Purpose: To investigate the electron microscopy structure of biosynthetic corneal substitutes (CS) based on interpenetrating networks of collagen and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (C-MPC). Materials and Methods: Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the structure of C-MPC CS made from 18% solution of recombinant human collagen (RHC) type III or porcine collagen (PCOL) type I. Results: Narrow (2-8 nm) collagen-like fibrils with a regular, mainly longitudinal orientation were found in the corneal substitutes. Although the ultrastructure and arrangement of these fibrils were typical for those of human corneal structure, they did not demonstrate some features of the human corneal structure. The fibrils from PCOL-MPC CS were somewhat wider and less regularly arranged than those from RHC-MPC CS; however, this did not effect the transparency of the implants. Conclusion: PCOL-MPC implants and RHC-MPC implants have as good optical properties as the human cornea, but their structure and arrangement of filaments are different from those of the human cornea, which may be associated with a very small size of the fibrils produced as a result of collagen molecule cross-linking; that is why they do not scatter light.

Introduction. Perfluoro-organic compounds (PFOC) have valuable qualities for vitreoretinal surgery and their application for short-term tamponade could expand indications for preoperative treatment and improve its results. However, there is no unambiguous opinion concerning the mechanical action of PFOC on ultrastructural structure of retina. The purpose of the study: To study the influence of 14-days PFOC tamponade on the structure of the rabbit in experiment; to compare the action of PFOC, saline solution, light and heavy silicone oil in dynamics after the tamponade completion. Material and methods. Light and electro- microscopic study was carried out on 36 rabbits (72 eyes). All animals underwent back closed subtotal vitrectomy followed by 14-days PFOC tamponade (right eye), light and heavy silicone and saline solution (left eye). The study was conducted 7, 14 and 30 days after the completion of 14-days tamponade. Results. PFOC, light and heavy silicone cause similar changes in the ultrastructure of the studied retina elements. These are mainly hydropic changes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, mitochondria of inner segments of photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells and Muller cells. At the same time, these cells also show the signs of compensatory-restorative processes, which is reflected in increasing of protein synthesis and energy producing activity that contributes to normalization of the revealed damage of ultrastructure. It should be noted that PFOC and light silicone have particularly similar effect on the retina, while heavy silicone causes more pronounced reaction at subcellular level. Introduction of the saline solution during the first periods of observation leads to the light reactive hydropic changes, mainly in PRE cells. Conclusion. Revealed hydropic changes in the retina after the completion of 14-days tamponade with the used substances are classified as reactive, not damaging changes and are reversible. By the end of the periods of observation the ultrastructure of the retina practically restores. Therefore PFOC can be considered as an alternative for a short-term tamponade.

Data about the estimation of size-depended tissue effects of silver nanoparticles (NP) within the framework of one experiment are absent. Also given not enough data about influence on a basal membrane silver NP of different sizes. These null data do not allow estimating the tissue effects of influence NP and those size-depended properties. So, the objective of this work is to study of features of influence of silver NP of different sizes on the rat skin. Used form of spherical silver (NP) of 20, 30, 70 nm were synthesized using citrate. The experiment was conducted on 261 Wistar rats. After subcutaneous administration of 0.01 ml solution of silver nanoparticles effect was assessed on 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45 days. For electron microscopic examination of skin fragments were fixed, ultrathin sections were contrasted by the method of Reynolds. The size-depended effects of silver NP 20, 30, 70 nm are educed on skin, namely dependence on a speeds of proceeding in the structure of basal membrane (quicker than all at introduction of silver NP 30 nm); mitotic activity of basal cells of epidermis (grows among 20 <= 70 <= 30); amounts of macrophages (grows among 70 <= 20 <= 30) amount of active fibroblasts (grows among 20 <= 70 <= 30), that results in the increase of collagen fibers (maximally in the group of 30 HM)

To investigate changes in the linear dimensions of eyeball, the morphological features of sclera and retina in rats with form-deprivation myopia and rats with form-deprivation myopia and chronic stress. Chronic stress alters the outcomes of experimental form-deprivation myopia. The increasing axial sizes of eye was significantly higher in state of chronic stress than in the myopia model without the stress. Morphological and functional abnormalities in the retina and the sclera were more pronounced also. In experimental myopia in state of chronic stress not only damaged neurons and their processes, but also glial cells of the retina. Collagen fibers disorganization in sclera, fibroblasts function disorders pronounced more than in form-deprivation myopia without stress.

Experimental study was performed on 12 (24 eyes) rabbits. All animals underwent back closed subtotal vitrectomy, followed by a 30-day tamponade perfluororganic compound (PFOC) of the right eye, lightweight silicone or saline (left eye). Electron microscopic examination was carried out after 7, 14 and 30 day tamponade. After a 30-day tamponade with the compounds, the structures of the retina respond with similar changes. However these changes were reactive, not damaging, and they are reversible. The compounds can be used for momentary tamponade.

The aim was to investigate the ultramicroscopic changes in the skin of rats when administered silver nanoparticles. Used spherical nanoparticles of 30 nm synthesized by citrate method. The experiment was conducted on 17 Wistar rats. After subcutaneous administration of silver nanoparticles solution 0,01ml effect was estimated at 7, 14 days. For electron microscopic examination of skin fragments back fixed, ultrathin sections contrasted by method of Reynolds. Sections were photographed in the electron microscope P.M-100-01. It is shown, that the introduction of silver nanoparticles occurs only complex reactive changes, which leads to increased protein synthesizing functions of fibroblasts and epithelial cells of the basal layer of the epidermis, the violation of fibro-architectonics and neocollagenogenesis.

Background. The absence of adequate experimental myopia model is the actual problem in pathophysiological studying of the myopia progression. Studies of the chick eye have formed the basis for several hypotheses of myopic development. The most pathogenesis reasonable myopia animal model is a form-deprivation myopia in chicks. It is necessary to study the dynamics of morphological changes in sclera in rats with form-deprivation myopia. Purpose. To investigate changes in the linear dimensions of eyeball and the morphological features of sclera in form-deprivation myopia in rats. Methods. In rats aged 14 days simulated form-deprivation myopia by blepharorrhaphy. The linear dimensions of the eyeball and morphological properties of sclera were studied on the 7th and 14th day of the experiment. Properties of sclera has been studied on the light and electron microscopic level. Results. The studies revealed increasing of sagittal, horizontal and vertical sizes of eyeball in rats with form-deprivation myopia. Sagittal size of the eye in intact rats aged 30 days was on average 4,84±0,08 mm, at the age of 90 days 5,14±0,01 mm. On the 14-th day of modeling myopia (age rats 30 days) sagittal size of the eye averaged 5,18±0,06 mm. The collagen fibrils architectonics changes in sclera were revealed mainly in the posterior pole of eyeball. Architectonics broken collagen fibers observed fragmentation, swelling, reduced cell number. Revealed deformation of the scleral ring in the optic disc. Conclusion. Vision deprivation in rats leads to increased growth rate of the linear dimensions of eyeball, more sagittal compared to intact animals (p<0,05), suggesting the development of axial myopia. Minimal changes of sclera collagen fibrils such as swelling were set in the equatorial region of myopic eyeball. Disorders of architectonics and structure of collagen fibrils, degenerative and destructive changes in fibroblasts, deformation of the scleral ring were revealed in the posterior pole of eye, which may be a sign of developing myopic scleral staphyloma. Citation: Ulyanova NA, Dumbrova NE, Molchanyuk NI. [Morphological changes of sclera in rats with experimental myopia]. Morphologia. 2014;8(2):72-6. Russian.

Background. The absence of adequate experimental myopia model is the actual problem in pathophysiological studying of the myopia progression. Studies of the chick eye have formed the basis for several hypotheses of myopic development. The most pathogenesis reasonable myopia animal model is a form-deprivation myopia in chicks. The introduction of form-deprivation myopia animal model in mammals in particular rats, is necessary to study the dynamics of age morphological changes in sclera. Objective. To examine age-related features of the sclera in intact rats on the ultra-structural level. Methods. It was investigated the sclera ultrastructure by using electron microscopy method in intact rats at 14, 21, 30, 90 days. Results. It was set that in rats’ eyes at the age of 14-21 days the sclera presence of fibroblasts, characterizing the active generation of plastic materials, mainly on collagen. At the age of 30-90 days, the number of fibroblasts decreases and normal cells become mature look. However, practically, in all study periods, but with advantage aged 14-21 days, some of the cells are eliminated by apoptosis. At the age of 14-21 days is not formed clear scleral tissue architecture, part of the collagen fibrils stacked in bundles, part loosely arranged. At the age of 90 days, collagen scleral stroma is ordered. Conclusion. We identified a significant amount of fibroblasts decreasing, fibroblasts functional activity reduction, and collagen fibers ordering in sclera of the intact rats during the period from 14 to 90 days of postnatal ontogenesis. The highest intensity of the restructuring in the sclera is observed between 14-30 days of postnatal ontogenesis. In our opinion, this period is optimal for experimental modeling myopia in rats.

Purpose. To study in experiment the features of regeneration of outflow tracts of aqueous humor after antiglaucomatous operation using the viscoelastic and the effectiveness of the developed viscosinusotrabeculotomy in the congenital glaucoma surgical treatment in children. Material and methods. The experimental research has been carried out in 15 rabbits (28 eyes) of Chinchilla breed. The obtained results provided the basis for development of an original method of congenital glaucoma surgical treatment – (kozyrkovaya) shield viscosinusotrabeculotomy. During the experiment 60 eyes of 38 children (mostly children of age up to 24 months (32 children) have been operated. Results. A month later after the surgical intervention in experimental eyes where viscoelastic containing hyaluronic acid has been used, we found a distinct filtering channel connecting subconjunctival space with an area of ciliary body. During the surgical treatment according to the developed technology using viscoelastic, in all cases we have managed to form additional outflow pathways of aqueous humor including shaping of filtering bleb in all the eyes in the postoperative period. Conclusion. The conducted experimental research has shown that the Viscoat viscoelastic was discovered in the area of formed outflow pathways on the third day after the operation – in the period of the most active phase of aseptic inflammation, making possible to save the space and preventing inflammation – a factor stimulating the scar formation process. The developed method – (kozyrkovaya) shied viscosinusotrabeculotomy with dispersive viscoelastic usage is a method that increases the effectiveness of congenital glaucoma surgical treatment.

A new synthetic explant with trypsin inhibitor was elaborated for enhCancement of the sclera. Experimental studies were conducted in 10 rabbits aged 2 months. Enhancement of the sclera was performed in the right eye using the explant with trypsin inhibitor and in the left eye without the inhibitor. After the operation there was no toxic, cancerogenic action of the explant with trypsin inhibitor in the surrounding tissues. The inflammatory mixed conjunctival reaction lasted 3–5 days. Electron microscopy was conducted after 2–3 weeks and at 1, 2, and 6 months following the operation. Two months after the action of the trypsin inhibitor disappeared, histologic specimens of the animal sclera showed that the graft’s threads had been invaded by thin collagenous structures of fibrins and fibroblasts with epithelioid cells; and 1 year later the sclera was regularly thickened, replacing the resolved transplant material. For the same scleral enhancement without trypsin inhibitor, there were separate connective tissue bundles with graft remnants and chaotically situated fibroblasts. Thus trypsin inhibitor leads to uniform spreading of scleral elements with simultaneous resolution of the transplant material.