The pollution of Plumbum heavy metal in water is an environmental concern. Plumbum (Pb) can be found in water naturally and due to human activities. This study aimed to analyze Plumbum heavy metal’s content in the waters of Batu Jaya village in Southeast Sulawesi. The research method employed was descriptive, and the samples were tested for Plumbum heavy metal content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The study revealed that several stations (ST) exceeded the threshold, including ST 2 with 0.0217 mg/l, ST 3 with 0.0220 mg/l, ST 5 with 0.0182 mg/l, ST 6 with 0.0141 mg/l, and ST 10 with 0.0312 mg/l. On the other hand, other stations, namely ST 1, 4, 7, 8, and 9, remained within acceptable limits. Consequently, Plumbum heavy metal is present in the waters of Batu Jaya village, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The pollution originates from human activities in the vicinity of the port and from ship traffic passing through the area.

Land use change is contributing to the emergence of zoonotic diseases in the community. And can cause an increase in the spread of the virus through arthropods. This study aimed to determine the association of land use factors and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The secondary data obtained from various governments of Indonesia were used for this study. Data of dengue hemorrhagic fever from Ministry of Health of Republic Indonesia. Land use data is derived from the classification of Citra Landsat 8 on a scale of 1: 250,000 from 2010 to 2020. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to examine the relationship between land-use change and the incidence rate of dengue hemorrhagic fever. The results of this study In Period 2010-2015 is a correlation between Agriculture with dengue hemorrhagic fever ( α = 0.812, p <0.05), and water bodies with α =0.812. The area of agricultural land is increasing every year; in 2010, only 3.32% increase to 51.08% in 2015. Furthermore, in period 2016-2020 is a correlation between Forest with dengue hemorrhagic fever (α = 0.900, p <0.05), and Settlement (α = -0.900, p <0.05). Our findings could be used to improve the understanding of land-use change and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Kolaka district and provide information on land use that does not damage the environment.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected people's lives globally. Indonesia has been significantly affected by this disease. COVID-19 has also affected certain social and economic aspects of Indonesia, including community resilience. Through a variety of contexts and geographic locales, we explore the previously mentioned concept of resilience. From existing literature reviews, we develop a holistic framework for community resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, we formulate crucial factors for community resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: natural capital, social capital, human capital, stakeholder engagement, community participation, technology, and communication. Strategic stakeholder action in the community resilience domain has facilitated increases in economic as well financial capital for adapting to and surviving deficits in productivity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study is a reflection on and a comparative review of the existing literature from different countries.

D. ananassae kinship catched on Kendari mainland had been analized by crossing beetween D. Ananassae from Kendari, Pondidaha and Lasolo regions, experiment method conducted with 3 resiprocal each, Data conversioned in isolation indexes and tested with Duncan’s test. Isolation index of D.ananassae from Kendari region with F-count =4.10, greater than F-tab (3.11), average of isolation indexes was 0.13, that mean kinship of D.ananassae from Kendari mainland (Kendari, Pondidaha and Lasolo) were closed enough one another and assumed that they were same species.Keywords: D. ananassae, kinship, Kendari mainland AbstrakKekerabatan D. Ananassae yang ditangkap didaratan Kendari telah dianalisis dengan persilangan antara D. Ananassae yang ditangkap dari daerah Kendari, Pondidaha dan Lasolo. Dengan metode eksperimen yang terdiri dari 3 kali ulangan untuk setiap perlakuan, data yang diperoleh dikonversi menjadi data indeks isolasi dan diuji dengan analisis varians dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa indeks isolasi seksual D. Ananassae di daratan Kendari mempunyai F-hitung sebesar 4,10 dan lebih besar daripada F-tabel sebesar 3,11. rata-rata indeks isolasi seksual yang didapatkan adalah sebesar 0,13, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kekerabatan D. Ananassae di daratan Kendari cukup dekat dan diduga D. Ananassae yang ditangkap di Kendari, Pondidaha dan Lasolo berada pada level spesies yang sama.Key words: D. ananassae, perkerabatan, daratan Kendari

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur populasi dan kandungan logam berat gastropoda (Telescopium telescopium) di Taman Nasional Rawa Aopa Watumohai. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari sampai Maret 2018. Lokasi pengambilan sampel penelitian terletak pada mangrove yang tumbuh di Sungai Lanowulu dan Roraya di TNRAW. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampel. Penelitian ini menggunakan plot kuadrat ukuran 1 m2 diletakkan di setiap stasiun. Jumlah individu dari T. telescopium dihitung berat dan panjangnya. Selain itu, kandungan logam berat Timbal (Pb) dan Cadmium (Cd) di dalam daging T. telescopium dihitung menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) di Laboratorium Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Halu Oleo. Struktur populasi T. telescopium ditentukan dengan analisis histogram, distribusi ukurannya ditentukan dengan analisis koefisien variasi (CV). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur populasi gastropoda membentuk kurva normal dengan ukuran kecil. Kandungan logam Pb dan Cd di dalam sedimen dan air laut dari Sungai Roraya lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan Sungai Lanowulu, disisi lain, kandungan logam berat Pb dan Cd dalam daging T. telescopium tidak berbeda signifikan. Dengan demikian, kandungan logam berat Pb dan Cd pada air laut, sedimen dan daging T. telescopium di sungai Lanowulu dan sungai Roraya berada di atas baku mutu sesuai dengan Kepmen LH. No. 51. 2004. Kata kunci: Gastropoda, Mangrove, Logam Berat, TNRAW. ABSTRACTThis study aims todetermine the population structure and heavy metals contents of gastropods (Telescopiumtelescopium) living in RawaAopaWatumohai National RAWN Park. This research was conducted from January until March 2018. The sampling location of research was in mangroves grown along the Lanowulu and Roraya rives at RAWN Park. This research uses purposive sampling method. This study used the plot quadrate of 1 m2 widethat placed in each station. The number of individuals of.T. telecopium was counted, while their fresh weight and length of T.telescopiumwere measured. In addition, the content of heavy metals of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) into meat of T. telescopium were measured by using Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in Laboratory at Faculty of Fisheries andMarine Science at Halu Oleo University. The population structure of T. telescopium was determined by histrogram analysis, its size distribution was determined by coefficient of variation (CV) analysis. The results showed that population structure of gastropods was normal curve with small ranges of size distribution. The content of Pb and Cd into sediment and sea water of Rorayariver were significantly higher as compared than that in Lanowulu river. On the other hand, the content of heavy metals Pb and Cd into meat of T. telescopium was not significantly different. However, the heavy metals contents of Pb and Cd into sea water, sediment and meat of T. telescopiumboth in Lanowuluand Roraya riverswere above the quality standard according to Ministry of Environment No. 51/LH/2004. Keywords : Gastropods, mangroves, Lanowulu and Roraya rivers, heavy metals, Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park

The present study aimed to identify the nutritional and antioxidant potential of mangrove fruits of Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia alba, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza growing in Rawa Aopa Watumohai National (RAWN) Park. The protein content of X. granatum fruits (4.50 mg/g) was recorded to be higher than that S. alba (0.93 mg/g) and B. gymnorrhiza (1.09 mg/g), while the fat content in fruits of X. granatum (4.88%), S. alba (4.42%), and B. gymnorrhiza (4.74%) was similar. The total sugar content in fruits of X. granatum (14.8 mg/100 g), S. alba (14.9 mg/100 g), and B. gymnorrhiza (13.52 mg/100 g) was also similar. The ascorbic acid content in X. granatum fruit (65 mg/100 g) was higher than that in S. alba (40 mg/100 g) and B. gymnorrhiza (41.87 mg/100 g). However, the fruits of S. alba contained much higher micronutrients of Mn (0.063 mg/g), Zn (0.72 mg/g), and Fe (0.51 mg/g) than those of in X. granatum (0.052, 0.52, and 0.38 mg/g, respectively), and B. gymnorrhiza (0.012, 0.11, and 0.34 mg/g, respectively). Moreover, the fruits of X. granatum contained much higher macronutrients of K and Na compared to fruits of other mangroves. Thus, the findings of this study showed the promising values of all studied mangrove fruits as bio-nutrition and antioxidant sources, and high potentiality to use as renewable food sources for the coastal communities in RAWN Park.

The purpose of this study was to find out the diversity index of molluscs (gastropods & bivalves) based on mangrove degradation level in Tobea Island of Muna Regency. The data were collected from May until July 2017, in Wangkolabu municipal area of Tobea sub-district, using observation method and direct observation in the research location to find out the index of ecology of molluscs such as index of diversity (H'), evenness (E), density (N), dominance (D), and dispersion pattern (Id) from both gastropod and bivalve classes based on mangrove degradation level. Direct identification in the field is applied to the type of mangrove vegetation and mollusc organisms that have been known by it’s scientific name. But if not, then the samples are taken and the documentation is then done further analysis at the Laboratory of Biology Unit of Ecology and Taxonomy of FMIPA UHO with reference to the guide book of Introduction of Mangrove in Indonesia and book Snail & Shell Indonesian. Then for water environment parameters in the form of water and substrate samples are further analyzed at Biology Laboratory of UHO Forensic and Biomolecular Unit using Miller triangle fraction method and APHA standard method. Statistical analysis is done using Excel Stat to determine the major components affecting the ecological index of molluscs in degraded mangrove areas. The results showed four species mangroves in Wangkolabu Village are Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Sonneratia alba and that mangrove degradation on the coast of Tobea Island, Wangkolabu village, Tobea sub-district has varied values for good mangrove criteria (Density/RDi = 1.600 individuals/hectare), medium mangrove (Density/RDi = 1.175 individuals/hectare), and mangrove broken/rare (Density/RDi = 375 individuals/hectare). Besides that, Cerithium spp., Nerita costata, Terebralia sulcata, and Clypeomorus sp., type gastropods is able to adapt to mangrove forests that have moderate density (RDi= 1.000–1.500 individuals/hectare), with mangrove substrate types in the form of sandy loam that has soil organic content (BO = 3,18%). While the gastropod type Telescopium telescopium prefers low density mangrove forests (RDi < 1.000 individuals/hectare) with the type of substrate in the form of clay containing organic matter (BO = 2,35%). Based on the results of the study it is expected that the need for mangrove forest management in the study area for the sustainability of aquatic biota, especially molluscs that can be developed as conservation areas by looking at the level of mangrove damage through non-fish aquaculture activities (shellfish) for the welfare of coastal communities and islands small in Southeast Sulawesi.

The present study was aimed to elucidate the spatial pattern in the beta diversity of marine bentic for Echinoidea and Asteroidea that assemblages the coastal area of Tomia Island, Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. The two transect lines of 460 and 260 m in length with small quadrats of 1m2 wide were placed at the open and unopen beaches perpendicularly to the coastlines. The important value index and similarity index SI of organisms on these taxa were estimated in each the transect. Echinometra mathaei was the most dominant Echinoidea at open and unpen beaches, while Protoreaster nodusus was the most dominant Asteroidea at both areas. Most of SI values of Echinoidea at open beach were estimated less than 50%, which was lower than SI values that of organisms at unopen beach. On the other hand, most of SI values of Asteroidea at both areas were estimated more than 70% representing high similarity degree of its species composition among sites. The disimilarity index of organisms in the taxa of Echinoidea and Asteroidae was increased significantly as increasing the distance of among stands, which suggested that pettern in beta diversity of these taxa was associated with the spatial heterogenity.

As chromosome of different species differs in the size, shape, and number, their caryotpes areexpected to provide a distinctive and characteristic feature of the organism. The caryotypes ofseven amphibian species : Limnonectes gruniens, L modestus, Rana (Hylarana) chalconota,Fajervarya cancrivora, Polypedates celebensis, Bufo celebensis and B biporcatus of South EastSulawesi-origin were investigated. The result showed that the number of diploid chromosomes inthe seven anuran varied between 22-26. The highest diploid chromosomes were observed in Rchalconota, F cancrivora (26), followed by L gruniens, L modestus (24) and the lowest were observed22 in P celebensis, B celebensis and B biporcatus (22). In general, all the the seven anuran sharesfour metacentric chromosomes pairs which is in pairs No 5, 6, 9, and 10 respectively. Howeverdifferences were observed in other chromosomes pairs numbers among the seven species.

The objectives of the research was to described habitat charateristics and reproduction aspects of giant frog (Limnonectes cf. grunniens). Some physico-chemical parameters that characteristic for giant frog habitat i.e. air and water temperatur, relative humidity, dissolved oxygen, free CO2 and NH3 in water were measured. Moreover, the reproduction aspects being observed were gonad characteristics, egg size and form, and sperm density. The results indicated that the giant frog habitat was river stream with physical characteristics as following air temperature : 27o–28oC, water temperature : 24o-26 oC, relative humidity : 83%–87%, water turbidity : 1,2–11,6 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), and altitude : 20-40 m above sea level. Furthermore, the suitable water characteristics for the habitat were dissolved oxygen : 7.78.2 ppm, free CO2 concentration = 6.6–8.1 ppm, and free NH3 concentration : 0.5–0.6 ppm. The adult giant frog female generally carried 1461.82 eggs in average per individu with diameter ranging from 1.70–3.10 mm. On the other hand, the sperm density of adult male giant frog was found to be 1,614,898 per mm3 with motility rate of 81.23%.