64Mp CIS with 0.5um pixels has been developed with three wafer layers (e.g. top-wafer for PDs and TG TRs, mid-wafer for pixel TRs, and bottom-wafer for the analog and logic circuits). The RTS noise was reduced by 85% compared to ones of the conventional structure with over 6,000e-FWC as similar to our previous research [1] - [3]. In addition, the FD conversion gain was improved by 67% with the Miller effect due to the reduction of the DCNT capacitance.

Brackish water zones are areas with high ecological conservation value. In this study, 325 river estuaries in the Korean peninsula in individual sea areas (West Sea, South Sea, and East Sea) were divided into types of estuaries (upstream and downstream of open estuaries, closed estuaries) through the assessment of the health of the estuary aquatic ecosystems and fish communities were identified. An ecological assessment was carried out using the Korea Estuary Fish Assessment Index (KEFAI). The number of species increased as the size of the river increased in the case of small estuaries but gradually decreased in the case of large estuaries. In the closed estuaries, the relative abundances (RAs) of primary freshwater fish were the highest; however, in the open estuaries, the RAs of estuary fish were the highest. Non-metric dimensional analysis results suggested that there was a clear difference between the fish assemblages in the closed and open estuaries. The overall results of this study were that the RA of tolerant species was higher, and KEFAI was lower in closed estuaries than in open estuaries, indicating the negative effects of the construction of transverse structures on fish assemblages. The health of these estuarine ecosystems can be improved by addressing these negative effects.

As the automotive and AI industries are expanding rapidly, global-shutter (GS) image sensors are playing a more significant role in the perception system. More specifically, GS image sensors are required in various fields involving IR, including the face-ID in mobile devices, the driver monitoring system in automotive applications, and factory automation. GS image sensors are necessary for these applications because they can capture freeze-frame images without motion distortion due to their advantage in the pixel operation method. The simultaneous pixel exposure and in-pixel storing capability allow GS image sensors to achieve high-quality imaging, while the sequential pixel exposure and readout of rolling-shutter (RS) image sensors results in image distortion known as the jello effect. For mobile and automotive applications, a small form factor while maintaining a low parasitic light sensitivity (PLS) and low noise is crucial. In conventional backside illuminated (BSI) charge-domain GS image sensors, a light-shielding structure over the storage area must be formed in order to suppress the influence of parasitic light during the readout operation. Therefore, the introduction of such a light-shielding structure reduces the effective photodiode area, which results in a loss of full-well capacity (FWC), light sensitivity of the sensor, and pixel scalability.

Abstract To adapt to ecological and environmental conditions, species can change their ecological niche (e.g., interactions among species) and function (e.g., prey‐predation, diet competition, and habitat segregation) at the species and guild levels. Stable isotope analysis of bulk carbon and nitrogen of organisms has conventionally been used to evaluate such adaptabilities in the scenopoetic and bionomic views as the isotopic niche width. Compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of nitrogen within amino acids provides trophic information without any disruption of scenopoetic views in the isotope ratios, unlike conventional bulk isotope analysis provides both information and therefore frequently hinders its usefulness for trophic information. We performed CSIA of amino acids to understand the trophic variability of the pike gudgeon Pseudogobio esocinus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides as representative specialist and generalist fish species, respectively, from 16 ecologically variable habitats in the four major rivers of Korea. There was little variation (1σ) in the trophic position (TP) among habitats for P. esocinus (± 0.2); however, there was considerably large variation for M. salmoides (± 0.6). The TP of M. salmoides was negatively correlated with the benthic invertebrate indices of the habitats, whereas the TP of P. esocinus showed no significant correlation with any indices. Thus, these two representative fish species have different trophic responses to ecological conditions, which is related to known differences in the trophic niche between specialists (i.e., small niche width) and generalists (i.e., large niche width). Over the past four decades, the conventional bulk isotope analysis has not been capable of deconvoluting “scenopoetic” and “bionomic” information. However, in the present study, we demonstrated that the CSIA of amino acids could isolate trophic niches from the traditional ecological niche composed of trophic and habitat information and evaluated how biological and ecological indices influence the trophic response of specialists and generalists.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in rivers are an important factor in pollution management due to the abundance of stored carbon. Using fluorescent spectroscopy, we investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of DOM compositions, as well as their properties, for two of the major four regulated rivers—Han River (HR) and Geum River (GR) in South Korea. We collected eight sampling sites, four from each of the two rivers (from close to the weirs) in order to observe the integrated effects of different land use (terrestrial input) during the monsoon (July) and post-monsoon periods (September). High integral values of DOM compositions (July: 30.81 ± 9.71 × 103 vs. September: 1.78 ± 0.66 × 103) were present in all eight sites after heavy rainfall during the monsoon period, which indicated that Asian monsoon climates occupy a potent role in the DOM compositions of the rivers. Regarding DOM compositions, tryptophan-like and fulvic acid-like components were predominant in HR and GR, especially in GR with high integral values of protein-like and humus components. However, the properties of terrestrial DOM between HR and GR are markedly different. These results considered due to the different land use, where the terrestrial DOM shows a low degree of humification due to a high percentage of agriculture and urban land use in GR. Furthermore, these two rivers are typical regulated rivers, due to their weir constructions. High values of DOM components were present in the downstream of the weirs; however, increasingly high patterns appeared in the HR because of heavy rainfall (511.01 mm in HR; 376.33 mm in GR). In addition, a lower increasing trend of humic-like component was present in the GR due to a low percentage of forest land use/cover. These results suggest that the effect of the weir on rivers can be highlighted by the different percentages of land use/cover under the conditions of the monsoon period. Hence, DOM fluorescence can serve as an effective indicator for providing an early signal for the complex impacts of the different land use and rainfall in the regulated river systems.

This study elaborately analyzes the lithium-ion battery pack in series and parallel connection installed in space applications through environmental tests that typically composed of three tests: half-sine shock, sine vibration and random vibration. These tests are well conducted based on the internal certification standard and the space industry standard. Above all, from basic equivalent electrical circuit modeling of the high-power 18650-HE4 cell based series/parallel battery packs of 4S4P with rectangular and cube types, some internal parameters were minutely extracted and compared to check which environmental test adversely affects the battery pack's electrochemical characteristics and its electrical performance. Moreover, maximum/minimum cell voltages and their differences measured in four series point and internal temperature measured in five points inside the two battery packs are compared. For reference, in order to analyze the impact of the battery pack clearly, this study further analyzed some single cells with various impacts through identical environmental test profiles. Above analyses and comparisons can help to get a solution for finding a suitable shape for space application with a parameter change rate according to the different shape of the battery pack. In particular, the necessity of a modified equivalent electrical circuit modeling of the battery pack varied by environmental tests can be sufficiently suggested. Accurate information on internal parameters of the cell and battery pack contributes to the high-fidelity state-of charge (SOC) estimation and state-of-health (SOH) prediction in vibration and shock environments such as electric vehicle (EV), satellites and space-launch vehicles. (C) 2018 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

To estimate the impact of weirs on large river fish communities, we applied the ecological niche space (ENS) measured quantitatively using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios to the monitoring of effects of weirs constructed on four major rivers in Korea. ENS was calculated using the Bayesian stable isotope in R statistics. The ENS of fish communities showed persistent differences between upstream and downstream areas of all studied weirs. The ENSs of omnivores were larger in upstream impounded areas but the ENSs of predator species, both endemic (Erythroculter erythropterus) and exotic (Micropterus salmoides) predators had decreased ENSs in upstream areas. E. erythropterus showed horizontal variations in a wide range of carbon stable isotopes, whereas M. salmoides showed vertical variations in nitrogen stable isotopes. The results suggest that weir construction may have species-specific impact on the ENS of fish community by impoundment and increase niche overlap in upstream areas of the weir. The measured ENS of fish community was significantly correlated with the relative abundance of tolerant species negatively, whereas correlated with that of endemic species positively, suggesting that the ENS can be used as a comprehensive indicator of habitat conditions.

This research aims to evaluate Li-Ion cell failures under environmental (vibration and shock) and safety (over-discharge/-charge, and short) tests. For this objective, this research considered six Li-Ion different cells such as four NCA (Li[NiCoAl]O-2) cells for high-power and two NMC (Li[NiMnCo]O-2) cells for high-energy. After vibration and shock tests in X, Y, Z axis based on each procedure predetermined, discharge capacities and internal resistances are respectively compared before and after. It is also judged whether experimental NCA and NMC cells are suitable or not in space application under a predetermined condition of safety tests. Additional results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are discussed.

Nature-like fishways, designed to mimic a small natural stream, have been widely used in river restoration projects as well as in rivers with dams and weirs. Because they are built with diverse natural materials similar to those in natural streams, we aimed to estimate the self-purification ability of nature-like fishways. Monthly sampling was conducted at inlet and outlet points of two nature-like fishways in Korea: the Baekjae and Sejong fishways. Two artificial fishways and main river channels were also evaluated to be used as references. Suspended solids (SS), chlorophyll a (Chl. a ), and plankton abundances were measured. A significant reduction in plankton abundances and decrease in SS and Chl. a were observed in nature-like fishways, and no significant changes were observed in concrete artificial fishways and main river channels. In Baekjae and Sejong fishways, average 28.2% and 14.9% of the SS concentrations were reduced, respectively. The Chl. a concentration also significantly decreased (44.8% and 29.8% in Baekjae and Sejong fishways, respectively). A decreasing pattern was more apparent in the Baekjae fishway, which is longer and has a slower water velocity. The rate of decrease was higher when SS and Chl. a concentrations were high at the inlet points. Thus, we confirmed that particulate organic matters could be reduced in nature-like fishways. However, the direct cause and purification process mechanisms in them could not be clearly identified. Further studies should examine the biological and chemical mechanisms in fishways, allowing us to estimate their capacity for self-purification.

The length-weight relationships (LWRs) for 19 freshwater fish species in Upo Wetland, South Korea, were analyzed. Fish samples were collected quarterly using scoop-nets (5mm mesh), casting nets (7mm mesh) and a fixed shore net (15mm mesh) from 2007 to 2014. LWRs data for three species have not yet been listed in FishBase.