Mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, are harmful urban pests that vector many dangerous and life-threatening diseases in humans and animals. The use of synthetic chemicals is the primary strategy employed against mosquitoes, exerting various negative effects on human health and the environment. This necessitates seeking novel, eco-friendly approaches with minimal ecological consequences, such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF): which are effective biocontrol agents against many insect pests, including mosquitoes. Recently, nanoparticles have appeared as promising tools for novel pesticidal delivery mechanisms. This laboratory study evaluated the toxicity of nano-fabricated EPF Beauveria bassiana with zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles against 3rd instar Ae. albopictus larvae. The formation of nanoparticles in pesticidal stock solutions was verified by UV-visible spectroscopy and FT-IR. A slightly modified WHO-recommended larval bioassay protocol was used for the toxicity assessment. According to the bioassay results, ZnO and CuO-basedB. bassiana formulations showed the highest larval mortality values (i.e., 66-57% and 56-45%, respectively) recorded for the highest B. bassiana concentration (0.25%) at maximum exposure time (72 h). Moreover, the larval toxicity was synergized by the administration of bimetallic mycosynthesis, incurring about 77-65% larval mortality by the highest concentration (0.25%) at 72 h post-exposure. Overall study results suggest that nanoparticle-based EPF formulation can be an effective strategy against Ae. albopictus and other vector mosquitoes.

The study systematically investigated the key biological and ecological characteristics of Cyamophila willeti, a major pest of the tree species Styphnolobium japonicum. We focused on its circadian mating rhythm, oviposition preference, and the effects of temperature on population parameters. Using the age-stage, two-sex life table approach, we compared the development, reproduction, and population growth potential under different temperature conditions. Results showed that mating activity peaked at 12:00 and 17:00, with females significantly preferring shoot tips for oviposition. At 25°C, female and male adult longevities were 39.88 ± 0.93 and 46.71 ± 1.69 days, respectively, and the mean fecundity per female was 647.75 ± 52.94 eggs. At 29°C, longevity was significantly reduced to 11.88 ± 4.10 days for females and 13.89 ± 4.31 days for males, while fecundity decreased to 47.63 ± 4.26 eggs. Most nymphs did not develop beyond the fifth instar at 33°C. These findings indicate that the optimal temperature for population growth of C. willeti is around 25°C, whereas high temperatures (≥29°C) significantly suppress survival and reproduction. This study establishes a foundation for monitoring C. willeti and developing effective control strategies.

Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) originates from the South American tropics but has become a major invasive pest of tomato and other Solanaceae crops worldwide.Agricultural protected facilities (APFs) such as greenhouses and plastic tunnels may provide thermal conditions that allow the survival of T. absoluta in temperate zones with cold winters.In this study, a CLIMEX model was used to investigate the dual effects of increasing use of APFs and climate warming on the potential distribution and seasonal dynamics of T. absoluta in China.Our model showed that the northern boundary for year-round population persistence in China, ignoring APFs, was approximately 30°N, covering about 21% of China's area suitable under current climate.The modelled suitable area increased to 31% and northern boundary for year-round population persistence shifted to 40°N in 2080 under global warming.When APF refuges are included, the potential suitable area was 78% under the current climate and 79% under global warming.This suggests that, in the future, the increasing use of APFs will increase the areas at risk of T. absoluta invasion significantly more than global warming because APFs effectively protect T. absoluta from harsh northern winters.In addition, vegetable production in surrounding open fields will be at risk of invasion during milder seasons when APFs are opened and T. absoluta can disperse.Therefore, the micro-climate of APFs should be considered as part of the invasion process, and Integrated Pest Management should be simultaneously implemented inside and outside APFs for the rational management T. absoluta.

Growth retardation affects the health and production of livestock, while overexertion can cause sudden cardiac arrest. Both cases are considered to be metabolic disorders and are detrimental to livestock production. Effective measures for relieving or treating these disorders are scarce. However, Pimpinella thellungiana H. Wolff (P. thellungiana), a medicinal herb, has been reported to relieve growth retardation and overexertion in ethnopharmacological clinical trials. This paper summarizes and classifies a total of 106 bioactive compounds that were isolated and identified from P. thellungiana, including flavonoids, simple phenylpropanoids, coumarins, volatile compounds, and simple polyphenols, and discusses its pharmaceutical benefits, including its growth-promoting, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective properties. The nutrition, metabolism, biological activities, and pharmacological effects of the principal compounds of P. thellungiana in livestock are reviewed, as well as their potential molecular targets and metabolic signaling pathways in which these compounds are involved. However, the pharmacological and toxicological effects of some compounds have not been well documented, and further investigations of the bioactive compounds are needed. Such studies are crucial for the development of natural drugs or feed additives from P. thellungiana to alleviate growth retardation and mitigate injuries from overexertion in livestock.

“新农科”建设要求人才培养紧紧围绕“四新”发展需要开展，要求培养融合产业发展和多学科要求的高素质专业人才。昆虫学实习是植保、农学、园艺等涉农专业的必修实践课，目前存在学生专业背景参差、教学模式老旧、评价方式相对单一等问题，已不能满足新需求。结合多年教学总结，提出优化教学大纲、课程融入思政元素、多途径加强实践平台建设、创新改革教育教学方法及评价体系等建议，以期完善课程体系，为探索符合我国新农科背景下的新型人才培养模式提供思路。

近年来,南疆多地枣园零星发生的一种食心虫突然大量发生,严重危害我区的红枣产业发展.经2021、2022两年研究,确定塔里木垦区暴发的可致红枣流胶、大量蛀果的食心虫为桃小食心虫,该成虫5月中旬在枣园始现,9月中旬越冬,6月底数量达到一个高峰,8月中下旬出现第二个高峰.

Abstract Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) is a serious fruit-boring pest in eastern Asia. In China, it is one of the most harmful and common pests in deciduous fruit trees, causing an annual loss of more than a billion yuan. However, economic losses to the jujube industry as a result of C. sasakii damage remain undefined. In this study, we collected related data on C. sasakii, the market price of jujube, and costs of its prevention and management. The potential economic losses of China's jujube industry caused by C. sasakii were predicted using @RISK (Palisade, Raleigh, NC) software and a stochastic simulation method, which is the universal model of potential economic loss assessment for economically important fruit flies. Our results showed that the total economic losses potentially caused by C. sasakii to China's jujube industry are approximately 8,643.41–350,524.15 million RMB (RMB is the legal tender in China; approximately 1,338.00–54,261.14 million USD) if the pest was not managed and approximately 2,487.15–123,242.12 million RMB (about 385.01–19, 077.88 million USD) when management was applied. Therefore, a loss of approximately 841.83–244,144.06 million RMB (approximately 130.32–37,793.50 million USD) can be logically retrieved after controlling this pest. As a result, we suggest that related organizations and pest management practitioners strengthen prevention and control measures of C. sasakii to reduce the risk of economic loss by decreasing the infestation level of C. sasakii in jujube production and, thus, economic losses after infestation.

鉴定并描述发生在新疆阿拉尔的一种为害枣树果实的害虫,以期对红枣生产中该害虫防治提供理论依据.采用形态学及DNA条形码技术对该物种进行鉴定,进一步对其生物学记录和描述.通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定该虫为甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua),在发生的枣园可以取食红枣叶片、蛀食枣果为害,影响枣树的生长和产量.甜菜夜蛾作为杂食性、暴发性害虫,在枣园由于灰绿藜等杂草防除后可转移到红枣上为害,并造成损失.

Synthetic insecticides heavily applied to manage agricultural pests are highly hazardous to the environment and non-target organisms. Their overuse through repeated treatments in smallholder farming communities is frequent. Botanical biopesticides are ideal for sustainable pest management in agricultural environments by keeping synthetic insecticide use at a minimum. Here we evaluated a locally prepared neem seed extract (NSE) alongside emamectin benzoate against both lepidopteran pests Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) on tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill under natural field conditions in Pakistan. We compared pest severity, fruit injury, quality, marketability, and cost:benefit ratio (CBR) between treatments. The concentration of azadirachtin A in the NSE was 26.5 ppm. NSE at 2% (20 mL/L) and the emamectin benzoate at the recommended field rate in Pakistan were sprayed weekly throughout the fruiting stage. The pest larvae were significantly more abundant on fruits than on flowers and leaves. Fruit injury and losses were significantly more important in untreated control compared to NSE and emamectin benzoate treatments. NSE efficacy varied with respect to the cultivars used and the seasons. Cultivar Eden harboured more pests than Adventa, and emamectin benzoate suppressed more pest individuals than NSE. Both the insecticidal treatments were comparable in terms of marketable yield productions as well as unmarketable, uninjured, and recovered fruit yields. NSE generated a higher CBR (1: 9.26) than emamectin benzoate (1: 3.23). NSE suppressed pests by acting as an antifeedant, similar to its synthetic counterpart. Smallholder growers can thus use NSE as a cost-effective solution in tomato pest management in Pakistan.

近年来,南疆喀什、阿克苏等地有一种蛀食红枣果实的食心虫类害虫突然大量出现,果实被害率可达到24％,达到严重危害水平,经2015年新疆农业大学病虫害专家鉴定该害虫为桃小食心虫.在过去的研究中,红枣上的病虫害相对较少,传统生产中主要防治枣瘿蚊、介壳虫等,枣实蝇是重要的检疫害虫,桃小食心虫是南疆近年出现的新害虫,针对桃小食心虫的研究尚缺乏系统扎实的试验数据印证.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Xylotrechus namanganensis was sequenced. The genome size was 15,565 bp, which consists of 13 protein-encoding genes, 22 tRNA-encoding genes, 2 rRNA-encoding genes and 1D-loop control region. The base composition of mitogenome was biased toward A + T content, of which was 73.21%. The phylogenetic tree based on complete mitogenome sequences revealed that T. namanganensis had a closer relationship with X. grayii.

分析枣瘿蚊图尔病毒(DjTV-2a)衣壳蛋白的理化性质、蛋白结构及抗原表位.从UniProt数据库中得到DjTV-2a衣壳蛋白的氨基酸序列,利用Expasy、TMHMM、DNAStar、SignalP 5.0、TMHMM、NetPhos 3.1、NET CGlyc 1.0、SOPMA、SWISS-MODEL等生物信息学软件,预测DjTV-2a衣壳蛋白的理化性质、氨基酸组成、亲疏水性、信号肽、跨膜结构、磷酸化位点、糖基化位点、二级结构、三级结构和抗原表位等.结果表明,DjTV-2 a衣壳蛋白是由449个氨基酸构成的亲水蛋白,分子式为C2337H3607N601O689S15,分子量为51.6 ku,理论等电点为5.98;主要二级结构是无规则卷曲,存在82个磷酸化位点和1个糖基化位点,无信号肽和跨膜结构;该蛋白有21个B细胞优势抗原表位和10个T细胞优势抗原表位.DjTV-2 a衣壳蛋白属亲水蛋白,具有多个抗原表位,预测其具有免疫原性,是可用作建立血清学检测技术的潜在抗原.

[目的]研究不同盐胁迫对桂桑优12种子萌发的影响,分析其对不同盐胁迫的耐受性,为新疆桑树引种和推广提供理论依据.[方法]以桑树品种桂桑优12种子为试材,采用0.025～0.25 mol/L的碱性混合盐(NaCl+Na2 CO3)、中性单盐(NaCl)和中性混合盐(NaCl+Na2 SO4)胁迫处理种子,测定发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量,用隶属函数法综合评价其耐盐性.[结果]随着3种盐溶液浓度的增加,桂桑优12种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降的趋势,而其游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量均呈上升的趋势;桂桑优12种子发芽率与盐浓度间的回归关系显著.在碱性混合盐、中性单盐和中性混合盐3种盐胁迫下,桂桑优12种子萌发的适宜浓度分别为0.0431、0.0408和0.0364 mol/L,耐盐极限浓度分别为0.2524、0.2959和0.2905 mol/L;桂桑优12种子萌发对3种盐胁迫抗性的综合评价值分别为:3.565、3.905和5.027.[结论]3种盐溶液对桂桑优12桑树种子萌发的胁迫,最严重为碱性混合盐,最轻的为中性混合盐.

为明确尖翅小卷蛾对扁秆藨草的取食效果及其棉田种群控制作用,进而明确对该杂草的生物防治作用,采用养虫室盆栽定量接种尖翅小卷蛾幼虫测定扁秆藨草的心叶干枯率、整株的枯死率和球茎的被蛀食率,并结合棉田常规管理下尖翅小卷蛾的自然控草情况.结果表明,以20头/箱的尖翅小卷蛾幼虫蛀食可导致杂草心叶干枯数为10.3株/箱,整株枯死数为18.7株/箱,控草率达96.7％,球茎被蛀食约占21.0％.当尖翅小卷蛾幼虫投虫量大于0.8头/株时,杂草死亡率可达80％以上,球茎防控率可达28.9％以上.棉田中尖翅小卷蛾对棉田扁秆藨草的自然控制效果在30.6％～81.6％之间.因此,尖翅小卷蛾幼虫对扁秆藨草具有明显的取食效果和田间扁秆藨草种群控制作用.

为明确新疆阿拉尔垦区春灌及化学防治措施对红枣园枣瘿蚊的种群控制效果,选择树势相同、管理措施一致的红枣园,分别采用春灌与枣瘿蚊成虫发生高峰期喷施毒死蜱、高效氯氰菊酯措施,调查黄板上诱集的成虫数量.结果发现:4月22日至6月12日春灌枣园枣瘿蚊成虫发生量明显高于未春灌枣园,45％毒死蜱乳油和4.5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油对枣瘿蚊成虫的控制作用较好,二者先后交替使用能够有效控制枣瘿蚊种群数量.

决定香梨优斑螟性别的基因尚不清楚,推测香梨优斑螟Sex-lethal(EPSXL)基因是潜在的主要性别决定基因,拟研究其在雌、雄个体不同组织及发育时期的表达.利用生物信息学软件预测香梨优斑螟EPSXL基因的氨基酸序列、分析蛋白质特性和构建近缘物种进化树,并采用荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在头、胸、腹、翅中的表达情况.发现EPSXL基因编码区长度为1005 bp,编码334个氨基酸,具有2个保守的RRM结构域.其蛋白为碱性亲水性蛋白质,二级结构以α螺旋和无规则卷曲为主,有51个磷酸化位点和2个N-糖基化位点,不存在跨膜结构及信号肽.对比发现,EPSXL氨基酸序列与脐橙螟ATSXL的序列相似性最高.在雄性香梨优斑螟中EPSXL在成虫期和蛹期中mRNA表达量较高,在雌性中则在1龄和3龄幼虫期中表达量较高,在雄性腹部和胸部中的表达量极显著高于雌性相应组织.EPSXL蛋白具有2个保守的功能结构域,该基因mRNA表达在不同性别与组织间差异明显,能够为深入研究其功能提供理论依据.

家蚕肠道菌群与蚕体对营养物质的消化吸收及健康密切相关.通过饲喂苏优一号家蚕3种不同处理的桑叶,探讨不同处理桑叶饲喂对家蚕肠道菌群的影响及可能的作用机制,为新疆蚕区家蚕肠道微生物种类组成及多样性差异提供一定的理论依据.以正常饲喂组、含沙桑叶组、高湿桑叶组等3种处理方式,饲喂5龄幼虫,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)法对家蚕肠道微生物进行DNA提取,之后通过琼脂凝胶电泳检测DNA的浓度,以16S rDNA高通量测序技术研究不同饲喂组家蚕肠道微生物种类组成及多样性.结果表明,苏优一号优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),优势菌科为Chloroplast-norank科和伯克氏菌科(Burkholderiaceae),优势菌属为Chloroplast-noranks属、水杆菌属、Tyzzerella-3属等.正常桑叶饲喂组水杆菌属的含量显著高于其他处理,肠球菌属(Enterococcus)仅存在于含沙桑叶饲喂组,而不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)仅在正常饲喂组.α多样性指数分析发现Simpson指数B处理显著高于其他处理,Chao1、Faith_pd、Goods_coverage和Observed_species指数组间无差异,而Shannon和Pielou_e指数有差异但不显著.说明桑叶表面沙尘和水分都能影响家蚕肠道微生物丰度,其中沙尘能够影响肠道微生物群落结构.

为了提高林学、生态学等相关专业学生及科研人员的运算速度和效率,通过Excel软件的应用,详细地讲述了《生态学》《森林生态学》等课程中植物群落结构原始数据如何处理、群落中树木种类如何快速统计、群落树种数量特征值和群落树种重要值如何计算等方面知识,为相关专业学生、科研人员处理群落调查等实验数据提供一些技术支持和理论指导.

为了建立枣瘿蚊图尔病毒(DjTV-2a)的PCR检测方法,通过提取枣瘿蚊总基因组DNA和设计DiTV-2a特异性引物,以DNA模板(80,100,120 ng),引物浓度(0.7,0.8,0.9μmol·L-1),dNTP(0.2,0.3,0.4 mmol·L-1),Taq酶(1.25,1.35,1.45 U)为变量,采用正交设计筛选最佳PCR反应体系,建立与优化DjTV-2a的PCR检测方法.结果表明:正交设计的9组PCR反应体系均能够扩增和检测该病毒,且DNA模板100 ng,引物0.7μmol·L-1,dNTPs 0.4 mmol·L-1和Taq酶1.35U反应体系扩增效果最佳;对最佳PCR反应体系进行退火温度(46,48,50,52,54,56℃)优化,发现52℃为引物最佳退火温度.综上分析,在50μL反应体系下,引物退火温度为52℃,模板DNA量100 ng,引物0.7μmol·L-1,dNTPs 0.4 mmol·L-1,Taq酶1.35 U是DiTV-2a的最佳PCR扩增体系,可用于该病毒的检测.

国槐尺蠖是一种寡食性害虫,为害国槐、龙爪槐等,随着城市化进程加快,绿化树种跨区调运较为常见,导致该害虫长距离扩散,近年在新疆阿拉尔市被发现,为详细了解此害虫.通过查阅相关文献和调研,对国槐尺蠖的分布、形态特征、为害、发生规律和防治技术等方面进行了总结,以期为该害虫治理提供理论参考.