynamic parameters have been described for melatonin molecule.

Gaussian software programs 09 was utilized to find the reactivity of salbutamol (SAL) and propranolol (PRO). Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) were used to determine the energy band gaps. B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) lower energy level was chosen as the base set. Geometrical structures with frontier molecular orbitals estimation for both the SAL and PRO. Atomic charge distribution and molecular electrostatic potential evaluation were performed for both drugs. For thermodynamic analysis Ab-initio DFT with HF at 6-31++G base sets were accomplished. The results showed that the PRO is more reactive than SAL.

Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have a low safety margin and its toxic effects are closely related to the ingested dose. Both drugs were tested for reactivity under different conditions but still need to be understood. A thermodynamic and kinetic study with control the electronic properties also show the reaction of the molecule. In this study, theoretical calculations have been performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) to find the band gap energy and determine a suitable basis set. A computation based on B3LYP level was accomplished to obtain the geometrical structures for both CQ and HCQ molecules. Based on the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set, DFT measurements of frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potentials have been implemented for both CQ and HCQ. The atomic charge distribution of nitrogen and oxygen is calculated for CQ and HCQ using DFT and HF on a basis set 6-31G**. Ab initio DFT with HF at 6-31G** basis set is performed for thermodynamic analysis for both CQ and HCQ structures.

A novel series of 1-(3-Methyl-3-mesityl)-cyclobutyl-2-{[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-(aryl-alkyl)-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]sulfanyl}-ethanone compounds were synthesized by a condensation reaction. The new compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR and H-1, C-13 NMR techniques. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the synthesized compounds were also investigated. The in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the newly synthesized compounds were measured, and they were found to exhibit significantly high antioxidant activity.

It was reported that the 1, 2, 4-triazole and the derivatives of this compound demonstrate numerous activities in a pharmacological point of view. 1, 2, 4-Triazole moieties were employed in an extensive range of drug candidates, which are therapeutically promising and include anti-inflammatories, anti-anxiety compounds, sedatives, CNS stimulants, antimicrobial agents, and antimycotic ones such as intraconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. In the current investigation, several aminomethyl derivatives, which contain bis-1, 2, 4-triazole, were newly synthesized and their impacts on the levels of antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined in serum, kidney and liver of rats. The investigation of the levels of the vitamins (A, C and E) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were performed by calculations in HPLC system. In the study, the observed antioxidant activity revealed that all the analyzed compounds, have promising antioxidant activities, which may be the result of the presence of benzylpiperazine and dipropylamine, and a methylpiperidine moiety as well as the allyl group. Therefore, it was concluded that ample scope exists for further studies.

The 1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives were reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoural, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. In this study, a series of triazole compounds (M1-M10) were evaluated for some biological activities. In vitro qualifications of these compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and human carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities were performed. Also, their antitumoral activities in human colon cancer (HT29) cell line cultures were examined. In addition, colon cancer experimentation was induced in rats by an in vivo method, and the in vivo anticancer effects of triazole derivatives were investigated. Also, the effects of these derivatives in levels of antioxidant vitamin A, vitamin E, and MDA were studied in rat liver and blood samples. Most of the compounds were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and antitumoral activities. All the compounds had cytotoxic activities on HT29 cell lines with their IC50 values lower than 10 µM concentrations. The low IC 50 values of the compounds are M1 (3.88 µM), M2 (2.18 µM), M3 (4.2 µM), M4 (2.58 µM), M5 (2.88 µM), M6 (2.37 µM), M7 (3.49 µM), M8 (4.01 µM), M9 (8.90 µM), and M10 (3.12 µM).

The spectral analysis of 1-(3-Methy1-3-mesity1)-cyclobuty1-2-(5-thiophen-4-ethyl-2H-[1,2,4] triazol-3-ylsulfanyl)-ethanone (3) is carried out using the FT-IR, FT-NMR and UV-Vis spectra of the compound with the help of quantum computations by density functional theories. The recording of the FT-IR (40000 - 400 cm(-1)) spectra is done in solid phase, while the H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra and the UV spectrum (200-400 nm) are respectively recorded in the DMSO phase and the ethanol phase. According to the generated results, the reproduction of the crystal structural parameters and theoretical vibrational frequencies can be successfully achieved by the refined geometries. Furthermore, there is consistency between the H-1 and C-13 NMR chemical shift values and the data from the experiment. The different conformers of the compound and their minimum energies are studied by potential energy surface scan, using DFT//B3LYP/cc-pVDZ method. As the energy difference between the conformers was very small. To account for the chemical reactivity and site selectivity of the molecules, molecular electrostatic potential (MEPS) map has been plotted. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the newly synthesized compound was measured and found to exhibit significantly higher antioxidant activity.

Thiadiazole derivatives and its metal compounds have antibacterial, antifungal, antitumoral, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. In the study, the effects caused by thiadiazole ligand and its metal complexes upon the fatty acids and lipophilic vitamins in livers of rats were examined. The fatty acids in liver were specified by GC while the lipophilic vitamins were specified by HPLC. It was observed that the amounts of oleic acids (18:1, n-9) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) notably increased in the Mn complex group while the amounts of arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6) notably increased in the ligand group, compared to control group. The amounts of vitamin K2, vitamin D3 and α-tocopherol considerably increased in all groups compared to control group. It was noted that the amounts of α-tocopherol were elevated in both the Mn and Cr complex groups compared to control group. However, this elevation was matching with the amount in the same groups. Nevertheless, the amount of retinol was determined to be lower in the Mn complex group compared to other groups. Accordingly, it can be considered that thanks to the utilization of toxic metals such as manganese, cadmium and chrome, unsaturated fatty acids influenced the activities of the enzymes in liver tissue, which are in charge of fatty acid chain elongation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate biologically active novel molecules having potentials to be drugs by their antitumor properties and by activities of apoptotic caspase and topoisomerase. Following syntheses of novel eight bis(α-aminoalkyl)phosphinic acid derivatives (4a-h) as a result of array of reactions, compounds were evaluated by cytotoxic effects in vitro on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and normal endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines. All phosphinic acid derivatives were effective for cytotoxicity on both MCF-7 and HUVEC lines, while 4c, 4e, and 4f compounds were found significantly more effective. For the evaluation of antitumor properties of compounds in a highly sensitive method, their effects on inhibiting topoisomerases I and II were investigated. Also, some of the bis(α-aminoalkyl)phosphinic acid derivatives (4a, 4e-h) showed nice inhibitory action against acetylcholinesterase and human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I and II.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effects of hydroxyurea derivative Schiff bases on serum biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, urea, creatinine and total bilirubin) and antioxidant parameters (SOD, CAT, GPx, MDA). In this study, a total of 49 adult male Wistar rats was examined and they were divided into 7 equal groups. DMSO, which is diluted only with corn oil, was administered to control group. 25 mg / kg ligand, 25 mg / kg Schiff base - manganese, 25 mg / kg Schiff base-copper, 25 mg / kg Schiff base - zinc, 25 mg / kg Schiff base - nickel, 25 mg / kg Schiff base - cobalt complexes were administered to rats of experimental group subcutaneously for 15 days with three-day intervals throughout the test process. All specimens were killed by decapitation and their livers were extracted. According to the results obtained, ALT level was observed to be higher (P<0.05) in the Cu-L group compared to other groups. LDH level was observed to be higher (P<0.05) in the Cu-L and Co-L groups compared to other groups. SOD level was observed to be higher (P<0.05) in the Cu-L, Mn-L and Zn-L groups compared to other groups. MDA level was observed to be higher (P<0.05) in the Ni-L, Cu-L, Zn-L groups compared to other groups. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the determination of the pharmacological characteristics of them can be beneficial in numerous fields of application thanks to the antioxidant and hepatotoxic activities demonstrated by hydroxyurea derivative Schiff bases.