This experiment was conducted to identify the suitable replacer of broiler feed antibiotics with prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharides-MOS or fructooligosaccharide-FOS). Two hundred and forty (240)-day-old chicks were randomly divided into 30 groups (6 treatments x 5 replicates/treatment x 8 chicks/replicate). Six experimental diets T1 , T2 , T3 , T4 , T5 and T6 were formulated to contain an additional 0, antibiotic, that is, bacitracin methylene di-salicylate (BMD) @20 mg/kg, MOS (0.1% and 0.2%) and FOS (0.1% and 0.2%) respectively. Body weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in MOS-0.2% supplemented group at 0-21 d and 0-42 d of broiler chicken. Humoral and in vivo cell-mediated immune response were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in BMD, MOS @0.1% or 0.2% treated group. Significant (p < 0.05) increase was recorded in total protein (except 21 d), albumin and aspartate amino transferase (AST) and decrease (p < 0.05) in alanine amino transferase (except 42 d), cholesterol and uric acid concentration. The weight of breast, thigh, back, drumstick bursa of Fabricius and thymus were higher (p < 0.05) in the birds given the MOS @0.2% (T4 ). It is concluded that MOS @0.2% may be suitable replacer of antibiotic growth promoter, and it has a beneficial effect on production performance, immune responses, blood biochemical parameters and cut up parts in broiler chickens.

The current work studied the effects of butyric acid (BA) supplementation on the growth performance, carcase characteristics, immunity, gut histology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Four experimental diets were formulated: control, 20 mg bacitracin methylene di-salicylate/kg diet (BMD-supplemented), 3 g BA/kg diet and 4 g BA/kg diet. The results revealed higher body weight gain (BWG) in BA and BMD-supplemented groups. Only BMD supplementation increased the feed intake (FI) of birds, whereas BA supplementation improved feed efficiency. Expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) and peptide transporter (PepT1) were up-regulated due to BMD and BA supplementation. However, at 21 days post-hatching SGLT1 expression in the BMD-supplemented group was down-regulated with respect to the BA-supplemented groups. The 4 g BA/kg diet yielded better humoral and cell-mediated immune responses than the other groups. No dietary effects were observed on carcase characteristics and histomorphometry of jejunum at 7 days post-hatching. However, at 42 days old, the 4 g BA/kg diet increased villus length and width significantly. There was a significant increase in serum protein, albumin, creatinine, aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), phosphorus and calcium due to BA supplementation. However, the reverse trend was observed in serum uric acid and cholesterol, where BA supplementation decreased both and BMD supplementation decreased uric acid levels only. Based on the results it was concluded that 4 g BA/kg diet supplementation in feed is optimal for desirable broiler production.

AIMS:Patients with severe secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) and normal ejection fraction are being excluded from clinical trials evaluating transcatheter mitral devices. We sought to evaluate the long-term mortality with medical management alone in this patient population.METHODS AND RESULTS:We retrospectively evaluated patients diagnosed with ≥3+ MR at our institution over 15 years. Only patients with an ejection fraction ≥60% were included in the study. Those with degenerative mitral valve disease, papillary muscle dysfunction, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and those who underwent mitral valve intervention were excluded. The study included 400 patients (age 71.1±14.8, 25.1% male, ejection fraction 62.5±3.6%). Mechanism of secondary MR was restricted valve motion, annular dilation and apical tethering in 91.5, 4.5 and 4%, respectively. One-year and three-year mortality were 19.1 and 26.3%, respectively. On multivariable Cox proportional regression analysis, older age, New York Heart Association functional Class III or IV, >3+ MR and larger left atrium were independent predictors of mortality.CONCLUSIONS:Severe secondary MR with normal left ventricular systolic function has significant mortality with medical management alone. This initial observation needs to be confirmed in larger prospective studies. These patients should be included in future transcatheter clinical trials.

Artificial insemination (AI) involves the deposition of semen into female reproductive tract manually. It starts from the collection of the semen from the male and its evaluation in terms of motility, viability and concentration followed by its deposition into female reproductive tract. Sexual maturity in both male and female bird occurs at 18 weeks of age. One ejaculate of a male can cover up 20 female birds by using AI. Dose of semen is 100–200 million spermatozoa/insemination in 50 microliter volume. Poultry semen shows poor response for cryopreservation so AI is done as soon as semen is collected. Further research is needed regarding poultry sperm biology, cellular and molecular basis of oviductal spermatozoa transport, selection, and storage to make AI more efficient in the birds. Keywords: Artificial insemination, semen, cryopreservation Cite this Article Kharayat NS, Chaudhary GR, Katiyar R et al. Significance of Artificial Insemination in Poultry. Research & Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2016; 5(1): 15–19p

CardioVascular disease remains the most tommon cause of mortality. We studied the change in outcomes for anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) between 1995 and 2014. Over the past 20 years, 1,658 patients presenting to our center with anterior STEMI underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12 hours of presentation. We divided these into 4 quartiles, 1995 to 1999 (n = 312), 2000 to 2004 (n = 408), 2005 to 2009 (n = 428), and 2010 to 2014 (n = 510). Across the 4 quartiles, mean age decreased (64.4, 62, 60.3, and 60 years, p<0.01). In all groups, there was a significant rise in prevalence of smoking, hypertension, and obesity. The median length of hospital stay decreased (6, 4.4, 4.2, and 3:6 days, p<0.01), as did the median door-to-balloon time (DBT) (217, 194, 135, and 38 minutes, p<0.01). Thirty-day and 1-year mortality improved over time (14.4%, 11.8%, 8.4%, and 7.8%; and 20.5 %, 16.4 %, 15.9%, and 13.9%) (p = 0.01 both). Also, 3-year mortality improved (25.3%, 21.6%, 21.3%, and 16.5%, p = 0.02). After adjusting for age, gender, co-morbidities, ejection fraction, clinical shock, and mitral regurgitation, shorter DBT was associated with lower long-term mortality (compared with DBT <60 minutes; 60 to 90 minutes hazard ratio [HR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 3.00, p = 0.084; 90 to 120 minutes, HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.95, p = 0.04; >120 minutes, HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.96, p = 0.004). In conclusion, over the past 2 decades, long-term outcomes improved in patients presenting with anterior STEMI associated with shortening of DBT. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

High temperature coupled with high humidity, impair the thermoregulatory processes of chickens and effectively reduce heat dissipation, this impose severe stress on birds leading to reduced performance in terms of poor growth performance, immune suppression, increased incidence of respiratory diseases and high mortality. When living organisms experience thermal stress, the synthesis of most proteins is delayed, but a group of highly conserved proteins known as heat shock proteins or heat stress proteins is rapidly synthesized and play an important role in the survival of stressed cells and the stabilization of the internal environment. Many of the study in poultry suggested that HSP-70 might be involved in cellular protection in adverse situations, and a relationship between the development between this protein and thermo-tolerance has been established.

A study was conducted to assess the effect of zinc nanoparticles on plane of nutrition and weight of vital organs in guinea pigs. The treatments, groups (T1, control (inorganic zinc; ZnSO4); T2, organic Zn (Zn methionine), commercial zinc nanoparticle (T3), two zinc nanoparticles prepared in our laboratory (T4, T5) were formed with six guinea pigs in each group (289±3.5 g body weight) in a completely randomized design. They were each supplemented with 20 mg Zn per kg feed on dry matter basis for 90 days experimental period. The results showed that supplementation of 20 ppm Zn nanoparticles had no beneficial effect on plane of nutrition and weights of vital organs were also comparable in all the treatment groups.

BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality around the world. We sought to study changes in the risk profile of patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).METHODS:We retrospectively studied all patients presenting with STEMI to our center between 1995 and 2014. Patients were divided into four quartiles, 5years each. Baseline risk factors and comorbidities were recorded. Sub-analysis was done for patients with established CAD and their household incomes.RESULTS:A total of 3913 patients (67.9% males) were included; 42.5% presented with anterior STEMI and 57.5% inferior STEMI. Ages were 64±12, 62±13, 61±13 and 60±13 in the four quartiles respectively. Obesity prevalence was 31, 37, 38 and 40% and diabetes mellitus prevalence was 24, 25, 24 and 31%, while hypertension was 55, 67, 70 and 77%, respectively, p<0.01 for all. Smoking prevalence was 28, 32, 42 and 46, p<0.01. When subgroup analysis was done for patients with history of CAD, prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension significantly increased across the four quartiles. When patients were divided to four groups based on household income (poor, low middle, middle and high income), prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, smoking and obesity were significantly higher in patients with low income.CONCLUSION:Despite better understanding of cardiovascular risk factors and more focus on preventive cardiology, patients presenting with STEMI over the past 20years are getting younger and more obese, with more prevalence of smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This trend is greater in the lower income population.

As we know from the previous studies that the bioavailability minerals from its inorganic sources is quite low so these minerals are added 20-30 fold higher than the normal requirement of animals which can lead to excess excretion of these minerals in the stool the stool resulting in environmental pollution Furthermore, it may affect the balance of other minerals. So, alternative like organic sources of minerals are studied which are having much higher bioavailability than inorganic sources of minerals however, organic sources of minerals are much costlier than traditional inorganic sources. Recently, it has been demonstrated that material at nano meter dimension exhibit novel properties different from its normal sized particles. such as, greater specific surface area, higher surface activity, high catalytic efficiency and stronger adsorbing ability which due to the advantage of size effect and high surface reactivity, nanoparticles are already use in pharmaceutical applications to increase the bioavailability of drugs and targeting therapeutic agents to particular organs. However, so far, very little information is available on the suitability and efficacy of nanoparticles of minerals in the diet of the animals.

The use of sub therapeutic levels of antibiotics in poultry feed improves performance and morbidity in poultry. However, the growing concern over then transmission and the proliferation of resistant bacteria in human via the food chain has led to a ban of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) in livestock feed within the European Union since, 2006. As a result, new commercial additives derived from nature have been examined as part of alternative feed strategies for the future. Such products have several advantages over commonly used commercial antibiotics and recognized as safe items in the food industry. Certain natural alternatives recognized by scientific community as Natural Growth Promoters to preserve and maintain the balance of gut micro biota in poultry. This review provides a summary of the potentials and possible mechanisms of action of some alternatives to AGP in improving the gut microbial ecosystem and immune system as well as growth performance of poultry.

Data are limited about the prevalence trends of risk factors, lesion morphology, and clinical outcomes of coronary artery disease in patients, aged <= 45 years, undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), between the bare-metal stent (BMS; 1994 to 2002) and drug eluting stent (DES; 2003 to 2012) eras. From the PCI database at the Cleveland Clinic, we identified 1,640 patients aged <= 45 years and without a history of coronary artery bypass grafting who underwent PCI from 1994 to 2012. There were 883 patients in the. BMS era cohort with a mean follow-up period of 13.15 years and 757 in the DES era cohort with a mean follow-up of 5.02 years. The DES era had more obese (51.8% vs 44.7%, p <0.001) and diabetes (23.0% vs 19.5%, p = 0.09) patients. DES era patients had more B2/C lesions (74.0% vs 32.5%, p <0.001), more severe preprocedural stenosis (86.1 +/- 12.9 vs 72.2 +/- 21.3, p <0.001), and longer lesions (15.5 +/- 9.9 vs 9.6 +/- 6.8, p <0.001). No difference was observed in the 30-day mortality between the DES and BMS eras. Irrespective of era, diabetics had worse long-term mortality (19.4% vs 9.3%, p <0.001) compared with nondiabetics. Obese patients had similar long-term outcomes compared with nonobese patients. In conclusion, patients aged <= 45 years, who underwent a PCI procedure in the DES era had worse risk factor profiles, including obesity, compared with patients in the BMS era. They also had more complex lesions. Procedural and long-term outcomes of these patients have not changed between the 2 eras. Young diabetic patients have worse long-term outcomes compared with non diabetics. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a viable option for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are deemed inoperable or high risk for surgery. We sought to determine outcomes of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) and severe COPD referred for aortic valve replacement (AVR). One hundred thirty-one patients with severe AS and severe COPD (GOLD criteria) were evaluated at our center between 2008 and 2013 and were divided retrospectively into 4 groups: 1-medical management, 2-balloon aortic valvuloplasty, 3-surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), and 4-TAVR. Baseline, clinical, and echo data were recorded. Primary outcome was cardiovascular death. From the study cohort, 54 (41.2%), 29 (22.1%), 21 (16.0%), and 27 (20.6%) were included in groups 1-4, respectively; the age was 74.9 ± 8.8, 76.2 ± 8.8, 78.8 ± 7.4, and 82.8 ± 6.8 years, respectively (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups for hypertension, diabetes, aortic valve area or gradients, forced expiratory volume in first second, right ventricular systolic pressure, ejection fraction, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality score. At 3 ± 1.5 years, death occurred in 87%, 97%, 47.7%, and 51.8% of patients in groups 1-4, respectively. Heart failure readmissions occurred in 43%, 42%, 9.6%, and 14.8% of patients in groups 1-4, respectively. When SAVR and TAVR groups were compared, there was no significant difference in survival (P = 0.719) or heart failure readmissions (P = 0.19). In patients with severe or very severe COPD and severe AS, replacing the severely stenotic aortic valve by either SAVR or TAVR improves survival and reduces rehospitalization compared with medical therapy or balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Primary mitral regurgitation (MR) owing to degenerative changes in the structural components of the mitral valve is a common acquired valvular pathology in the elderly. Surgical correction with mitral valve repair (MVRe) or replacement (MVR) is the mainstay of therapy. A significant proportion of patients are ineligible for MVRe/MVR owing to prohibitive surgical risk from advanced age, poor ventricular function, or associated comorbidities. Percutaneous mitral valve repair techniques have been developed to fill this void. The edge-to-edge MitraClip has accrued the largest human experience. This paper reviews the available literature on the MitraClip device for treatment of primary MR.

Cardiovascular disease remains the most common cause of mortality. We studied the change in outcomes for anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) over twenty years in a tertiary-care center. Over the past twenty years, 1658 patients presented with anterior STEMI to our center and

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is an established complication of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We studied the change in incidence and outcomes of IMR in the past 20 years in a tertiary center. Amongst 3914 patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention within 12

The National Cardiovascular Data Registry defines major bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as an absolute drop of hemoglobin (Hb) ≥3 g/dL. We sought to study impact of this across different baseline Hb levels. 2238 patients who underwent elective PCI in our center from 2011-