Roasting processes of typical spent residue hydrotreating catalysts were systematically investigated, along with the structures of the roasting products. Also, the leaching behaviors of the roasted catalysts in acid/alkaline solvent were revealed.

The Cr(VI) removal from complex industrial wastewater is a pressing problem in heavy metal contained wastewater treatment. However, it is still a challenge to develop low-cost and high reactivity materials applying for Cr(VI) removal from complex industrial wastewater. Herein, a low-cost lignin carbon composite material (FeOx@LCS) was prepared using iron-oxide (FeOx) modification. The FeOx modified lignin carbon sphere has a multiphase mixture core-shell structure, provide more reactive site enhance the Cr(VI) removal capacity. The maximum Cr(VI) removal capacities of FeOx@LCS composites were 173.98 mg/g, with superfast reach to reaction equilibrium within 50 min. Comparing with LCS, the FeOx in the FeOx@LCS exhibited significantly enhanced removal capacities. Furthermore, the FeOx@LCS composites benefited to the ample surface binding sites, which improved the reducing and anchoring ability of hexavalent chromium remarkably, thus facilitating their Cr(VI) removal and applicability in the complex industrial wastewater treatment.

High-density microelectrode arrays enable millisecond-scale observation of population spiking bute impose prohibitive bandwidth and power demands on implantable systems. This work presents DQ-MappingSort, an online spike sorting scheme optimized for event-driven and hardware-efficient operation.An always-on delta-quantization(DQ) detector approximates temporal derivatives using ternary comparisons, declaring spikes via short run-length patterns and activating an 8-bit SAR front end only when necessary. Spatio-temporal features are formed by encoding the DQ sequence around the main spike extremum(quantized by an 8-bit SAR ADC) and computing a weighted centroid across neighboring electrodes. The DQ-MappingSort clustering enginge maintains per-cluster population counts, refernce DQ codes and spatial centroids within a 2kB cluster SRAM. Wtih moderate hardware utilization, its spatial L1 prefilter and low-bit Manhattan matching enable fast assignment, while a population-weighted periodic mapping merges sparse classes and accelerates centroid convergence.On Neuropixels datasets, the system achieves 99.6% accuracy(≥98% with analog front end + DQ wake-up in loop), and on Quiroga benchmark 99.5% / 95.9%(easy/difficult). The event-gated schedule, relaxed ADC precision and compact memory footprint together support μW-class SoC integration for scalable neural interfaces.

The recovery of valuable vanadium (V) and molybdenum (Mo) from spent residue hydrogenation catalysts is crucial due to their high content. However, their efficient separation from the catalyst leaching solution remains challenging. This study investigates a single-stage extraction and stripping process for V and Mo recovery. Under the optimal conditions with 20 vol% of the extractant Aliquat 336, 10 vol% of the phase modifier n-octanol, and an initial aqueous phase pH of 1.0, V and Mo could be effectively extracted, with a distribution ratio of V being 7.02 and that of Mo greater than 1000. The separation factors of V relative to other impurity elements exceeded 360, while those of Mo with respect to impurity elements were greater than 10,000. Afterwards, selective stripping of V was achieved based on its valence state change using an ascorbic acid (VC)-H2SO4 solution. Mo was subsequently stripped with an NH4HCO3 solution. Applied to an actual leaching solution, this process achieved extraction efficiencies over 99.9% for both metals via a four-stage extraction process, with the co-extraction of impurities below 4.50%. A three-stage stripping with 0.3 mol/L VC-0.5 mol/L H2SO4 yielded V stripping efficiency over 99.9% andminimal Mo costripping efficiency of 1.22%. Subsequently, 99.9% of the retained Mo was recovered using NH4HCO3. Therefore, this study provides an efficient strategy for V and Mo recovery, which has significant practical implications for the sustainable management of spent catalysts.

Insight into the growth behavior and electronic regulation of platinum（Pt） on various transition metal supports is paramount in developing high-performing electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions（HER）.Herein,we studied the influence of molybdenum-based supports（MoX,X=C,N,P,and S） on the growth behavior and electronic regulation of Pt.We found that the formation energy variations between Pt single atom and clusters on MoX supports play a pivotal role in the growth behavior of Pt.Moreover,the electronic regulation of Pt induced by metal-support interaction may reflect the valence changes of Pt in PtMoX/C.The Pt-MoC/C catalyst with a moderate valence state of Pt exhibits the best HER activity with an overpotential of 12.0 mV at 10 mA cm -2 and a mass activity of 27.1 A mg Pt -1 ,12.3 times as high as that of commercial 20 wt%Pt/C.This work provides constructive guidance for the design of high-performance HER catalysts.

The hydrotreating of residual oil is crucial for producing cleaner fuels, as catalyst deactivation due to metal deposits, particularly nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V), remains a significant challenge. Contrary to the conventional view that metal deposits invariably poison catalysts, our recent studies have observed an unexpected enhancement in the activity of commercial NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts during industrial operation. This study systematically investigates the mechanism behind this counter-intuitive phenomenon, with a particular focus on the effects induced by nickel. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that low-concentration of Ni deposits preferentially formed highly active NiMoS phases during the reaction process, thereby minimized the formation of NiSx, a typical poisoning species. This increases the number of reactive sulfur sites, boosting the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), with the conversion rate rising from 17.1 to 73.3

An ultra-low-power (ULP) six-class keyword spotting (KWS) ASIC is presented in this article, which can be used in always-on speech-based human-machine interface applications. The ASIC is composed of a sampling frequency and resolution adaptive (SFRA) dual-mode analog-to-digital quantizer and a power-gated KWS engine with a multiplier-less processing element (PE) array. The dual-mode quantizer mainly operates as a 1.5-bit delta quantizer (DQ), providing inherent robustness against dc drift. It adaptively switches to high-resolution successive-approximation register (SAR) quantization mode upon detecting a sound event based on the DQ output. In the KWS engine, the multiplier-less PE array is reused for both feature extraction and gated recurrent unit (GRU)-based keyword classification. To unveil the tradeoffs between power consumption and flexibility, two versions of the classifier have been implemented, with ROM-based on-chip weight memory (WM) and SRAM-based WM. Fabricated in 180-nm CMOS technology, the proposed KWS ASIC with ROM and SRAM-based WM achieves six-class classification accuracies of 87.3% and 90.1%, respectively, on the Google Speech Command dataset (GSCD) while consuming 174 and 756 nW long-term average (LTA) power with a decision latency of 14 ms at a clock frequency of 256 kHz.

Constructing cluster heterostructures with strongly coupled interfaces is of great importance to accelerating the catalytic reactions that involve multiple intermediates. Herein, a strongly coupled cluster heterostructure composed of platinum and molybdenum carbide (Pt@Mo2C) derived from polyoxometalate clusters is designed to achieve excellent alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. The Pt@Mo2C cluster exhibits strong electronic interactions between Pt and Mo2C, working together to facilitate the H2O dissociation by concurrently binding intermediates (Pt–H* and Mo–OH*), thus accelerating the kinetics of the rate-determining Volmer step. The optimized Pt@Mo2C exhibits a high mass activity of 12.1 A·mgPt−1, 19.2 times higher than that of 20

The Ni(Co)Mo/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst was widely used for residue hydrogenation but challenged by the increased expense of Ni/Co metal to some extent. Fe, which is adjacent to Ni/Co, was used as a promoter of MoS2 for residual oil hydrogenation. Mo7O24 6- polyoxometalate was used as a preassembled molecular platform for the doping of iron cation, ensuring the uniform dispersion of Fe and Mo elements on gamma-Al2O3 support, which further contributed to the formation of uniform FeMoS active sites after sulfuration. The promoter Fe enhanced the efficiency of residual oil hydrogenation of MoS2, and the catalyst with the 1:3 Fe/Mo atomic ratio possessed the activity under the identical reaction condition, having 44.2 and 35.4% removal rates for sulfur and conradson carbon residue, respectively. Particularly, the product obtained by this catalyst possessed the lower content of hydrogen (11.65%), indicating the selectivity effect in hydrogenation. Actual residual oil was used as reaction feed, and our designed catalysts possessed good promotion in hydrogenation activity and selectivity. This research will expand on the ability to improve the residual oil hydrogenation activity and selectivity by constructing catalytic active sites of MoS2 using a cheap iron element.

Seeking the cost-effective, highly efficient functional materials with simple preparation procedures have always been a goal in the field of nuclides separation. Due to the effects of protonation and stability, the recovery of actinides like Th(IV) from molar concentrations of acidic solutions for most present materials still a challenge. Herein, we have combined the recently reported phenanthroline phosphonate (POPhen) ligands holding strong selective affinity for actinides in molar concentrations of HNO3 and the commonly used macroporous resin XAD7 to develop two novel POPhen ligands functionalized XAD-7 composites for the highly efficient removal of Th (IV) from molar concentrations of HNO3 solutions via a simple but effective method. The results of SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, FT-IR, solid state 13C/31P NMR and XPS spectra studies confirmed that two phenanthroline phosphonates nBu-POPhen (n-butyl) and iBu-POPhen (isobutyl) were successfully loaded onto the pore structures of XAD-7 carrier through physical interactions. Both two adsorbents showed strong sorption ability, high selectivity and fast sorption rates for Th(IV) in 3-4 M HNO3 solutions. The sorption capacities of Th (IV) by nBu-POPhen/XAD-7 and iBu-POPhen/XAD-7 (around 25 % ligand loading) were 167.5 and 161.4 mg/g respectively at 298 K in 3.0 M HNO3. Dynamic adsorption-stripping experiments, TOC and radiation stability studies further validated the practical application potential of the as-synthesized adsorbents. The sorption mechanism of Th(IV) was deeply elucidated by EDS-STEM, AC-HAADF imaging, XPS survey spectra, EXAFS analysis and DFT theoretical calculations.

The recovery and reuse of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained significant attention in recent years. In this work, we successfully transformed Ni, Co, Mn, and Al in spent LIBs into novel catalysts (i.e., NixFeyCoMnAl) for hydrogen generation from hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O), while recovering the Li as lithium phosphate to prepare new LIBs. The synthesized nickel-based catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy techniques, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the effects of Al, Co, and Mn in the cathode materials of spent LIBs on the hydrogen (H2) production performance of the obtained NixFeyCoMnAl catalyst were investigated. The metallic Al in the catalyst enhanced the H2 selectivity and the turnover frequency (TOF) in N2H4·H2O decomposition, whereas Co had a minimal effect on the H2 selectivity and TOF, and Mn increased the TOF without significantly affecting the H2 selectivity. Furthermore, the influences of temperature and the NaOH and N2H4·H2O concentrations on N2H4·H2O decomposition were investigated to evaluate the performance of the Ni1Fe3CoMnAl catalyst. When N2H4·H2O was completely decomposed, the optimal H2 selectivity and TOF reached 91.67

Since their inception in 2011, MXenes have evolved into avant-garde nanomaterials renowned for their elevated specific surface area and abundant functional groups. Their unique attributes make them well-fitted for utilization...

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) coupled with renewable energy is regarded as a sustainable approach for green hydrogen production. However, the low reserve and high cost of platinum cathode electrocatalysts greatly limit its widespread deployment. Herein, we report a phase conversion strategy to obtain an efficient low-Pt loading electrocatalyst composed of multi-atomic Pt substituted 1T-MoS2 nanosheet grown on a cross-interlocking porous carbon matrix (Pt@1T-MoS2/C). In combination with experimental and theoretical results, the 2H-to-1T phase conversion of MoS2 induced by the Pt substitution is investigated, and the as-formed Pt-S-Mo active site accounts for the excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Benefiting from the improved electron transfer efficiency and Pt-S-Mo active sites, the Pt@1T-MoS2/C delivers a high mass HER activity of similar to 58.9 Amg(Pt)(-1), and an excellent stability of 200 h at 1000 mA center dot cm(-2) in a practical PEMWE device.

An always-on electrocardiogram (ECG) anomaly detector (EAD) with ultra-low power (ULP) consumption is proposed for continuous cardiac monitoring applications. The detector is featured with a 1.5-bit non-feedback delta quantizer (DQ) based feature extractor, followed by a multiplier-less convolutional neural network (CNN) engine, which eliminates the traditional high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in conventional signal processing systems. The DQ uses a computing-in-capacitor (CIC) subtractor to quantize the sample-to-sample difference of ECG signal into 1.5-bit ternary codes, which is insensitive to low-frequency baseline wandering. The subsequent event-driven classifier is composed of a low-complexity coarse detector and a systolic-array-based CNN engine for ECG anomaly detection. The DQ and the digital CNN are fabricated in 65-nm and 180-nm CMOS technology, respectively, and the two chips are integrated on board through wire bonding. The measured detection accuracy is 90.6% ∼ 91.3% when tested on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, identifying three different ECG anomalies. Operating at 1 V and 1.4 V power supplies for the DQ and the digital CNN, respectively, the measured long-term average power consumption of the core circuits is 36 nW, which makes the detector among those state-of-the-art always-on cardiac anomaly detection devices with the lowest power consumption.

Bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid, commonly referred to as HBTMPDTP or Cyanex301, is a sulfur-donating ligand that shows considerable promise in the challenging task of separating trivalent actinides (An(3+)) from lanthanides (Ln(3+)). Although its effectiveness has been established, the specific molecular details about the preference of HBTMPDTP for americium over europium have remained a mystery, puzzling researchers for over two decades. This study presents a comprehensive, dual-driven separation mechanism for this complex system combining experimental and theoretical approaches. A critical finding is the increased covalency in An-S bonds compared to Ln-S bonds, which plays a significant role in HBTMPDTP's intrinsic selectivity for An(3+) over Ln(3+). This leads to the formation of distinct An(3+) and Ln(3+) species, enhancing the ligand's actinide selectivity. Additionally, it provides crucial insights into the coordination chemistry of f-elements with sulfur-donating ligands, thereby deepening our understanding of this intricate field.

Always-on electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is the best candidate to capture sporadic and intermittent irregular cardiac abnormalities. In this article, an ECG processor for always -on cardiac arrhythmia (CA) monitoring is presented. A delta quantization-based bitstream is used for the QRS morphology classification and detection of lethal cardiac arrhythmias like ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Two tiny machine learning classifiers are used: A shallow ternary neural network classifier to perform QRS complex classification and a patient adaptive decision logic (ADL) approach for CA detection. The proposed processor utilizes only 100 Bytes of on -chip memory to store the necessary parameters and ECG data for the classifiers. The design of the ECG processor is based on high threshold standard cell 180-nm CMOS technology. The ASIC core occupies a die area measuring 0.49 mm2. In terms of power consumption, the measured total power is 65 nW, operating at a real-time clock frequency of 500 Hz and with a 1.4 V supply voltage. The performance of the proposed processor is evaluated on MIT-BIH Arrhythmia and CU Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia databases. It exhibits a high level of accuracy and is capable of detecting 12 types of CA with a sensitivity of 95.9% and specificity of 99.71"/o.

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is one of the most efficient processes for removing sulfur-containing molecules such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) from oil, whatever fossil based or bio-based. However, hydrodesulfurization using molybdenum sulfides (MoS2) as catalytic active centers and transition metals (X) as promoters is seriously challenged by the insufficient catalytic activity and selectivity because of the separate phases of sulfides, and sparse X-Mo-S active sites, leading to poor synergistic effect between the X promoter and MoS2 active centers. Herein, atomically doped MoS2 catalysts (denoted as XMo, X = Fe, Co or Ni) were synthesized by using polyoxometalate template-based synthetic strategy were proposed. The pre-organized Anderson-type POMs, [XMo6O24H6](n-) (X = Fe, Co or Ni), acted as a pre-assembled molecular platform with intimate X-Mo interactions, ensure the uniform formation of X-Mo-S active sites after sulfuration. The promoter atoms, including Fe, Co and Ni, enhanced the efficiency of hydrodesulfurization of MoS2. Particularly, NiMo exhibits the highest HDS activity, while CoMo shows a moderate HDS activity with the highest DDS selectivity (similar to 85 %). Despite the lowest HDS activities, FeMo with the cheapest Fe promoter, shows good DDS selectivity (similar to 70 %). Further study reveal NiMo has the most laminated morphology and highest stacking slabs, resulting in the highest HDS activity. Benefiting from the Co(Fe)-Mo-S structure and abundant sulfur vacancy, CoMo and FeMo showed great enhancement in the DDS selectivity. Moreover, the DDS selectivity of these designed catalysts were supported energetically by first principle calculations. This research will expand on the ability to improve the HDS activities and DDS selectivity by precisely engineering catalytic active sites to achieve significant synergistic effect in atomic scale.

The thiophene-based compounds (such as 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT)) were removed with difficultly that since relatively larger molecules sizes with evident steric hindrance and worse accessibility of active sites during hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reactions. In this study, bimodal pore structure catalysts with higher specific surface areas, larger pore volume and mesoporous diameter were prepared. Moreover, less hydroxyl group in bimodal pore supports cause weaker metal-support interaction (MSI), which further contributes to the formation of Type-II active phase that possesses more active sites. The catalyst activity results of 4,6-DMDBT reveal that the bimodal pore catalyst with a narrow-distributed distribution of mesoporous size (NiMoS/S1) exhibited the highest apparent HDS activity and intrinsic activity for 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. This work can deepen our understanding of the design of catalytic bimodal catalysts with high intrinsic activity and better accessibility of active sites.

The key reason for SO2 formation during the production of a residue hydrogenation catalyst support was identifiedand subsequent emission reduction solutions were then investigated and verified systematically. The results demonstratedthat carbon-containing organic materials, including sesbania powder and cellulose, did not completely decompose over the temperature range of 350-600 degree celsius during the heating stage of the calcination process, but rather underwent a condensation reaction within the same temperature range to form carbon-containing species with a lower ratio of hydrogen to carbon and a higher condensation degree, which promoted the decomposition of sulfate to form SO2. Systematic experimental work revealed that three different measures, i.e., applying the staged calcination method, reducing the heating rate, and increasing the air flow rate, during the calcination process could all achieve the effect of reducing SO2 emissions

Interest in functional silver has rapidly grown over the years due to significant advances in separation, sensing, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Here we developed a new strategy to load single atomic silver species in the rigid and open unit of the fully conjugated benzimidazole-linked polymers (BILPs). Due to the well-defined chelating units of N-heterocycles, the Ag+ ion species can be coordinated by N ligands and stabilized in the atomic level without aggregating into nanoscale Ag clusters and nanoparticles. The obtained Ag+-BILP-101 exhibits a selective binding property of Ag+ ions from solutions. The ultrastable structure and the property of taking up metal species, endow BILPs with the advantages of functionalizing metal species. After the reduction by NaBH4, the Ag+ ions were transferred into Ag nanoparticles. The substantial and intrinsic porosity of BILPs also gives excellent accessibility to Ag species loaded in the frameworks. The plentiful N-heterocycles and loaded Ag species show a synergistic/coadsorption effect for iodine vapor, and the charge transfer from frameworks promotes the formation of iodide ions. The iodine capture capacities of Ag+-BILP-101 and Ag0-BILP-101 reach 3.3 g/ g and 3.7 g/g at 80 degrees C, and still maintain 3.2 g/g and 3.5 g/g at 150 degrees C, respectively. After ethanol elution, the residual iodine/Ag molar ratios in Ag+/Ag0-BILP-101 samples are still more than one (about 1.5), suggesting their strong affinity toward iodine. This work highlights the excellent selective Ag+ ion binding and Ag species supporting properties of BILPs, which can extend to other porous organic framework platforms for various applications based on silver species-skeleton interactions.