Spondias purpurea L. is an Anacardiaceae fruit species whose peel may contain phenolic pigments of interest, although its phytochemical profile remains insufficiently documented in Burkina Faso. This study evaluated the anthocyanin, phenolic compound and antioxidant contents of the fruit peel and identified the major anthocyanins present. Fresh peel extracts were prepared using acidified methanol and an ethanol-water solvent system. Total anthocyanins were determined by the differential pH method, phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant content by the FRAP assay. Structural identification was performed using HPTLC and HPLC-DAD-MS-visible UV analysis after extraction and acid hydrolysis. The acidified methanol extract contained 7.50 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g of fresh plant material. The phenolic compound and antioxidant contents of the acidified methanol extract were 7.63 mg GAE/g and 6.0 mg TE/g of fresh plant material, respectively, whereas the ethanol-water extract gave lower values. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis indicated three major anthocyanins: peonidin-3-O-galactose, pelargonidin-3-O-glucose and peonidin-3-O-malonoylrhamnose. These results indicate that the fruit peel contains anthocyanins and antioxidant-associated phenolic compounds. Pending structural confirmation by NMR, the peel may be considered a potentially useful plant material for further phytochemical evaluation rather than being treated only as waste.

Les 3-désoxyanthocyanidines constituent une classe spécifique de pigments anthocyaniques caractérisés par l'absence de groupe hydroxyle en position C-3. Des études ont montré que les grains et les gains de tige du sorgho rouge sont des sources importantes de ces anthocyanes. Cependant, les enveloppes des grains de sorgho restent encore largement inexplorées, bien qu'elles soient produites en grande quantité lors de la culture du sorgho. La présente étude vise à étudier les 3-désoxyanthocyanidines présentes dans les enveloppes de grains de Sorghum caudatum (L.) Moench cultivé au Burkina Faso. L'utilisation de techniques chromatographiques (HPLC, CCM et Sephadex® LH-20) et spectrométriques (UV-visible, SM et RMN) a permis l'isolement et la caractérisation de la lutéolinidine. À notre connaissance, cette molécule est décrite pour la première fois dans les enveloppes de grains de Sorghum caudatum. Par conséquent, cet organe constitue une nouvelle source naturelle d'anthocyanes rares, notamment de 3-désoxyanthocyanidines. Ceci ouvre des perspectives pour l'utilisation des enveloppes de céréales dans les industries agroalimentaire, cosmétique et pharmaceutique.

Objective: Orange-fleshed sweet potatoes are an important source of nutrients for consumers thanks to the carotenoids they contain. Carotenoids are bioactive compounds which, thanks to their anti-radical properties, can protect the human body against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the cause of many degenerative diseases, such as cancer, blindness, and aging. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant content of the orange-fleshed variety BF59XCIP1, obtained by crossing varieties adapted to local agroecological conditions, and to identify the main carotenoids in this variety. Study Design: The work combined cutting, tuber harvesting, and various laboratory analyses. This work was carried out as part of my doctoral thesis. Methodology: Two types of extracts were prepared. Extracts using an acetone-water-acetic acid solvent system (70:29.5:0.5 v/v/v) for the evaluation of antioxidant content and hexane extracts for structural identification. Antioxidant content was evaluated using the DPPH and FRAP methods. HPTLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS analyses were used for carotenoid identification. Results: antioxidant content assessed using the DPPH and FRAP methods was estimated at 0.082 mg ET/g and 0.183 mg ET/g of fresh plant material, respectively. For the structural identification of carotenoids, analysis of the two major spots by HPTLC-MS identified β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene. HPLC-MS/MS analysis identified capsanthin, echinenone, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene. Conclusion: The BF59XCIP1 variety of orange-fleshed sweet potato is a source of vitamin A. Therefore, its consumption can compensate for vitamin A deficiency in malnourished children.

Introduction: Anthocyanin-rich extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces and Sorghum caudatum H. sheaths are promising antioxidants, but instability and dose variability limit use. This study aimed to standardize and manufacturing capsules containing lyophilized and purified dry extracts with affordable, plant-based excipients. Methodology: An experimental program (Ouagadougou, Nov 2022–Aug 2023) prepared three extracts, lyophilized H. sabdariffa, purified H. sabdariffa, and purified S. caudatum. Physicochemical and pharmacotechnical tests assessed appearance, pH, hygroscopicity, residual moisture, and powder flow (angle of repose, Carr index, Hausner ratio). Total anthocyanins were quantified by differential pH (H. sabdariffa) and Stonestreet (S. caudatum). Size-0 capsules were formulated with maize starch and, when needed, colloidal silica; quality control evaluated appearance, mass uniformity (n=20), and disintegration (n=6). Results: Extracts were acidic (pH 4.4–5.3), had residual moisture <10%, and were hygroscopic. Anthocyanins were 11.33±0.49 mg/g (lyophilized H. sabdariffa), 83.91±0.15 mg/g (purified H. sabdariffa), and 317.77±10.07 mg/g (purified S. caudatum). Flow was fairly good for lyophilized Hibiscus (Hausner 1.25) but poor to extremely poor for purified extracts (1.39–1.64); colloidal silica improved filling. Capsules were cylindrical, smooth, and compliant for mass uniformity; mean disintegration was 2.88–3.91 min. Discussion: Capsules manufacturing enhanced standardized dose delivery, masked acidity, and limited environmental degradation. Gaps include granulometry, microbiological testing, post-formulation flow testing, and finished-product anthocyanin assay; ICH-aligned stability, dissolution in biorelevant media, and content uniformity are recommended. Conclusion: Bench-scale standardization and capsules manufacturing yielded reproducible, rapidly disintegrating capsules suitable for supplementation and highlight the value of local botanicals. Keywords: Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Sorghum caudatum H, anthocyanins, capsules

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), an unusual plant, is increasingly being incorporated into food and body products in Burkina Faso. This study aims to contribute to improving the knowledge of C. rotundus by chemical composition analysis and biological activity evaluation of extracts. Phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity were determined after the extractions, and essential oil and fatty acid chemical compositions were obtained by GC-MS, while those of hydroalcoholic extracts were determined by LC-MS. Comparative analysis of free radical scavenging properties of extracts from the two Cyperus species showed that the two parameter values of C. rotundus extracts (IC50 = 0.2642 mg/mL) were more than a factor of ten higher than those for C. esculentus L. (Cyperaceae). The main compounds in C. rotundus fatty oil are palmitic acid (16:0) and octadecadienoic acid (18:2-9c, 12c). The main compound of the essential oil of C. rotundus, named cyperotundiol, was identified for the first time. This study provides relevant data concerning the oil’s antioxidant activity and bio-active molecules. These data confirm our commitment to developing improved natural products incorporating Cyperus extracts in various fields.

In recent decades, interest in anthocyanin pigments has increased due to their possible use as natural food colorants, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to identify the major anthocyanins in ripe Ziziphus mucronata fruit harvested in the Niangoloko classified forest. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to identify anthocyanins. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) were assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the spectrophotometric method of Khan (2012) respectively. Total anthocyanin content (TAC) was obtained using a differential pH method. Total antioxidant potential (TAC) was carried out using DPPH and ABTS tests. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were major anthocyanins identified by HPLC-MS. Quantitative analysis showed that this fruit contains an average of 321 ± 11 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 3815 ± 15 mg quercetin equivalent (QE), and 9.64 ± 0.70 mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalent per 100 g fresh fruit. Total antioxidant contents ranged between 206.57 ± 7.00 and 88.72 ± 0.87 mg TE/100 g fresh fruit. Free radical scavenging activity of Ziziphus mucronata fruit was found to be 342.90 µg/mL, while that of standard Trolox was 21.8 µg/mL. Therefore, Ziziphus mucronata fruit could be a potential source of natural bioactive substances of great interest to consumers.

Carotenoids represent a family of compounds found in plant foods. They are fascinated by the conjunction of their biological properties in preventing diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancers, and premature aging. Mung bean is a legume of the Vigna genus whose seeds are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly carotenoids. This work aimed to identify the most carotenoids in the seeds of mung beans acclimated to Burkina Faso by HPLC-MS/MS. To achieve this, the seeds were extracted with a cold acetone/hexane mixture (50/50, V/V). After saponification, the crude extract was characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV-visible spectrometry. Test methods using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) made it possible to identify the majority carotenoids in the extracts. The thin layer chromatographic profile of the crude extract revealed two spots with Rf= 0.48 and 0.87 corresponding respectively to xanthophylls and carotenes. The UV-visible spectra of the spots each showed an absorption maximum of 450nm. HPLC-MS/MS analysis identified the structures of three carotenoids: β-cryptoxanthin, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene. These compounds identified in V. radiata seeds are very useful in many fields, including pharmaceutical, agri-food and biological. The HPLC-MS/MS technique represents one of the useful and efficient tools for the identification of bioactive substances in crude extracts.

Grangea maderaspatana belonging to Asteraceae family is used for its pharmacological properties. The aim of this study is a bio-guided antioxidant compounds characterization of Grangea maderaspatana roots extracts. Extracts were obtained using hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Each crude extract was tested for its free radical scavenging activity using DPPH method. Ethyl acetate extract was found to have the most antioxydant activity with IC50=64.720 µg/mL. This active extract was passed through to column chromatography fractionation to yield seven sub-fractions of which sub-fraction F’’’6 was the most active (IC50=2.897µg/mL). HPTLC and HPLC/MS analysis showed that this sub-fraction mainly contained phenolic acids of which eight were identified as chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid), 1,3,5-tricaffeoyl-4- succinoylquinic acid, 3,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoyl-4-succinoylquinic acid, 1,3- dicaffeoyl-5- fumaroylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl-1-fumaroylquinic acid, 1,5-dicaffeoyl-4-fumaroylquinic acid and 1- fumaroyl-3,5- dicaffeoyl-4-succinoylquinic acid. Thus, it can be seen from the present study that Grangea maderaspatana roots extract mainly contain phenolic acids and could be used as natural oxidant.

As indicated by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the resurgence of chronic diseases is projected to account for 70 % of deaths and 56 % of illnesses globally by 2030. In response, authorities are allocating resources towards prevention through the use of substances with natural or synthetic antioxidant properties. However, the safety of synthetic antioxidants is constrained by the limited number of molecules they can be derived from and the necessity for intricate and costly testing to substantiate their safety. In light of this, the scientific community has set itself the objective of identifying new potential sources of natural antioxidants with the more effective capacity in prevetion of these chronic diseases. Anthocyanins, particularly 3-deoxyanthocyanins are cited as one antioxidant molecules with preventive efficacy. The objective of this study is to contribute to the discovery of new sources of 3-deoxyanthocyanins. In order to achieve this objective, a concentrated extract of 3-deoxyanthocyanins was first prepared by maceration of the husks of Sorghum caudatum grains in acidified ethanol, followed by precipitation in acidified distilled water.The Folin-Ciocalteu and differential pH methods were then employed to determine the total phenolic compound content and the total 3-deoxyanthocyanin content of the extract, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the extract was evaluated by determining its free radical scavenging activity using the ABTS method, its reducing power of ferric ions using the FRAP method, and the percentage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging. Using physico-chemical and physical methods (PC, HPLC, UV–vis and MS), the 3-deoxyanthocyanins present in the extract from the husks of Sorghum caudatum grains were identified. The results of these analyses demonstrated that the total phenolic compound content was 237.73 ± 2.12 mg GAE/g extract, while the 3-deoxyanthocyanin content was 99.33 ± 4.16 mg EApi/g extract and 110.05 ± 4.33 mg ELt/g extract. The extract demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, with an CI50 of 62.59 µg/mL as determined by the ABTS method, a content of 77.35 ± 0.17 mg TE /g extract as quantified by the FRAP method, and an H2O2 scavenging percentage of approximately 72.29 %. The extract was found to contain five distinct compounds, namely luteolinidin, 7-O-methylluteolinidin, 5-O-methylluteolinidin, apigeninidin and 7-O-methylapigeninidin. The grain husks of Sorghum caudatum represent a novel source of 3-deoxyanthocyanins. Consequently, they offer a promising avenue for the extraction of natural antioxidants, natural colouring agents and nutraceuticals for the food industry, thereby enhancing the economic value of agricultural waste and augmenting the profitability of Sorghum cultivation.

Aims: In Burkina Faso, the majority of plant-based recipes are a combination of plant organs from the same or different species. For these recipes’ producers, the aim is to improve efficiency. However, our ethnobotanical surveys have revealed that for some species, efficacy is better when the species is not combined, or when it is combined in small proportions with other species. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of plant organ combination on free radical scavenging activity, phenolic compound content and flavonoid content. Study Design: The work combined harvesting and processing of plant material from September to November 2023, and laboratories analysis from January to March 2024 at Natural Substances Departement of Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologie, Ouagadougou. Methodology: We prepared two batches of recipes, first combining two species from the same genus, then two species from different genera. The powder of each plant without combination was also used to compare data. Phytochemical screening was first carried out with TLC and LC-MS analysis on each plant extract. We then assessed the phenolic compound content (PCC) using Folin-Ciocalteu method, flavonoid content (FCC) using aluminum chloride test, antioxidant content using TEAC method and free radical scavenging activity using DPPH method, for different batches. Results: Phytochemical constituent in the three species are phenolic compounds, terpenoids and nitrogen derivatives. The results of biological property evaluation suggest that for best efficacy and to obtain a high phenolic compound content, Lippia multiflora leaves should be used separately, or combined in 70% proportions with Lippia alba, then in 50% proportions if the combination is made with Ocimum basilicum. Conclusion: This research has provided relevant results to guide players in the field of traditional medicine and users of herbal remedies.

Essential oils (EO) of Mentha piperita L. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is a potential source of molecules with bioparasiticidal activity. The development of optimized combinations of these natural substances would allow them to be used as biopesticides. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the biopesticide efficacy of EO obtained by co-distillation of these two plants from western Burkina Faso. GC/MS analyses show that the EO obtained by co-distillation of the dry leaves of C. citratus and M. piperita (CC/MP: 80/20) contains mainly citral (49.26%), β-myrcene (10.98%), menthol (5.90%) and menthone (4.50%). The EO of C. citratus contains mainly citral (74.32%) and β-myrcene (13.66%) while that of M. piperita contains mainly menthol (37.4%), menthyl acetate (17.4%), menthone (12.7%), limonene (6.9%), menthofuran (6.8%) and 1,8-cineole (5.6%). All major constituents of the two pure EOs were identified in the component of their mixture (CC/MP*: 80/20), but at lower levels. All EOs inhibited 100% of the mycelial growth of Macrophomina phaseolina and Phoma sorghina at doses of 0.6 and 0.2%. At the lowest dose tested (0.05%), inhibition rates were 49.63; 39.52 ; 39.52% and 26.33% on M. phaseolina; 41.13 ; 40.90 ; 19.67% and 21.50% on P. sorghina for EO/CC/MP, C. citratus, M. piperita and CC/MP*, respectively. All EOs, with the exception of M. piperita, resulted in 100% mortality of the susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae at a dose of 1%. However, at the same dose, on the resistant strain, the mortality rates were 21.11; 2.47 ; 8.56% and 3.33% for EO, CC/MP, C. citratus, M. piperita and CC/MP*, respectively. This study shows that the co-distillation of C. citratus and M. piperita improves the biopesticide efficacy of their EOs. Keywords: C. citratus; M. piperita; co-distillation; essential oil; Efficacy of biopesticides

Effective management of malaria remains a major concern for the scientific community mainly due to the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to the common antimalarials. Many studies are conducted to identify plants that can fight against this disease. This work aimed to contribute to a better knowledge of antiplasmodial activity of different parts of Grangea maderaspatana (Asteracea). Thus, roots, flowers, leafy branches and whole plant of Grangea maderaspatana were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Alkaloid contents and antiplasmodial activity of extracts were respectively determined by bromocresol green method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on pLDH quantification. Total alkaloid contents ranged from 21.036 in methanolic extract of leafy branches to 1074.752µg qE/g in dichloromethane extract of whole plant. Extracts showed moderate to very active antiplasmodial effects. Antiplasmodial activity evaluated on chloroquino (CQ)-sensitive D10 and CQ-resistant Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum showed that hexane and dichloromethane leafy branches extracts had a better activity. Alkaloid could be potentially responsible for antiplasmodial activity observed. None extract found to be toxic for cells at 50 and 100µg/ml. Dichloromethane extract of leafy branches could be a potential source of antiplasmodial molecules.

Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis suaveolens are known for their insecticidal properties, but remain ineffective against mosquitoes resistant to synthetic insecticides. In order to improve insecticidal properties of these plants, this study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and insecticidal activity against Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from dry leaves of C. citratus and H. suaveolens, separately, then from the mixture of the dry leaves of the two plants in mass ratio 50/50. Each pure essential oil and the mixture obtained either by co-distillation or by combining pure essential oils in volume ratio 50/50 were then analysed by GC/MS. All essential oils and Deltamethrin 0.05

Acanthospermum hispidum is a plant belonging the Asteraceae family. In traditional medicine, it is used to treat pathologies with symptoms similar to that of malaria. The present work is a phytochemical characterization and antiplasmodial activities evaluation of Acanthospermum hispidum leaves extracts obtained with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antiplasmodial activity of the various extracts is evaluated on the Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7, D10 and Dd2 according to the method described by Olivia Jansen et al. DCM extract of this plant showed good antiplasmodial activity on the D10 strain with an IC50 of 2.75 µg/mL and moderate antiplasmodial activity on the Dd2 strain with an IC50 of 7.82 µg/mL Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins in most of extracts. The best contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total alkaloids and antioxidants are 155.79 mg GAE/g extract, 36.27 mg QE/g extract, 124.68 µg qE/g extract and 271.32 mg TE/g of extract respectively for the methanolic, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. The major flavonoids of the DCM extract, characterized by HPLC-MS, were identified as 3,4', 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone, myricetintrimethylether, 5-hydroxy-7,3',4',5'-tetramethoxyflavone 3-O-rhamnoside, Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside and Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside. Dichloromethane extract of Acanthospermum hispidum is a potential source of bioactive molecules and could use as a substrate in the formulation of new antimalarial drugs.

Anthocyanin-based colorants are highly appreciated by the food industry for their lower toxicity. However, in Burkina Faso, very little scientific information is available on potential sources of anthocyanins, despite significant progress in plant studies. This scientific report is the first to focus on anthocyanins of Cymbopogon giganteus from Burkina Faso and aims to valorize them for their use as an alternative to synthetic food colorants. The method using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent, the differential pH test, and Liquid Chromatography and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (LC and HPTLC) coupled to ultraviolet and mass spectrometry were used, respectively to determine free radical scavenging properties, anthocyanin content, and structure of anthocyanin compounds. Anthocyanin content evaluation showed values between 0.109 and 1.974 mg cyanidin equivalent per gram of extract. The free radical scavenging properties ranged from 305 to 446 µg/mL and we were able to identify in the high-content anthocyanin extracts, sixteen (16) anthocyanins compounds. Key words: Anthocyanins compounds, molecular characterization, mass spectrometry, LC-UV-MS/MS, free-radical properties.

Les huiles essentielles constituent une source potentielle de molécules à activité antioxydante. Le développement des combinaisons optimisées de ces substances naturelles permettrait leur utilisation comme conservateurs naturels. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente étude est de déterminer la composition chimique de l’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation de Mentha piperita L. et de Cymbopogon citratus DC. Stapf du Burkina Faso et de comparer son potentiel antiradicalaire à celui du mélange obtenu par combinaison des huiles essentielles pures de ces deux plantes. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites à l’aide d’un appareil de type Clevenger par hydrodistillation des feuilles sèches de Cymbopogon citratus et Mentha piperita, séparément, puis à partir du mélange de leurs feuilles sèches dans les proportions massiques 80% pour C. citratus et 20% pour M. piperita. Elles ont été ensuite analysées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles, exprimé en milligramme d’équivalent d’acide ascorbique par millilitre d’huile essentielle (mg EAA/mL), a été évalué par la méthode de DPPH. L’huile essentielle obtenue par co-distillation contient majoritairement le citral (49,26%), le β-myrcène (10,98%), le menthol (5,90%) et la menthone (4,50%). L’essence de C. citratus est dominée par le citral (73,77%) et le β-myrcène (13,66%) et celle de M. piperita par le menthol (31,54%), la menthone (20,27%), le menthofurane (15,10%) et l’acétate de menthyle (8,59%). Le pouvoir antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles est : 11,73 ± 0,14 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence de M. piperita ; 10,01 ± 0,06 mg EAA/mL pour celle de C. citratus ; 40,13 ± 0,08 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par co-distillation et 11,96 ± 0,04 mg EAA/mL pour l’essence obtenue par combinaison des essences pures. Ces résultats montrent que la co-distillation a permis d’améliorer le potentiel antiradicalaire des huiles essentielles des deux plantes et ouvre des perspectives pour son utilisation comme antioxydant naturel. Essential oils are a potential source of molecules with antioxidant activity. The development of optimized combinations of these natural substances should allow their use as natural preservatives. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Mentha piperita and Cymbopogon citratus from Burkina Faso and to compare its antiradical potential with that of the mixture obtained by combining pure essential oils of these two plants. Essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus by hydrodistillation of dry leaves of Cymbopogon citratus and Mentha piperita, separately, then from the mixture of their dry leaves in the mass ratio 80% for C. citratus and 20% for M. piperita. They were then analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. The antiradical potential of essential oils expressed in milligrams of ascorbic acid equivalent per milliliter of essential oil (mg EAA/mL) was evaluated by DPPH method. Essential oil obtained by co-distillation mainly contains citral (49.26%), β-myrcene (10.98%), menthol (5.90%) and menthone (4.50%). Essential oil of C. citratus is dominated by citral (73.77%) and β-myrcene (13.66%) and that of M. piperita by menthol (31.54%), menthone (20.27%), menthofuran (15.10%) and menthyl acetate (8.59%). Antiradical potential of essential oils are : 11.73 ± 0.14 mg EAA/mL for the essential oil of M. piperita ; 10.01 ± 0.06 mg EAA/mL for that of C. citratus ; 40.13 ± 0.08 mg EAA/mL for essential oil obtained by co-distillation and 11.96 ± 0.04 mg EAA/mL for essence obtained by combining pure essential oils. These results show that co-distillation has improved antioxidant efficiency of the essential oils of these two plants and opens prospects for its use as a natural antioxidant.

In order to make Mucuna seeds consumable, seeds are treated according to the following procedures: boiling, soaking followed by boiling in the presence of 0.5% KOH and finally soaking for a long time followed by boiling in the presence of 0.5% KOH, so that tannins can be removed. Preliminary studies done on the raw seeds of four Mucuna species revealed the presence of tannins. The results showed that the crushed seeds contained all high tannin with the content of 0.370 g GAE/100g DM, 0.336 g GAE/100g DM; 0.266 g GAE/100g DM and 0.203 g GAE/100g DM for Mucuna deerigiana, Mucuna nagaland, Mucuna cochinchinensis and Mucuna rajada respectively. The different methods of seed treatment significantly reduced the tannin content in Mucuna seeds. The method of soaking the seeds for 12 hours and then scalding in the presence of 0.5% KOH reduced tannins in Mucuna deerigiana, Mucuna nagaland, Mucuna cochinchinensis, and Mucuna rajada seeds by 47.29%; 48.21%; 66.16%; and 15.76% respectively. This method gave the highest tannin reduction rate.

A wild fruit from classified forest of Dindéresso was analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, spectrophotometric method of Zhishen and colleagues and by the differential pH method respectively. Free radical-scavenging activities of studied fruits extracts were estimated using diammonium 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) salt method. Three major anthocyanins were identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with spray ionization interface mass spectrometry. Three identified anthocyanins in fruit were reported to be cyanidin 3-O-(p-coumaroyl) glucoside, pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. In addition, H. monopetalus fruit contained of about 1165±3.1 mg of GAE per 100 g of fresh fruit, 4490±20.2 mg of QE per 100 g of fresh fruit, and 36±0.17 mg of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside equivalents per 100 g of fresh fruit. Total anthocyanin extract had an EC50 = 4.24 mg per mL and a TEC50 time of 21 minutes (intermediate reaction). This free radical-scavenging activity was very low compared to those of the references used (0.024 and 0.034 mg/mL respectively for ascorbic acid and Trolox). The low antiradical activity and reactivity of the H. mucronata extract could be explained by several factors. In any case, fruits of this species were potential sources of natural bioactive substances having beneficial effects on the health of consumers.