Objective: This study aimed to investigate the structural model of children’s behavioral problems based on mothers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), with maternal mentalization as a mediating factor. Methods and Materials: A correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed. The sample consisted of 323 mothers with children aged 6 to 12 years in Isfahan, selected through convenience sampling during 2023–2024. Data were collected using the World Health Organization’s Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) parent version, and the Persian version of the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (Mentalization Questionnaire). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24, applying confirmatory factor analysis, maximum likelihood estimation, and bootstrapping with 2,000 resamples to test direct and indirect pathways. Findings: The results revealed that maternal ACEs were positively and significantly associated with children’s internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems. Maternal ACEs were also negatively and significantly related to maternal mentalization. In turn, maternal mentalization showed a significant negative relationship with children’s behavioral problems. Structural modeling confirmed that maternal mentalization partially mediated the relationship between maternal ACEs and children’s behavioral outcomes. Bootstrapping results demonstrated that the indirect effects of maternal ACEs on both internalizing and externalizing problems through maternal mentalization were statistically significant. Model fit indices indicated acceptable to excellent fit across all parameters, supporting the robustness of the structural model. Conclusion: The findings highlight the intergenerational transmission of adversity, demonstrating that mothers’ adverse childhood experiences contribute to children’s behavioral problems both directly and indirectly through diminished maternal mentalization. Strengthening maternal reflective functioning may serve as a critical intervention target to reduce the negative impact of maternal trauma histories on child behavioral outcomes. These results emphasize the importance of trauma-informed, family-centered interventions to disrupt cycles of adversity and promote healthier socioemotional development in children.

Obesity is a health, medical and psychological issue that has many economic, social and personal consequences. This research was conducted with the aim of constructing and investigating the validity, reliability and confirmatory factor analysis of the Scale of Information, Motivation and Behavioral skills in women with a body mass index above 25 in the city of Isfahan.This correlational research is of the validation type and the statistical population of the research included women with a body mass index higher than 25 who had visited diet therapy centers, health centers and sports clubs in Isfahan city in 2014-2016.And for the sample size of the present study, 444 women with a body mass index higher than 25 were selected, and the cluster sampling method was used.A researcher-made scale of information, motivation, and behavioral skills was used to collect data.In order to check content validity, experts were consulted, and to measure construct validity and reliability of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis method was used using Amos and SPSS software.In terms of the relative index of content validity, the scale was 0.62 and the content validity index was above 0.70, and the construct validity aspect was also approved by the experts, the fit indices related to the four confirmatory factor analysis models for the four subscales were at a favorable level.The composite reliability of the information, motivation, behavioral skill and health behavior subscales was (CRI=0.89, 0.87, 0.91 and 0.87 ) respectively. Therefore, this scale can be used in research, clinical and therapeutic situations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of body image concern in the relationship between neuroticism and binge eating symptoms, considering the moderating role of body appreciation in a non-clinical sample of women. For this purpose, 252 women from Najaf-Abad city (Iran), were selected using convenience sampling method. NEO Five-factor Inventory, Body Image Concern Inventory, Body Appreciation Scale and Binge Eating Disorder Screening Questionnaire were research tools. To test the moderated mediating model, the path analysis method proposed by Hayes was used. The results of the path analysis showed that body image concern plays a mediating role in the relationship between neuroticism and binge eating symptoms in women. Also, the results of the moderating effects of the model showed that body appreciation can moderate the indirect effect of neuroticism and the direct effect of body image concern on women's binge eating symptoms. In general, these findings show that body appreciation can be a protective factor, leading to a reduction of the indirect effect of neuroticism and the direct effect of body image concern on women's binge eating symptoms.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a debilitating chronic disease due to major changes in the health status and lifestyle of people in recent years; it has been one of the common and significant problems in the field of healthcare and medical professionals, which requires psychological interventions besides the biological treatments due to the accompanying psychological complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy and interoceptive exposure on symptom severity of patients with IBS. Methods: This was a clinical trial study and statistical population consisted of all patients with IBS referred to specialized centers in Isfahan, Iran. The research sample consisted of 45 patients who were selected by availability sampling method and randomly assigned to three experimental and control groups. The experimental groups were subjected to cognitive-behavioral interventions based on mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral interventions based on interoceptive exposure, respectively. The research data were collected with the help of the IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS) and were analyzed using the statistical method of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Mindfulness therapy and interoceptive exposure therapy were effective on the severity of symptoms in the experimental groups compared to the control group (P < 0.01). In addition, a significant difference was found between the two educational strategies in the post-test and follow-up stages (P < 0.01). Mindfulness therapy was more effective on the severity of the symptoms of the patients and a greater reduction was obtained in the averages of the two stages. Conclusion: Mindfulness therapy and interoceptive exposure therapy led to improvement of severity of patients' symptoms and physicians can use these psychological methods as a complement to biological therapies.

Aim and Background: Today, the tendency of people, especially women, to perform various cosmetic surgeries has increased, and it is important to identify the causes of this problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive and emotional factors in the Botox injection in women referring to skin and hair clinics. Methods and Materials: Among women referring to skin and hair clinics in Isfahan city in 2020, 60 women applying for Botox injections were selected and 60 normal women were matched with the first group in terms of demographic variables. The participants in the research responded to the beliefs about appearance scale (BAAS), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ), and body image concern inventory (BICI). The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and discriminate analysis. Findings: The results showed that the mean scores of the dimensions of dysfunctional beliefs about appearance, except for the dimension of progress, rumination from the maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and dysmorphic concern, are significantly higher in women undergoing Botox injections than normal women. Also, the results of the discriminate analysis showed that rumination from the dimensions of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and feelings from the dimensions of beliefs about appearance could predict Botox injection in women. Conclusions: In general, these results showed that rumination and negative feelings towards oneself due to skin folds and wrinkles in women are the most important predictors of Botox injection in women; therefore, these findings can lead to solutions to prevent the tendency of people to apply unnecessary beauty treatments.

Aim and Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a chronic and debilitating disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and behaviors associated with anxiety. Considering show the importance and fundamental role of the family in the process of obsessive compulsive disorder in family members, the aim of this research is to compare the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment therapy and mentalization based treatment on the conflict resolution strategies in the spouses of people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods and Materials: The research method was a semi-experimental method with a two-step process (pre-test, post-test) in three experimental groups (education group based on acceptance and commitment treatment, education group based on mentalization, control group). In this process, the independent variables are the acceptance and commitment treatment and also the mentalization treatment and dependent variable is the conflict resolution strategies. The research samples included 45 spouses of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder, who were placed in three experimental groups of 15 people: treatment based on acceptance and commitment, treatment based on mentalization, and the control group. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the scores of the conflict resolution strategies in the post-test of the acceptance and commitment group and the mentalization group, and this difference is in favor of the acceptance group. That is, the scores of conflict resolution strategies in the post-test of the acceptance and commitment group were significantly lower than the mentalization group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on this we can say that acceptance and commitment therapy has more effect on conflict resolution strategies.

مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر به منظور آزمون مدل ساختاری تاثیرات استفاده از رسانه بر گرایش زنان جوان ایرانی به جراحی زیبایی، با توجه به نقش میانجیگر درونی سازی الگوهای رسانه، باورها در مورد ظاهر و نگرانی از تصویر بدنی، انجام شد.روش کار: طرح پژوهش حاضر توصیفی-همبستگی و از نوع مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری بود. 325 دانشجوی دختر دانشگاه اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 1399-1398 به مقیاسهای مصرف رسانه و باورها در مورد ظاهر، سیاهه نگرانی از تصویر بدنی، و پرسشنامه های نگرشهای فرهنگی-اجتماعی به ظاهر و گرایشات جبرانی برای زیبایی و تناسب اندام پاسخ دادند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش همبستگی پیرسون و مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری با روش برآورد حداکثر درستنمایی استفاده شد.نتایج: نتایج مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که شاخصهای برازش برای مدل پژوهش در حد مطلوبی است. همچنین نتایج آزمون اثرات مستقیم با استفاده از روش برآورد حداکثر درستنمایی نشان داد که تمامی تأثیرات مستقیم مدل به جز تأثیر باورهای ظاهری بر گرایش به جراحی زیبایی معنادار است (01.˂p). در نهایت، نتایج آزمون اثرات غیرمستقیم با استفاده از روش بوت استرپ پارامتریک نشان داد که تمامی اثرات غیرمستقیم مدل معنادار است (01.˂p).نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی نتایج پژوهش حاضر از اهمیت نقش درونی سازی الگوهای رسانه و نگرانی از تصویر بدنی در گرایش زنان ایرانی به جراحی زیبایی حمایت می کند.

Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the informational-motivational-behavioral structural model based on the role of impulsivity moderator among women with body mass index above 25. Methods and Materials: The present study was a cross-sectional correlation of structural equations. The statistical population of the study was all women referring to diet centers, health centers and sports clubs in Isfahan in 2020-2021, from which 444 people were selected by multi-stage sampling method. A researcher-made information-motivational-behavioral questionnaire and Patton et al.'s (1959) impulsivity questionnaire were used to collect data. Amos software (24V-) was used for data analysis. Findings: The results showed the moderating role of impulsivity in the mentioned model (X2/df = 3.46, GFI = 0.981, CFI = 0.977, RMSEA = 0.08, SRMR = 0.073, NFI = 0.970, TLI = 0.928 and AGFI= 0.924). In the three groups of low, medium and high impulsivity, health behavior was influenced by information. In the moderate impulsivity group, health behavior was influenced by motivation. In the three groups of low, medium and high impulsivity, health behavior was affected by behavioral skills. In individuals with low and high impulsivity, information had a significant indirect effect on health behavior through behavioral skills. In individuals with high impulsivity, motivation had a significant indirect effect on health behavior through behavioral skills. Conclusions: The application of these structures such as information, motivation, behavioral skills and attention to levels of impulsivity can help researchers and therapists in the field to prevent obesity and even design appropriate treatments and good diets.

This study aimed to design and test a structural model of the antecedents of borderline personality symptoms including neuroticism, emotional intelligence, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies and the quality of life of university students. The research design was correlational and 300 students from the Payame-Noor University of Najafabad were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the NEO-FFI, the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, WHOQOL, and Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire-B form. To test the model, the structural equation modeling method was used. In this analysis, the maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters, and the bootstrap method was used to investigate the significance of the indirect effects of the model. Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. The results showed that the fit indices of the model are desirable. The results of studying the direct effects of the model showed that all direct effects, except the effect of emotional intelligence on borderline personality symptoms, were significant. The results of the bootstrap test also showed that the indirect effects of neuroticism and emotional intelligence on quality of life were significant. In general, these results indicate that emotion regulation strategies can mediate the relationship between personality traits, borderline personality symptoms and quality of life. Given the importance of emotion regulation strategies in explaining borderline personality symptoms and quality of life, it can be suggested to the university students’ mental health authorities to take appropriate interventions in this area.

Background: One of the public health challenges in the worldwide is diabetes, and adherence to treatment is crucial. Adherence to treatment can help reduce the complications of the disease. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the status of adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 men and women with type 2 diabetes referred to comprehensive health centers in Khorramabad between May and August 2016 were studied. Demographic questionnaire and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were used to collect data. Version 22 SPSS and descriptive analysis were used to analyze the data. Significance level in the present study was less than 0.05. Descriptive tests, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and independent t-test were used. Results: The mean age of study participants was 56.03 ± 10.91. 68.9% (270 people) were women and 31/1% (122 people) were men. According to the score obtained from the Morisky questionnaire, a total of 219 patients (55/9%) followed the desired treatment and 173 (44/1%) followed the unfavorable treatment. There was a significant relationship between patients' adherence to treatment with the variables of gender, marital status, educational status, and their monthly income. No statistically significant between age and employment status with adherence to treatment were observed. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that adherence to treatment among patients with type 2 diabetes in Khorramabad is in a good level. Health policy makers should strive to ensure that all patients adhere to their treatment process with easy access to services and reduced costs.

EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SUPPORT AND ITS COMPONENTS IN ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS IN KHORRAMABAD CITY

Article Type Analytical Review Purpose: The cognitive-spiritual therapy group of addiction is a 12session treatment based on spiritual care and based on IranianIslamic culture, which has been recently developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-spiritual addiction therapy group with spiritual care approach on temptation, emotion regulation and mental health of methadone maintenance clients. Materials and Methods: Thirty individuals treated with methadone maintenance in addiction treatment centers in Khomeini Shahr were selected as the research sample using purposive sampling. These 30 individuals were divided into two peer groups and the group intervention was randomly performed on one group (experiment) and the other group was considered as the control group. Before the intervention, the general health questionnaire, the emotional regulation subscale of the shot emotional intelligence scale and the visual analog scale for temptation were administered to the experimental and control groups as a pre-test. Also, after the intervention, the same questionnaires were administered as a posttest in two groups. Findings: The findings of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the cognitive-spiritual therapy group of addiction with spiritual care approach significantly increased mental health, improved emotional regulation and reduced temptation in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to the findings, the results showed that in general, the characteristics of the treatment and its components, including focusing on responsibility and changing the lifestyle to a spiritual style, safe and continuous relationship with God, trust, prayer, gratitude, acceptance and forgiveness. Patience, spiritual problem-solving skills, finding one's identity in the universe, and effective communication with others lead to increased mental health, emotional regulation, and reduced temptation. Authors Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadifaraz, Mostafa Khanzadeh , Seyed Abdolali Moosavizadeh, Seyed roohollah Moosavizadeh, Somayeh Aghamohamadi

Aim and Background: One of the factors influencing the preparation for addiction is personality traits and temperament.Considering that so far little study has been done on the relationship between different temperaments (mizaj) of Persian medicine and preparation for addiction, the present study aimed to investigate the role of these mizaj in students' preparation for addiction. Methods and Materials:The design of the present study was descriptive cross-sectional.A total of 241 students studying in the universities of Mobarakeh were selected by quota sampling method and answered the Iranian preparation for addiction scale and Mizaj determination questionnaire.After determining the Mizajes of the sample, the average preparation for addiction was compared with 9 types of mizaj using analysis of variance. Findings:The results of analysis of variance showed that the average preparation for addiction in at least one mizaj is significantly different from other mizajes.Examination of the results of LSD post hoc test showed that the mean of preparation for addiction in warm-temperate mizaj was significantly lower than the mean of preparation for addiction in cold-temperate, cold-wet, and cold-dry and hot-dry mizajes.Conclusions: In general, the results of the present study show that people with all types of cold and hot-dry mizajes have the highest vulnerability and people with warm-temperate have the least vulnerability to addiction.These results were explained in the theoretical and research context and traditional medicine strategies in maintaining health and tempering mizajes, to protect the tendency to addiction in people with vulnerable mizajes and prevent the movement of non-vulnerable mizajes to the vulnerable were presented.

Background: According to the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to predict adherence to treatment based on social support variables and coping strategies to reduce the severity of this disease. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 392 men and women with type 2 diabetes were evaluated using purposeful and convenient sampling. Wax social support and the Blings and Moss coping strategies questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22), descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, and mean), and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis). Results: The results indicated that the correlation between the subscales of social support and coping strategies with adherence to drug therapy was significant (P

Background: Awareness of people's motivations for committing high-risk behaviors helps to explain the underlying causes and provides a framework for their use in preventive and therapeutic interventions. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the predictive model of high-risk behaviors in adolescents based on their motivations. Methods: The present research has a correlational design and uses structural equation modeling. The sample included 450 male students selected through a convenience sampling method to complete the Iranian Adolescents' Risk-taking and Motives for Risktaking scale. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that thrill-seeking, calculation, audience control, irresponsibility, and hedonistic motivation had significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. Also, except for attention-seeking, other motivations could significantly contribute to the prediction of high-risk behaviors. Also, the motivations had the strongest impact on alcohol consumption and the minimum impact on smoking. Finally, motivations generally explained 44% of the high-risk behaviors variance. Conclusions: Considering the role of motivations in doing high-risk behaviors, more attention should be given to these factors in preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Introduction: Pain is a complex experience that is not only determined by the intensity of stimulation of pain receptors, but is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that affects psychological factors, such as emotional regulation, except for biological factors. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the predicting role of the difficulties in emotional regulation on the duration of persistence and intensity of perceived pain in the elderly and the structural relationships between emotional regulation and the general severity of pain perception in these individuals. Method: The present research is a correlation study. The sample consisted of 251 elderly who had pain in at least one area of their body. This sample was selected using a multi-stage purposeful sampling method from among the elderly in the Centers of daily aging in Shiraz. To collect data, the Persian version of the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Pain Information Questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed by correlation, regression, and structural equation modeling method using SPSS 18 and LISREL 8.80 software. Results: The results of regression showed that among components of difficulty in emotional regulation, limited access to strategies, difficulty in achieving goals and lack of emotional awareness, predict the overall severity of pain perception, and limited access to strategies can predict pain duration in elderly. Also, structural equation modeling results showed that the difficulties in emotional regulation is related to the general severity of pain perception in the elderly and can affect it (R2=0.11). Conclusion: In general, according to the findings of this study, it can be said that the components of difficulty in emotional regulation can predict elderly pain perception and these two construction are structurally related. These results can have various theoretical and practical implications in identifying the factors associated with aging pain perception and pain control in these individuals.

The purpose of this study was to present and test amodel of the effect of the students' locus of control on happiness with the mediation role of optimism and hope. Therefore 377 participates, including 234 males and 143 females, were selected from among the students of a nonprofit institute of higher education and then were asked to respond to the items of Rotter's Locus of Control and Adult Hope Scales, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and Life Orientation Test. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research model. Also, to investigate the indirect effects of the research model, bootstrapping method was used. The results showed that the fit indices for the research model were in the favorable range; therefore, the model was consistent with the data. Also, the direct effects of the model showed that the effect of locus of control on the optimism was significant, the effect of hope on happiness was significant, the effect of the locus of control and optimism on hopefulness was also significant , but the effect of optimism on happiness was not significant. Finally, the results showed that all of the indirect effects of the model were significant and the locus of control had a significant effect with the mediation of optimism and hope, on the students' sense of happiness. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider these factors as the influential factors promoting happiness.

Background and aim: The use of online games in recent years has become a popular entertainment among teens. Due to their highly motivating properties and the high rates of addiction to these games, the motivating factors for online gaming have come to the attention of researchers. The present study aimed to develop and test a model for the relationship between motivations for gaming and addiction to online games. Methods: In this crosssectional study, 409 adolescents which play Clash of Clans were recruited from high schools in Karaj and two questionnaires of online gaming addiction and motives for online gaming were completed. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed that seeking the flow experience and communication with others were the highest and lowest ranking in prediction of influencing online gaming addiction, respectively. The investigated model for the role of psychological motivations in online gaming addiction was confirmed and explained 0.77 of its variance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that psychological motivations largely explained online gaming addiction among adolescents. Therefore, prevention efforts aimed at reducing online gaming addiction should compose of these factors. In fact, the results suggested that earlier prevention efforts may be warranted.

Aims: This study aimed to determine the attitudes toward alcohol abuse among students in Tehran and to develop and test a model of the relationships among parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers as they predict youth alcohol abuse. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1266 adolescents were recruited from high schools in Tehran and three scales of alcohol abuse, parental monitoring, and adolescent affiliation with deviant peers were completed for them. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and structural equations modeling. Results: The results of this study indicated that 7.4% of individuals had a positive attitude toward alcohol abuse. The percentage of positive attitude among males was nearly 2 times more than females. The study model was confirmed and explained 0.42 of attitudes toward alcohol abuse variance. Moreover, affiliation with deviant peers had a mediating role in the relationship between Parental Monitoring and attitude toward alcohol abuse. Conclusion: According to the results, parental monitoring and affiliation with deviant peers could explain the alcohol abuse among adolescents. Therefore, it is suggested to include these factors in prevention programs aimed at reducing alcohol abuse.

BACKGROUND:Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered to be a significant impairment in childhood and adolescence. According to cognitive theories, parents' external criticism and emotional self-regulation are among the variables that can directly or indirectly affect obsessive beliefs.OBJECTIVE:The present study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional self-regulation in the relationship between parents' external criticism and obsessive beliefs in adolescents.METHODS:In this study, 547 high school students aged between 15 and 18 years were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. An obsessive beliefs questionnaire-child version (OBQ-CV), a self-regulatory orientations scale, and a perceived criticism questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson's correlation was used to investigate the relationship between the study variables. For analysis of the mediation model, structural equation modeling using the AMOS software was employed.RESULTS:The fitness indices for the four-factor structure of the OBQ, two-factor structure of the emotional self-regulation instrument, and single-factor structure of parents' external criticism were reported as favorable [root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)<0.1]. External criticism was associated only indirectly with obsessive beliefs through emotional self-regulation. The two variables of emotional self-regulation and external criticism explained 47% of the variance in obsessive beliefs.CONCLUSION:This study showed that self-regulation can mediate in the relationship between parents' external criticism and obsessive beliefs in adolescents that could have implications for parents' behaviors and positive emotional regulatory processes. In order to identify other potential mechanisms of parents' criticism on obsessive beliefs, further studies are necessary, especially in clinical samples.