The aim of the present study was to model a community- based development approach in neighborhood development planning using structural equation methods. The analytical-descriptive research method is applied with a practical purpose and the approach governing the research space with a methodological focus is a quantitative approach. Two library and survey methods have been used to gather information on the subject of study. The statistical population studied in this study is all people over 18 years of age in the study neighborhood of Abarkouh city (Golkaran). Using a questionnaire tool that was adjusted according to the Likert spectrum, it was collected and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which includes both the total coefficient and the coefficient of different sections in the dimensions of the questionnaire and also to determine the validity of the questionnaire. Experts in the field of urban planning benefited. In the data analysis section, two levels of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to measure and evaluate the amount of components affecting the community-based development approach and also to formulate an operational model in the study neighborhood using structural equation model in Amos software environment. Was. This model examines the interrelationships and interactions of variables and the degree of effectiveness and effectiveness of each other.The results of data analysis using the model of structural equations show that having a community-based approach to neighborhood development has a direct and significant effect on promoting neighborhood development.

Abstract:According to the statistics of the Organization of the Environment, a total of 48 days of air pollution exceeds the admissible threshold (AQI more than 150) for the three months of the year. These days coincide with the time when Tehran's inversion reaches its maximum stability. The purpose of the present study was first to determine the height of air pollution in Tehran on the days when pollution exceeds the permissible limit. It also aims to study the pressure and temperature masses of such days, considering the geographical and topographic conditions, and finally to identify the best of these cells for theoretically possible air turbulence. The results of this study, based on Tehran temperature and pressure data over a 15-year period (2003-2017), show that the highest elevation of Tehran inversion does not exceed 1800 meters on polluted days. Only within 6 days of whole days beyond the admissible threshold, temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of such cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, as well as a temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December. Based on the results and topographic conditions as well as the cell adaptation to such conditions, it seems that theoretically, it is possible to artificially create air turbulence in Tehran to mitigate the contamination amount.Extended AbstractIntroductionTehran is one of the largest and the most crowded cities that suffers from air pollution. On some days of the year, the amount of contaminating and pollution elements increases so much that breathing is very difficult for inhabitants. The Air Quality Index (AQI) varies over the course of a year in Tehran. During autumn and winter, Tehran becomes more polluted. Atmospheric temperature inversion worsens air pollution during that period. The two factors of climate and topography are affecting air pollution in Tehran. These two factors are emphasized in this research to look for a way to eliminate or at least decrease the pollution of Tehran's air. This research focuses on vertical and horizontal exchanges via atmospheric mixing by defining the good conditions for instability during the inversion periods in Tehran. If there are suitable mixing conditions (identified with cells of pressure and/or temperature), we could define the best status for instability. There is a need to know the differences between temperature and pressure that give rise to air turbulence. MethodologyFirstly, the pressure and temperature maps were drawn at different levels of the atmosphere. Further, based on these maps, the levels that had the most number cells of pressure and temperature with the most gradient were selected. This revealed the degree of differences in temperature and pressure that cells should have to create instability. We used the synoptic stations and the air pollution testing stations as well as Google Earth, Arc GIS, Surfer, and Voxler software DiscussionIn the first step, we find the days when the AQI (Air Quality Index) was greater than 150 as dangerous days of pollution from 2003 until 2017. In order to calculate the average inversion level, Radiosonde data were used. The height of the inversion phenomenon in Tehran is not the same in the target months (January, November, and December). The highest inversion height in the target months is 1800 m and the lowest is 1300 m. Exceedance of the AQI index or the pollution crisis threshold does not cover all areas of Tehran in the target months. That is, while some districts of Tehran experience higher pollution than the thresholds, others do not. During December, the expanse of pollution in Tehran is wider than other target months.Next, based on the determined inversion levels, the zoning maps of pressure and temperature on critical days of pollution were drawn in the target months. From among them, maps containing temperature and pressure cells were selected, then a matrix was prepared for all cells in the selected maps and their Newtonian mass was calculated. This matrix represents the cells that have the gradient because the two factors of cell difference and distances play a major role in their triggering. Finally, for each month, two temperature and pressure cells with the highest Newtonian mass were selected.In order to investigate the effect of topographic terrains on temperature and pressure cells, and to further understand the location of these cells, the temperature and pressure cells were overlain on the topography of the area. For this purpose, a 3D map of the area’s heights was plotted, and the synoptic stations, pressure, and temperature cells overlapped for analysis and investigation. ConclusionThe following results were obtained by drawing and examining the pressure and temperature maps:1) There are two cells in the November temperature map at Imam Khomeini Airport Station and Mehrabad Station. Imam Khomeini's cell is located at an altitude of 990.2 meters near the low elevation range of southern Shahriar. Mehrabad cell is located at an elevation of 1190 meters and in the easterly part of the southern Alborz Mountains.2) The temperature maps of January with two cells of geophysics and Shemiran are 1423.8 m and 1548.2 meters, respectively. The two formed cells are located in the recesses of the southern slope of the Alborz Mountains, and it may be noted that the confinement of cell formation zones may influence the formation of these temperature cells.3) The December temperature map contains two cells of geophysics and Shemiran, which are located at altitudes of 1423.8 and 1548.2, respectively. These two cells are also located in the indentation of the southern slope of the Alborz Mountains.4) On the map of November pressure difference, two cells of Chitgar at 1305.2 height and Imam Khomeini airport cell at 990.2 height are located. The Chitgar Cell lies on the southern slope of Alborz, where the heights have advanced, and the Imam Khomeini Airport cell is near the low-lying slopes south of Shahriar. The formation of these pressure cells at the sites mentioned may be affected by the air currents in the area. These currents, due to the advance of the southern slopes of the eastern highlands, divert the surface winds of these currents to the southern plains and increase the relative wind velocity at these points.5) The January pressure difference map shows two cells of Mehrabad with a height of 1190.2 and Chitgar with a height of 1305.2 meters. The two cells are located on the eaves of the southern Alborz Mountains.6) December pressure maps showed two cells of geophysics and Mehrabad. These two cells were located at 1423.8 and 1190.2, respectively. These two cells are located on the northern elevation of Tehran. In fact, this part of the southern slope of Alborz is indented, and this retreat can be effective in winds and existing cells.According to the obtained results, among all days that the AQI passes the threshold, only in 6 days, temperature and pressure closed cells with the highest Newtonian mass are formed. The center of these cells shows a pressure difference of 32 milligrams in November, 7 milligrams in January, 100 milligrams in December, and the temperature difference of 1.1 degrees in November, 4.4 degrees in January, and 1.9 degrees in December.Generally, considering the formed cells by the temperature and pressure difference and the gradient between them as well as the difference in height between the cells and their location and pointing out that the local winds cause the difference of temperature and pressure, it seems that, theoretically, it is possible to create artificial air turbulence in Tehran within the study area to control the contamination amount. Knowledge of the conditions in the study area is natural in this study and there is no uniformity pattern for all areas in the subject area. This study was conducted only for a limited period of 15 years (from 2003 to 2017) in the study area of ​​Tehran province and also all analyses were performed on the basis of statistics measured in synoptic stations in this area. It should be emphasized that all reviews and results are based on this range and the data and cannot be generalized. Keywords: Inversion, Air Pollution, Thermal Cells, Pressure Cells, Tehran. References- Ccoyllo, S. O. R., & Andrade, M. F. (2002). The influence of meteorological conditions on the behavior of Sapaolo Brazil. (n.p).- Dutta, J., Chowdhury, C., Roy, S., Middya, A. I., & Gazi, F. (2017). Towards smart city: Sensing air quality in city based on opportunistic crown-sensing. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Distributed Computing and Networking, Hyderabad, India, 5–7.- Fargkou, M. C. (2009). Evaluation of urban sustainability through a metabolic perspective. PhD Thesis, Environmental Sciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona.- Fortelli, A., Scafetta, N., & Mazzarella A. (2016). Influence of synoptic and local atmospheric patterns on PM10 air pollution levels: A model application to Naples (Italy). Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 143, 218-228.- Ma, J., Chen, L. L., Guo, Y., Wu, Q., Yang, M., Wu, M. H., & Kannan, K. (2014). Phthalate diester in Airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in a suburban area of Shanghai: Seasonal distribution and risk assessment. Journal of Science of the Total Environment, 497, 467-474.- Mohan, M., & Kandya, A. (2007). An analysis of the annual and seasonal trends of air quality index of Delhi. Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 131(1-3), 267-277.- Molina, M. J., & Molina, L. T. (2004). Megacities and atmospheric pollution. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 54(6), 644-680.- Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Basagan, X., Dadvand, P., Martinez, D., Cirach, M., Beelen, R., & Jacquemin, B. (2014). Air pollution and human fertility rates. Environmental International, 70, 9-14.- Song, X. D., Wang, S., Hao, C., & Qiu, J. S. (2014). Investigation of SO2 gas adsorption in metal-organic frameworks by molecular simulation. Journal of Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 46, 277-281.- Tian, G., Qiao, Z., & Xu, X. (2014). Characteristics of Particulate matter (PM10) and its relationship with meteorological factors during 2001-2012 in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 192, 266-274.- Xing, Y., Horner, R. M. W., El-Haram, M. A., & Bebbington, J. (2009). A framework model for assessing sustainability impacts of urban development. Journal of Accounting Forum, 33, 209-224.

Regional foresight is one of the regional planning approaches that increase the ability to deal with uncertainty and changes. This study aims to provide an overview of regional foresight studies and domain map to evaluate their merits and defects and direct future studies in this field. For this purpose, 111 papers related to regional foresight were identified at the "Web of Science" in the period 2000 to 2019 and used as the basis for further analysis. These papers have been reviewed in various aspects. In addition, the domain map of regional foresight and its intellectual bases was drawn based on co-citation analysis of these papers and their 4194 references. The domain map includes five main clusters of research areas or intellectual bases for regional foresight: normative forecasting, participation, foresight in policy and strategy, innovation systems, and multi-level governance. Finally, the merits and defects of regional foresight studies are evaluated based on research results and some suggestions are provided for future studies.

Introduction The settlement space has certain logic and rules. The Persian Gulf was 70 meters higher than today sea level. The result of this uplift is the coastal plains which in phenomenological term is called marine context. It is important for a geomorphologist to understand the geomorphological analysis of the rules of the residence in marine context. This study attempted to raise new concepts in geomorphology based on discourse analysis and a phenomenological interpretation to derive the mathematical logic of residence on the shores of the Persian Gulf. The results obtained by this method show that urban residence in the marine context of Khuzestan follow Bifurcation rule, rural residence in the marine context of Khuzestan follow meandering convex rule, and the coastal residence in the marine context of Bushehr Bandar Abbas follow frequency.

Background: The concept of allometry states that the relative rate of change of a system unit is a constant fraction of the relative rate of change of the entire system, or of another part of the system. This concept is stated as a nonlinear relationship and has been verified in a variety of natural systems. Materials and Methods: The allometric relations in various phases of basin evolution in forms of static and dynamic models was investigated. In order to study the dynamic allometry, a model consisting of two basins was developed. The evolution stages and the erosion changes caused by artificial rainfall and tectonic movements and also in static form (natural basins) were monitored. Results: The existence of allometric relations in drainage basins that are progressing toward the equilibrium (natural basins and basins affected by erosion) are significant and verifiable. This kind of relations do not exist in tectonic affected basins that were moving away from the equilibrium. Conclusions: Allometric relations in drainage basins can define different states of system such as equilibrium. Moreover, any factor that causes the basin to move away from equilibrium needs to have an initial effect on basin relations to cause disorder in the system, and this change, in many cases, can be formulated or demonstrated by allometric model. Therefore the allometric equations could be considered an important tool in predicting the evolution of drainage basins and assessing their performance in the past and present.

Climate changes are the main motivation for destruction of ecosystems; in fact the effects of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystems are considered as the most challenging cases in present century. Therefore, since the lakes are the most important services and functions of ecosystems, the effect of climate change on water level fluctuations of Tashk and Bakhtegan Lakes was analyzed as a natural ecosystem in this essay. For this purpose, the data related to six parameters of temperature, precipitation, evaporation, sunshine hours and snowy days were selected during 25-year statistical period (1985-2010), and Mann-Kendall test was used to determine the trend of changes in each time series. Inflow system of the lake, the volume of evaporation and area of water were simulated and fluctuation of lake was also assessed by using dynamic analysis method and to achieve to lake level and analysis of its fluctuations in period under study, the satellite images of Landsat 7 and ETM 5-1 were used in two high waters of April 1987 and April 2010. Results indicate that the lake level has been dropped 6 meters in 2010 compared to the similar period of 1986; in wet years that the rainfall is more than 618/5 mm, high water level is the lake conditions in all months of the year; unlike in most years when rainfall occurred under average of 365.4 mm, lake is faced with dry condition that is mainly due to the reduce of icemaker area, rainfall reduction, increase in evaporation and temperature. These conditions show the extent to which the lake is fragile and affected by climatic conditions that the most obvious evidence of it is decline of genetic storages such as Tashk and Bakhtegan lakes and subsequently instability of the region and reducing of services and ecosystems' functions.

In this paper, among multi-criteria models for complex decision-making and multiple-attribute models for assigning the most preferable choice, the technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution (TOPSIS) is implied. The main objective of this research is to identify potential natural hazards in Bandar Abbas city, Iran, using TOPSIS model, which is based on an analytical hierarchy process structure. A set of 12 relevant geomorphologic parameters, including earthquake frequency, distance from the earthquake epicentre, number of faults, flood, talus creep, landslide, land subsidence, tide, hurricane and tidal wave, dust storms with external source, wind erosion and sea level fluctuations are considered to quantify inputs of the model. The outputs of this study indicate that one region, among three assessed regions, has the maximum potential occurrence of natural hazards, while it has been urbanized at a greater rate compared to other regions. Furthermore, based on Delphi method, the earthquake frequency and the landslide are the most and the least dangerous phenomena, respectively.

The term “Geographic Sciences” has gradually changed into other scientific structures in the form of Geographic Sciences Departments. The educational system of Iran is no exception to delivering this issue in such formats. With no doubt the evolution in this field cannot be restricted to one form and if we do not seek to make fundamental changes in the epistemological foundations in this realm, there will not be any major or effective change that would contribute to the knowledge regarding civilization.Kohen (1962) in this respect announces: Basic idea was to challenge the traditional view that the development of science takes place by the gradual accumulation of discoveries and inventions. Instead, he suggested that progress occurs in a more irregular way, with revolution occurring by the replacement of one paradigm by another. Therefore, the origin, continuance and obsolescence of paradigms together occupy an important place in the history of evolution of science. If geography is considered as the knowledge of humanity and environment, and the relation between them, the main question that arises is: which section of these two basic elements can contribute to the fundamental evolution in geographic paradigms? This article is a research project conducted at Isfahan University. Based on a scientific method (cinematic), here the history of changes affecting paradigms in geographic sciences is analyzed.The outcomes of this study show that the shifts of human concept determine the evolution knowledge of geography map rough. The evolution of human concepts in Iran geography can effect on civilization filed and can be obtain from Nabavy taught (divine space).

The continental environments, lakes are proper for deposition locations of evaporites. Evaporite minerals are formed wherever the evaporation rate is more than incoming water to the basin. In this article the evaporate deposits (Calcite, Gypsum and Halite) are studied in a sedimentary core of Lake Maharlou, Zagros Mountains, South of Iran. The core sample treated for getting Magnetic Susceptibility values along with the core as well as basic sedimentological data including grain size, Total Organic Matter and carbonate contents. NaCl is determin ed by gravimetric analysis. Loss on Ignition is applied to measure and estimate the amount of (OC), (Ca) and (SO4) mineralogy of which is determined by SEM method. The exists a direct relation between evaporation deposit formation of lake water level reduction. Accordingly, the change in the sediment stratum indicating the level of evaporations. The results indicate a lower extant of gypsum than Ca and NaCl. The sequence of layers principle, changes in the shoreline (lake water level fluctuations) with respect to stratum zonation. Magnetic susceptibility level is directly related to the Silt layer thickness but also there is an indirect relation with the level of organically rich sediments’ occurrence and abundance.

Processing new perspectives and concepts in the field of epistemology of science, while introducing new laws and principles, alters evaluation, processing, and resolving criteria. Included in these new concepts and theories of geography is the concept of coupling. Coupling is a concept related to a couple of the concurrent process. In other words, Coupling explains coordinate and complementary processes that move in the same direction. This concept could help us identify and understand many phenomena which, on the surface, do not have much relationship with each other; it also helps provide an explanation for them. This study tries to explain the concept of coupling in geography, and examines Iranian civil identity accordingly. In General, the results of the research show that the concept of coupling is basically different from such concepts as dualism, although the techniques used for the analysis of facts and figures were the same. Results also suggest that the generic link between the hole and the adjacent peaks had direct impact on the development of Iran's civil centers. In other words, the relationship between the establishments of the Iranian civil centers with peaks is a time-based union. Even the vastness of the cities and their ecological capacities in Iran depend wholly on the land area of the levels higher than ۲۵۰۰ meters and the volume of mountains in this altitude.

Mobile civilization is the oldest method of human living, which survival to the present is among the biggest attractions of this way of living. Nomadic tribes, over the centuries and for many years, attempted to preserve their traditions and customs in an incredibly attractive manner and this originality has become an attraction for the tourism industry. Strategic location and climatic conditions in Iran and especially its center of civilization namely the Central Plateau of Iran, underlies the various nomadic tribes and their flourishing culture. In this paper, with the aim of promoting tourism industry in Iran, we review the existing library documents and field research and investigate the cultural tourism attractions of the nomadic tribes of the central Plateau of Iran and introduce their tangible and intangible cultural assets.

Food plays an important role in the construction of locations and tourism destinations. Climate, culture and history of a region shape its food characteristic and since food is considered as a subset of cultural tourism or heritage, such a link between the location and cooking ways were used in tourism in several. The food can be understood as a tool to direct and guide tourists throughout the regions or countries. Central Plateau of Iran having diverse population centers, owns a great treasure of local and indigenous foods which the same feature can introduce this region as a major hub for Iran's food tourism. This research has been prepared through documentary, librarian and surveying methods and tries to introduce the vast table of local and domestic foods of Central Plateau of Iran and submit them to the national and international tourism market economy.

Mobile civilization is the oldest method of human living, which survival to the present is among the biggest attractions of this way of living. Nomadic tribes, over the centuries and for many years, attempted to preserve their traditions and customs in an incredibly attractive manner and this originality has become an attraction for the tourism industry. Strategic location and climatic conditions in Iran and especially its center of civilization namely the Central Plateau of Iran, underlies the various nomadic tribes and their flourishing culture. In this paper, with the aim of promoting tourism industry in Iran, we review the existing library documents and field research and investigate the cultural tourism attractions of the nomadic tribes of the central Plateau of Iran and introduce their tangible and intangible cultural assets.