Nanoplastics (NPs), formed by the degradation of plastic materials, are ubiquitous substances with potential negative effects on various ecosystems and organisms. This article aims to investigate toxicological and biochemical NP accumulation in testicular tissue of rats and explore its potential effects on male reproductive health. Our study was conducted on the control (sham) group and two experimental groups receiving 25 mg/kg NPs (LNp) and 50 mg/kg NPs (HNp). Five male rats in each group were administered fluorescent NPs via gavage for one month. At the end of the experiment, testicular tissues were removed, and NPs accumulation, oxidative stress and testicular inflammation were investigated histopathologically and biochemically. NPs accumulation was detected in the testicular tissue of LNp and HNp groups. Immature sperm cells and vacuolization were observed, suggesting that spermatogenesis was adversely affected. Oxidative stress was found to be increased in testicular tissue. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene expression was evaluated, and inflammation was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, continuous intake of nanoplastics can lead to their accumulation in testicular tissue, impairing testicular function and potentially causing infertility. Given their increasing presence in the environment, nanoplastics pose significant risks to male reproductive health, necessitating further research and regulatory action to minimize exposure.

This study aims to investigate the relationships between B & ouml;hler (BA), Gissane (GA), calcaneal inclination (CIA), lateral talocalcaneal (LTCA), and Fowler-Philip (FPA) angles, which play a significant role in the diagnosis of foot deformitiesandin clinical and surgical decision-making, and age, sex, laterality, body height, and body weight. Additionally, this study aims to establishindividual-specific normative reference values. Bilateral weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs (n=850) of 425 individuals (21609males, fmales; 2 mean age: 45.14 +/- 15.82 years) without foot pathology were analyzed. The mean values were BA:30.59 +/- 3.5 degrees, GA:116.06 +/- 4.64 degrees, CIA:25.5 +/- 3.62 degrees, LTCA:44.14 +/- 6.87 degrees, and FPA:61.44 +/- 2.73 degrees. There were significant differences compared to measurements reported in other populations. BA, CIA, LTCA, and FPA demonstrated significant differences across age groups (BA: p=0.002; CIA: p<0.001; LTCA:0.001;p< FPA: p<0.001). GA and FPA exhibited significant sex-related differences (GA: p=0.011; FPA: p<0.001). No significant correlationwas determined between the angles and side. In males, BA was correlated with height positively (r=0.185, p<0.001), while GAashowedpsitive correlation (r=0.148, p=0.003) and CIA a negative correlation (r=-0.141, p=0.004) with height in females. Regarding body,BAweight was positivelycorrelated in males (r=0.139, p=0.004), whereas CIA(r=-0.156, p=0.001) and LTCA(r=-0.137, p=0.004) showed negativecorrelations. In females, LTCA was also correlated with weight negatively (r=-0.193, p<0.001). Given the regression analysis, age wasassociatedwith a 0.025 degrees decrease in BA per year (p=0.001). GA was, on average, 1.854 degrees higher in females than in males (p<0.001). Each 1 cm increase in height was related with a 0.075 degrees increase in GA (p=0.001), while each 1 kg increase in body weight was related with decreases of degrees in0.051 CIA (p<0.001), 0.104 degrees in LTCA (p<0.001), and 0.019 degrees in FPA (p=0.024). These findings highlight the necessity of considering age, sex, height, and body weight in addition to population-based reference values when evaluating calcaneal angles.

This study investigates the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) carbon nanodot functionalized silver nanoparticles (CBZ-CD@AgNP) and carbamazepine-loaded metal–organic frameworks (CBZ-CDs@MOFs) on the brain of male rats in an epilepsy model. In our study, 70 male Wistar albino rats aged 8–12 weeks were used. Experimental groups Control group, PTZ (Pentylenetetrazole) group, Carbamazepine 25 mg/kg group, Carbamazepine 50 mg/kg group, PTZ + Carbamazepine 25 mg/kg group, PTZ + Carbamazepine 50 mg/kg group, Carbamazepine 25 mg/kg + MOF group, Carbamazepine 50 mg/kg group + MOF group, PTZ + Carbamazepine 25 mg/kg group + MOF group, PTZ + Carbamazepine 50 mg/kg group + MOF group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed an increase in GRP78 expression in all CBZ-nanoparticle groups, indicating a protective effect. However, 25 mg/kg doses of both nanoparticles in PTZ-treated animals elevated TNF-α expression, suggesting a possible negative dose-dependent effect. TAS levels were significantly increased in the PTZ + CBZ-CDs@MOFs 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg groups, implying an antioxidant role for MOF particles. No significant changes were observed in TOS and MDA levels. This research underscores the therapeutic promise of nanomaterials in epilepsy management, paving the way for advanced treatments.

Ultrasound-guided vascular access (USGVA) is an essential clinical skill, but novice learners often face difficulties in interpreting ultrasound images and achieving spatial alignment during procedures. To address this challenge, we hypothesized that using a reversed screen orientation could facilitate the learning process. Reversed screen orientation refers to an ultrasound image flipped in the transverse plane, producing a top-to-bottom mirror image by activating the “reverse” function on the ultrasound (US) device. We assumed that this configuration might help align the visual trajectory of the needle with the user’s hand movements, potentially easing spatial perception during the early stages of learning. The study was conducted in the Anatomy Laboratory of Ordu University Medical Faculty with 60 final-year medical students with no prior US experience. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (A and B), who performed femoral vein needle punctures on cadavers under US guidance with standard (Group A) and reverse (Group B) screen. Each group used both screen orientations across two attempts. Before the procedure, students received theoretical training. Data collected included demographic information, needle visibility, procedure duration, success rates, and complications. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed no significant differences in age or sex distribution between groups. In the first attempt, 83.3

ABSTRACT To reveal the functional properties of hazelnut dietary fibers (DFs) in different colonic segments (cecum, proximal, and distal colon), a diet enriched with natural hazelnut, roasted hazelnut, or hazelnut skin DFs was applied to mice for 6 weeks; microbial metabolites, microbial composition, and tissue morphology were determined segmentally using gas chromatography, 16S rRNA sequencing technology, and microscopy, respectively. Roasted hazelnut DFs revealed significantly ( p < 0.05) higher propionate in the cecum of female mice, while hazelnut skin DFs significantly increased the butyrate level in the distal colon of male counterparts. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed hazelnut DFs promoted the Lactobacillus animalis , L. gasseri , and Akkermansia muciniphila related OTUs, especially in the proximal colon, but the degrees of promotions were hazelnut type‐, segment‐ and sex‐dependent. Interestingly, hazelnut skin DFs significantly ( p < 0.05) stimulated Prevotella related OTUs in the distal colon regardless of sex, which is known to have great ability to utilize dietary polysaccharides. Furthermore, hazelnut skin DF group had higher crypt height values, suggesting that hazelnut skin DFs have ability to maintain saccharolytic activity in more distal region of the colon. Overall, our results demonstrate that hazelnut DFs differentially impact microbial metabolite formation, microbiota composition and tissue morphology in different segments of the colon.

Background/Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the morphological impact of carbamazepine (CBZ) coated with carbon nanodots functionalised with silver nanoparticles (CNDs@AgNPs) and metal–organic framework (MOF-5) nanoparticles on the hearts of male rats with experimental epilepsy. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly selected for the study and divided into ten groups of seven animals each. Haematoxylin–eosin staining was performed on heart tissue, and the levels of interleu-kin-6 (IL-6) and catalase (CAT) and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined bio-chemically. In addition, we performed morphological measurements of the heart. Results: When the heart tissues were evaluated histopathologically in all groups, it was observed that cells with pyknotic nuclei and haemorrhagic areas increased in the heart images, especially in the PTZ group with epilepsy only. Histologically normal cardiac cells and cardiac tissue were observed in the other groups. The distance between the atria was below 10 mm only in PTZ + CBZ 50 mg/kg and PTZ + CNDs@MOF-5 25 mg/kg groups. The distance between the apex of the heart and the base of the heart was the lowest in CNDs@MOF-5 25 mg/kg and CNDs@MOF-5 50 mg/kg groups. Conclusions: PTZ-induced epilepsy causes significant histopathological changes, while cardiac tissue structure is largely preserved in the treatment groups. In our literature review, we did not find any previous studies examining the effects of carbamazepine coated with two different types of nanoparticles on the cardiac morphology in an experimental epilepsy model.

Objective: With the development of technology, anatomy teaching methods have also been updated. In this direction, a different method was tried in practical lessons. It is foreseen that anatomy lessons will be more useful and laboratory lessons will be active and efficient. Students want to see themselves as an individual. Students want to transfer their thoughts and experiences in a positive or negative way during the education process. Contributing in this way motivates the student. The survey study aims to evaluate the thoughts and suggestions of the students. Material and Methods: A study was conducted on the practical anatomy courses of Ordu University Faculty of Medicine Term II students during the 2022-2023 academic year. A questionnaire study was organised to learn the student's perspective on the practice. A total of 16 questions were asked in the questionnaire. One of these questions was open-ended and the others were multiple choice questions. Except for the open-ended question, the other questions had to be answered. The survey questions were prepared from Google Forms application. The questionnaire prepared in this application was sent to the students via a link on the social platform. Results: In the questionnaire, the students were asked the question 'Which of the auxiliary resources do you mostly use? The expected frequency for the answer 'textbook' is 1.7. There is no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05). In the questionnaire, the students were asked 'Do you find the question-answer (mini-exam) technique useful while teaching the laboratory course? The expected frequency of 'yes' answer is 12.8. There was no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, in this study, students were asked multifaceted questions related to the anatomy course. Positive and negative answers were received and evaluated. According to the results of the study, all opportunities should be used for anatomy lesson. Especially technology should be included in every stage of the course. Thus, anatomy can be taught more efficiently and continuously.

Aim: Accessory and sesamoid bones are hidden anatomical structures that fulfil a wide variety of functions in the human body. Therefore, studying the nature, formation and dimensions of these structures is of great importance for the medical literature. In our study, we aimed to measure the presence and area (size) of these ossicles. Material and Method: Our study was performed retrospectively on the images of individuals who applied to Ordu University and whose radiological images were obtained. The presence of accessory and sesamoid ossicles (present/absent) and their sizes (measured using the PACS system) were evaluated on radiographs and Computed Tomography (CT) images. The results of the ossicles were divided into gender, age, and bilateral groups. Statistical analyzes were performed with the SPSS program. Results: The most common and largest accessory ossicles in the foot were os peroneum (18.2%), os naviculare accessoria (17.4%), os trigonum (12.1%) and os intermetatarsarum (7.8%). Sesamoid ossicles at the level of the first metatarsophalangeal (mtp) joint of the foot and the first metacarpopgalangeal (mcp) joint of the hand were found to be 100% common. The second most common sesamoid bone in the hand and foot was at the fifth mtp (22.22%) and mcp (68.53%) joints. In the hand, the most common accessory ossicles were os triangulare (6.08%), os radiale externum (2.60%) and os centrale (1.73%). Accessory ossicles (fabella: 19%, cyamella: 17.5%) were found in 25.5% of the knee. Conclusion: Accessory and sesamoid ossicles are most commonly found in the hand, foot, and knee. The presence and size of these ossicles can be both beneficial and harmful. Sesamoids provide mechanical benefit, whereas accessory ossicles can be mistaken for fractures and may lead to unnecessary medical conditions. Knowing the dimensions of these ossicles allows them to be clinically differentiated from avulsion fractures.

The electromagnetic field (EMF) is a physical concept consisting of electric and magnetic fields produced by the motion of charged particles and plays a ubiquitous role in modern society. EMFs are present in various forms, ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) fields produced by power lines to radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by wireless communication devices. While EMFs are essential for technologies like electricity generation, telecommunications, and medical imaging, concerns have been raised regarding their potential impact on human health. The literature has explored the relationships between EMF exposure and health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive health, and neurological disorders. Despite ongoing debate and inconclusive evidence, efforts are underway to mitigate exposure and establish regulatory guidelines. The effects of EMF on human health is a complex and multifaceted issue and research points to potential effects on various aspects of health, including neurological, reproductive and developmental effects. Although significant associations have not been found in some studies, growing evidence suggests that continuity in research is important in assessing and mitigating potential health risks associated with EMA exposure.

AIM: To examine the anatomy of the petrosphenoidal ligament (PSL), and its relationship with the abducens nerve (AN) in newborn cadavers.MATERIAL and METHODS: Using 10 formalin-fixed newborn cadavers, 20 PSLs and ANs on both sides were examined. The structure of each PSL, its morphometric features, and its relationship with the AN were evaluated. For the morphometric measurements, photographs were taken in macro mode and then the ImageJ program was used.RESULTS: The PSL was usually shaped like a butterfly. The structures of all the ligaments were complete. The PSL was attached to the petrous apex posteriorly and to the clivus or posterior clinoid process (PCP) anteriorly. The mean PSL length was 6.58 +/- 1.4 mm. The mean width of the ligament's attachment to the petrous apex was 3.12 +/- 0.63 mm. The mean width of the ligament's attachment to the PCP or clivus was 3.12 +/- 0.5 mm. The AN was located below the PSL in all the samples. It was usually situated in the 1/3 lateral part under the PSL (70%). The mean diameter of the AN, as located under the ligament, was 0.8 +/- 0.12 mm.CONCLUSION: The PSL serves as an important anatomical landmark in the petroclival region. In addition, AN is closely adjacent to many anatomical structures such as the trigeminal nerve and internal carotid artery. The increased knowledge obtained through this study on newborn cadavers concerning the anatomy of the PSL and its relationship with the AN will help increase the success of surgical procedures and reduce surgical complications

Background:: CT findings and Ground glass opacity (GGO) volumes may differ between SARS CoV-2 non-variant, alpha, delta, and omicron variants. Objective:: To compare the thoracic CT findings, GGO volumes, and GGOs’ lung uptake rates among patients with COVID-19 variants. Methods:: Thoracic CT images of 83 patients with non-variant, 78 patients with alpha variant, 93 patients with delta variant, and 73 patients with omicron variant having positive Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test results were analyzed retrospectively. GGO volumes and lung volumes were calculated by using the Cavalieri Principle. Differences in CT findings, ground-glass opacity volumes, and lung involvement rates between non-variant and variant groups were evaluated. Results:: There were significant differences found in the incidence of GGOs (p < 0.001), air bronchogram (p = 0.007), reticulation (p = 0.002) and subpleural lines, and linear opacities (p = 0.034) between non-variant and variant groups. GGO uptake rates (ground glass opacity volumes × 100 ÷ lung volume) were 8.88% in the non-variant, 4.83% in the alpha variant, 3.50% in the delta variant, and 2.02% in the omicron variant. In estimating variant groups, it was determined that the increase in the rate of GGOs in the right lung increased the probability of having an omicron variant, whereas the presence of nodules decreased it. The possibility of the delta variant increased with an increase in the rate of ground glass opacities in the left lung. Conclusion:: Thoracic CT findings solely can be helpful in distinguishing COVID-19 variants. Decreased frequency of uptake rates of GGOs suggested that the severity of COVID-19 disease was gradually decreasing.

In this study, we aimed to obtain information about the difficulties and experiences of first-year nursing students in anatomy education. Anatomy education is a crucial component of nursing training, and understanding the perspectives of first-year nursing students is essential for enhancing the learning experience. Our study of anatomy education contributes to the ongoing debate. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities for improving the anatomy learning experience of first-year nursing students. Participants have 31,7% very high interest and 32,9% high interest in the anatomy course. Students with low interest in anatomy courses constitute 11% of the participants. The rate of those who think that the anatomy course is difficult is 61%. The rate of those who did not find the anatomy course difficult was determined as 12.2%. We believe that this study, which includes the opinions of nursing students about anatomy education, will provide feedback about the course, provide different perspectives to the educational staff and contribute to the more efficient teaching of the anatomy course. Keywords: Nurse, anatomy, education

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of colchicine on contrast induced nephropathy(CIN). Methods: 42 female rats were included in the study. Group1 rats were not subjected to any process. Grup2 rats were given contrast alone. Group3 rats were administered 50μg/kg/day oral colchicine 12 hours before contrast administration and simultaneously with contrast. Group4 rats were given 100μg/kg/day oral colchicine 12 hours before contrast administration and simultaneously with contrast. Group5 rats were given 50μg/kg/day oral colchicine simultaneously with contrast. Group6 rats were administered 100μg/kg/day oral colchicine simultaneously with contrast. Blood samples were collected before administration of contrast and post-contrast 48th hour, and blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were studied. At the same time, kidney tissue were taken and evaluated histopathologically. Results: It was found that CIN was not developed in Group1 and the groups administered contrast+colchicine. CIN was observed by 28.5% in the group administered contrast alone. Mild tubular degeneration was found in Group2 compared to the other groups(p<0.001). Evaluating for tubular necrosis and congestion, mild damage was seen in all groups, while moderate damage was observed in Group2(p=0.05). Conclusion: CIN was not developed in the groups administered colchicine. Colchicine may be effective in preventing CIN.

As the use of plastic-containing materials in our daily lives becomes increasingly common, exposure to nanoplastics accordingly becomes inevitable. Micro and nanoplastics released from large amounts of plastic waste constitute a serious environmental problem. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NP) on the hippocampus. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirty Wistar albino rats, 15 male and 15 female, aged 6-8 weeks, were used in the research. These were randomly divided into three groups of five males and five females each. A five-minute open field test was applied to all rats on the first and last days of the study. Three groups of rats (Control, NP1 and NP2) received the standard chow and water. Additionally, rats in the first neoplastic group (NP1) received 25 mg/kg PS-NP and rats in the second nanoplastic group (NP2) received 50 mg/kg PS-NP, at the same time each day by oral gavage. The rats were sacrificed under deep anesthesia at the end of four weeks. The hippocampi were removed and subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses. RESULTS: Green fluorescent dots were detected in the hippocampi of both dose groups receiving nanoplastics (NPs) administered orally to female and male rats. Histopathological examination revealed neuronal degeneration in the hippocampi of male and female rats from both dose groups. However, while no significant difference was observed among the groups in terms of changes in antioxidant enzyme values and open-field test data in male rats, significant differences in peroxidase (POD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) values and fecal boli and grooming numbers were determined in female rats exposed to NPs. In conclusion, exposure to NP substances extend as far as the hippocampus, causing neuronal damage and behavioral problems.

To report an atypical anatomical variation of the petrosphenoidal ligament in a newborn cadaver and to discuss its clinical significance. During a study of ten newborn cadavers, the skull base was dissected to reveal the anatomy of the petrosphenoidal ligament and its relationship with the abducens nerve. An atypical anatomical variation was observed, and this is described. The length of the right and left ligaments to the point where it splits into two arms, the joint length of the two ligaments at the junction of the clivus, the length of the ligament proceeding to the posterior clinoid process, and the abducens nerve’s diameter as it passes below the ligament were measured on ImageJ software. The petrosphenoidal ligaments were y-shaped, and the attachment of the proximal ligaments was bifid. In the midline above the clivus, some ligament bundles joined the contralateral petrosphenoidal ligament, whilst another group of bundles originated at the posterior clinoid process. At the entry to Dorello’s canal, the abducens nerve had a diameter of 0.59 mm on the left and 0.65 mm on the right. The part of the ligaments converging on the clivus in the midline after dividing into two arms was 10.68 mm. We think that this case report will provide useful information for surgical procedures to the petroclival region, transnasal surgical approaches, and surgical interventions involving the carotid artery.

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of special grip strength-improving training on the performance of male wrestlers aged 13 – 17 years. The research sample consisted of 40 athletes the Wrestling Training Center in the district of Kavak in the province of Samsun, Türkiye. In addition to the annual training plan, the athletes in the experimental group underwent a special grip strength improving application consisting of five separate measures on a regular basis for eight weeks. The control group continued with their activities in line with the Wrestling Training Center annual training plan. Differences in grip strength in the groups were determined using Student’s t test, while relationships between participants’ ages, years spent in sport, height, weight, and grip strength (improvement values) were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. SPSS version 22.0 software was used for all statistical calculations. The eight-week special grip strength training produced a statistically significant improvement (difference measurements) in the athletes’ right (P<0.001) and left hands (P=0.004). The special grip strength-improving training measures applied for eight weeks improved grip strength, an important ability for success in the sport of wrestling.