Butyl biodiesel was synthesised from canola oil and subsequently epoxidised via the in situ peroxyacetic acid method converting 45% of the unsaturated portion. Alkoxy butyl biodiesel was synthesised under acid conditions with a range of both straight-chain and branched alcohols. Alkoxylation of butyl biodiesel with methanol, ethanol and n-propanol did not improve the cloud or pour point over that for conventional methyl biodiesel. Alkoxylation with alcohols larger than butanol including n-pentanol, n-hexanol and n-octanol produced cloud points that were 5°C lower than that for methyl biodiesel. The lowest cloud point achieved was for 2-ethylhexoxy butyl biodiesel at −6°C, representing a 6°C reduction in cloud point over methyl biodiesel. Alkoxylation did not have a significant effect on the pour point of biodiesel. Alkoxylation of butyl biodiesel resulted in significant increases in viscosity. The kinematic viscosity generally increased with increasing alkoxy chain length and ranged from 6.67 mm2s−1 for methoxy butyl biodiesel to 9.76 mm2s−1 for ethylhexoxy butyl biodiesel, more than double the value for methyl biodiesel. The improved low-temperature properties of the longer-chain alkoxy biodiesel were most likely due to the protruding alkoxy chain, which also resulted in an increase in viscosity. The use of alcohols larger than pentanol does not provide significant benefit in terms of low-temperature properties, and results in an undesirable increase in viscosity.

Biodiesel is widely accepted as an additive for fossil derived diesel in compression ignition engines. It offers many advantages including: higher cetane number; reduced emissions of particulates, NOx, SOx, CO, and hydrocarbons; reduced toxicity; improved safety; and lower lifecycle CO2 emissions. A characteristic of biodiesel limiting its application is its relatively poor low-temperature flow properties, which are primarily a consequence of the fatty acid make-up of the oil feedstock. Attempts to influence the fatty acid profile of either the oil feedstock or the biodiesel product include winterisation and fractionation which reduce the fraction of saturated fatty acids and result in large reductions in yield. A reduction in saturated fatty acids reduces ignition quality of the fuel, while an increase in unsaturation reduces oxidation stability. Additives designed for petroleum diesel have been used with limited success and specific additives for biodiesel remain in their infancy. The addition of branched moieties either to the alkyl head-group of the ester or as a side-chain to the tail-group can reduce the cloud point. Specifically, the removal of the double bonds on the ester group and the addition of a side-chain may provide a benefit in terms of low-temperature properties and offer improved oxidation stability. However, a negative impact on ignition quality and viscosity may result.

A property of biodiesel that currently limits its use to blends of 20% or less is its relatively poor low-temperature properties. Alkoxylation of the unsaturated portion of biodiesel offers the potential benefit of reduced cloud point without compromising ignition quality or oxidation stability. Conventional biodiesel was synthesised from canola oil and the alcohols methanol, ethanol and butanol, epoxidised in situ, and alkoxylated by acid-catalysed oxirane ring opening in the presence of the alcohol of the ester group. Optimal conditions for epoxidation were H2O2/biodiesel molar ratio of 2:1, acetic acid/biodiesel molar ratio of 0.2:1, 2wt% H2SO4, 6h reaction at 60°C. Alkoxylation resulted in alkoxy substitution rates of 37.1% (methyl), 34.3% (ethyl) and 32.9% (butyl). Selectivity for alkoxy biodiesel was 89.0%, 82.7% and 81.7% for methoxy, ethoxy and butoxy biodiesel, respectively. The cloud point for methyl and ethyl biodiesel increased slightly, while a reduction of 1K was achieved for butyl biodiesel. The presence of by-products negated much of the expected improvement in cloud point for butoxy butyl biodiesel. Further optimisation work is required to improve both conversion and selectivity if significant improvements in cloud point are to be achieved.

A property of biodiesel that Currently restricts its use to blends of 20% or less is its relatively poor low-temperature properties (Cloud point). Alkoxylation of the unsaturated fraction of biodiesel offers the potential benefit of reduced cloud point without compromising ignition quality or oxidation stability. In addition, the butoxylation of butyl biodiesel improves the renewable nature of biodiesel by substituting fossil-derived methanol with biobutanol. Butyl biodiesel derived from canola oil was epoxidized via the in situ peroxyacetic acid method for 6 h. resulting in a conversion of 46% of the unsaturated esters. Epoxy butyl biodiesel was butoxylated with n-butanol with sulfuric acid catalyst without the use of solvents. Conversion and selectivity for butoxy butyl biodiesel were optimized by examining reaction conditions including: temperature, reaction time, catalyst concentration, and molar ratio of alcohol to epoxy biodiesel. The optimal conditions for the butoxylation of epoxy butyl biodiesel were: 80 degrees C, 2 wt % sulfuric acid, and a 40:1 molar ratio of n-butanol over a period of I h. Conversion of epoxy butyl biodiesel was 100%, and selectivity for butoxy biodiesel was 87.0%. The Cloud point (CP) of butyl biodiesel was -3 degrees C. as was the cloud point of butoxy butyl biodiesel produced under the aforementioned optimal conditions. Butoxylation of butyl biodiesel, at the conversion rate of 46%. therefore had no discernible impact on cloud point. To determine the impact of a higher conversion of unsaturated ester to butoxy ester, butyl biodiesel was subjected to 30 h of epoxidation, resulting in the conversion of 93% of the oleic portion. Subsequent butoxylation at the optimal conditions resulted in a butoxy content of 74%. The cloud point of this material was 2 degrees C, representing an increase of 5 K over the original butyl biodiesel CP. Blends of the high conversion batch of butoxy biodiesel showed that cloud point was virtually unchanged at concentrations below 35% and then increased 1 K every 8 wt % to approximately 70 wt % butoxy biodiesel. The loss of unsaturated ester, due to conversion to butoxy ester, appears to have a significant effect oil cloud point only after approximately one-third of the unsaturated ester is converted. Butoxy biodiesel is therefore able to prevent the earlier onset of crystallization due to the decrease in unsaturated content, but only at lower concentrations.

This project was a major accomplishment combining state-of-the-art technology in chemistry, mechanics, and computers. It demonstrated the ability of several organizations, experts in their areas, to work together to attain a difficult goal in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner. The latest chemical processes were employed with properly engineered and constructed equipment. Finally, grinding was only completed with use of a computer programmed to follow a specific pattern to achieve the desired curvature. The results of this endeavor confirm the ability of diverse industries to work as a team toward a major goal.

ABSTRACT For spot‐dictation purposes, song lyrics can be duplicated with blanks for the words or structures that are desirable to emphasize. Lyrics quite often have repetitious structures and vocabulary, and thus lend themselves to reinforcing new forms or concepts. This procedure can encourage general listening comprehension in an agreeable format, while highlighting one particular language feature. Examples are taken from traditional folklore, songs performed by Joan Baez, and Antonio Machado poems sung by Serrat.

Quantitative changes in albumin and water content which occur in skin and muscle tissue obtained by biopsy from clean surgical incisions at the time of skin incision and at the time of wound closure were assessed in seven patients who had major abdominal and vascular operations. Biopsies from skin, muscle and pulmonary tissue were obtained in a second group of nine patients who had thoracotomy for suspected bronchogenic carcinoma. The intravascular albumin mass decreased linearly with the duration of the operation (r = 0.69, p <0.01) and was correlated significantly with a linear increase of extravascular albumin content in muscle (r = 0.63, p < 0.01). A significant increase of extravascular albumin occurred from the time of incision to the time of wound closure in the skin and muscle samples from both groups (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). Extravascular albumin and water content were assessed in a third group of three postoperative patients who died with acute respiratory failure. Although the concentration of extravascular albumin in pulmonary tissue taken from this group was not different from the thoracotomy group, calculations based on the mean combined post mortem lung weights showed two to three times more extravascular albumin content. The histopathological findings are consistent with these changes. Thoracotomy was not associated with an abnormal increase in pulmonary extravascular albumin and water content, possibly because albumin does not gain access to the pulmonary extravascular space in increased amounts during operation in this clinical setting.

To determine whether intravenous 3.5 per cent amino acid solution enhanced the rate of albumin synthesis in postoperative patients, we measured the albumin synthesis rate by the (14C) carbonate technic in 10 patients on the fourth day after elective gastrointestinal-tract operations. Five patients were randomized to receive a 3.5 per cent solution of essential and non-essential amino acids, and five to receive 5 per cent glucose. A mean (+/-S.E.M.) of 75.0+/-2.0 per day of amino acids or 111.0+/-12.4 glucose was given. In the amino acid group the mean (+/-S.E.M.) albumin synthesis rate was 237+/-24 mg per kilogram per day, in comparison to 157+/-23 in the glucose group (P less than 0.05). The infused amino acids were apparently more effective than plain glucose in promoting albumin synthesis.

Journal Article The Gibbon (Hylobates lar); A New Primate Host for Herpesvirus hominis. I. A Natural Epizootic in a Laboratory Colony Get access Paul C. Smith, Paul C. Smith From the Medical Research Laboratory, SEATO Medical Project, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thomas M. Yuill, Thomas M. Yuill From the Medical Research Laboratory, SEATO Medical Project, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard D. Buchanan, Richard D. Buchanan From the Medical Research Laboratory, SEATO Medical Project, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jack S. Stanton, Jack S. Stanton From the Medical Research Laboratory, SEATO Medical Project, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Verachart Chaicumpa Verachart Chaicumpa From the Medical Research Laboratory, SEATO Medical Project, Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 120, Issue 3, September 1969, Pages 292–297, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/120.3.292 Published: 01 September 1969 Article history Received: 06 December 1968 Revision received: 16 April 1969 Published: 01 September 1969

RABIES virus has occasionally been isolated from feral rats1 and yet rodents are not considered to be a significant reservoir of sylvatic rabies2. These conclusions are based on negative results of surveys of small mammal species in areas in which rabies is endemic2,3. The isolation of rabies virus from a field rat, Bandicoota indicus, in the course of routine diagnostic procedures prompted a survey of several small mammals in Thailand, a country where rabies is endemic. When it was certain that the virus was present in a number of Bandicoota indicus, it then became important to determine whether overt disease occurred and if virus was being transmitted as an inapparent infection in the species. The results of the survey and preliminary data on the epidemiology of rabies in Bandicoota indicus are the subject of this report.

THE transmission of rabies by bats was first reported in 1921 (ref. 1). Vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus murinus) have been found to be an important carrier of sylvatic rabies in South America2, and they have been known to shed the virus in their saliva for long periods of time without apparent illness3. Since 1953, when the first rabies isolate from bats in the United States was made from a yellow bat (Dasypterus floridanus) in Florida, there have been more than five hundred isolates from bats in at least thirty-six States4. A survey of the literature has failed to reveal reports of rabies in bats in south-east Asia, and publications of the World Health Organization5,6 state that surveys of bat rabies in Asia have been consistently negative. The same statement about bat rabies in Europe, however, was refuted by Pitzschke7, who isolated rabies virus from a wide-winged bat (Epitescus serotinus) in Thuringia, Germany. The high prevalence of rabies in Thailand and the dense bat population prompted us to investigate the disease in bats in this area.