Background: Community-based health insurance is an important strategy for extending healthcare access and financial protection to informal-sector populations. In Tanzania, the Improved Community Health Fund (iCHF) is implemented through region-specific models that differ in benefit packages, premium arrangements, and provider participation. However, evidence on how members experience these different implementation models remains limited. This study compared members’ experiences and perceptions of CHF implementation in Dodoma and Kilimanjaro, two regions operating different iCHF models. Methods: The study used data from a cross-sectional household survey conducted among 420 CHF-enrolled members in Dodoma and Kilimanjaro in January 2018. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered household questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, CHF enrolment history, registration and premium-payment experiences, benefit-package perceptions, trust in CHF management and community participation, perceived healthcare service quality, and perceived benefits of membership. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and Pearson’s chi-square tests to assess regional differences. Results: Members generally reported positive experiences with CHF administration. Most had used their CHF cards, renewal intentions were high, premiums were considered affordable, payment arrangements were convenient, and local CHF management was generally perceived as trustworthy. Statistically significant regional differences were observed in renewal intention, satisfaction with CHF officers, perceived healthcare service quality, and perceived household benefit (p < 0.05). Dodoma respondents reported higher renewal intention and a higher proportion of households benefiting from CHF. The distribution of healthcare-quality ratings also differed significantly (p < 0.001): Kilimanjaro had a higher proportion rating care as excellent (16.1% vs. 2.9%), whereas Dodoma had a higher proportion rating care as good (44.6% vs. 38.9%). Challenges in both regions included limited benefit coverage, additional out-of-pocket payments, long waiting times, and limited perceived advantages of CHF membership. Conclusions: Regional differences were observed in members’ experiences; however, because the regional samples differed socioeconomically and the analysis was not adjusted for potential confounders, these differences should not be attributed to the iCHF models themselves. The findings describe members’ experiences during the 2018 pilot period and should not be interpreted as a direct description of current iCHF performance. The results nevertheless highlight the importance of benefit coverage, service responsiveness, financial protection, and healthcare quality alongside efficient administration.

African universities rely on teaching traditions and scientific theories based on Western epistemologies and ontologies. Interactions between European and African scholars too tend to focus on the deficits in African experiences, knowledge, research and teaching methodologies and the poor economic environments in which they operate that are characterized by inadequate infrastructure and budgets. This essay discusses an emerging opportunity in science diplomacy within African-European Union (EU) interactions in higher education and argues that a fundamental revision of the imbalances in African-European scholarly relationships is possible. The essay uses the case of the emerging Platform for African–European Studies, which involves 22 universities (including 14 in Africa and eight in Europe) and underscores the importance of science diplomacy, knowledge co-creation and co-production to correct hegemonic knowledge about Africa. It explores the origins of the programme, its attempt to follow a critical global and decolonized approach in addressing the revision of curricula both in Europe and in Africa and the co-design of research. It concludes by highlighting some of the obstacles to disrupting the status-quo.

• Depuis maintenant 20 ans, la CDS se présente comme un Centre d’excellence notamment de recherche appliquée ; • Elle occupe une place réticulaire qui noue le monde académique avec le monde extérieur; • Plutôt que de se cantonner à l'espace restreint du milieu universitaire, la CDS s’engage pleinement à comprendre nos sociétés qui sont toujours en mouvement et à jouer un rôle constructif, créatif et libérateur; • La trentaine de projets, 32 au total, dans lesquels elle s’est engagée sont, grâce à la rigueur scientifique des chercheurs et l’implication stratégique des acteurs non-académiques, devenus des instruments puissants pour un débat plus large, d’une plus grande démocratie; • En effet, ces projets sont des chambres de réflexion, des outils d’auto-évaluation, des espaces de débat, des modes d’expression et des contributions à une opinion publique réfléchie; • Cette double posture se montre sous son meilleur jour à travers les innombrables séminaires, ateliers, conférences ou focus groups organisés et animés par les membres de la CDS ainsi que les centaines de publications de la revue et des éditions Mouvements et Enjeux Sociaux (MES); • La CDS devient ainsi un levier, un engin, un facilitateur de la dynamique sociale.

Over the past 60 years high-income countries have invested over 4000 billion euros in development aid. With varying degrees of success, these investments in low-income countries contributed to tackling structural problems such as access to water, health care, and education. Today, however, international development cooperation is no longer restricted to helping by giving. Instead, it is rather about opportunities, mutual interests, risk taking, and an inclusive societal approach. With the arrival of major new actors such as China, India, and Brazil, and the manifestation of private companies and foundations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, development aid is being eclipsed by new forms of international cooperation, increasingly accompanied by investments, trade, and give-and-take exchanges. The agenda for sustainable development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 and to be realised by 2030, is a case in point of new influential frameworks that usher in a global rather than a traditional North-South perspective. This book reviews 60 years of international development aid and its relevant actors, outlining today’s challenges and opportunities. Richly illustrated with case studies and examples, International Development Cooperation Today maps successes and failures and synthesizes visions and discussions from all over the world. By pointing out the radical shift from the traditional North-South perspective to a global paradigm, this book is essential reading for all practitioners, academics, and donors involved in development aid.

In recent decades, a growing number of low-income countries (LICs) have experimented with voluntary community-based health insurance (CBHI), as an instrument to extend social health protection to the rural poor and the informal sector. While modest successes have been achieved, important challenges remain with regard to the recruitment and retention of members, and the regular collection of membership fees. In this context, there is a growing consensus among policymakers that there is a need to experiment with mandatory approaches towards CBHI. In some localities in Tanzania, local actors in charge of community health funds (CHFs) are now relying on what is best described as quasi-mandatory enrolment strategies, such as increasing user fees for non-members, automatically enrolling beneficiaries of cash transfer programmes and enrolling the exempted groups (people who are entitled to free healthcare). We find that, while these quasi-mandatory enrolment strategies may temporarily increase enrolment rates, dropout and the non-payment of contributions remain important problems. These problems are at least partly related to supply side issues, notably to inadequate benefit packages. Overall, these findings indicate the limitations of any strategy to increase enrolment into CBHI, which is not coupled to clear improvements in the supply and quality of healthcare.

Is the Tanzanian government in charge of development cooperation programmes with China? The literature has portrayed the Tanzanian and other state actors in Africa as passive and weakly coordinated players over the five decades of intensified cooperation with China. This paper will attempt to challenge this narrative by drawing on lessons from the negotiation efforts of individual and institutional actors in Tanzania, as they sought to improve the country's industrial and technological capacity, among other interests. Our findings revealed a gap between the capacity to attract Chinese investments and development assistance, and extraction of knowledge and technology from such engagements. President John Pombe Magufuli's anti-corruption measures signal a paradigm shift against the rent-seeking tendencies, elitism and limited utilisation of local content under the Chinese partnership projects. Nevertheless, the combination of a declining share of official Chinese engagements with the increased involvement of private actors necessitates further policy innovations in order to boost inter-firm technological spillovers.

The case study in this paper examines the contribution of scholarship programmes provided by the Chinese government in improving human capital in the fields of science, technology, and innovation in Tanzania. The case study constitutes a survey of 85 Tanzanians who have received training in China, and interviews with 13 individuals including some of the surveyed trainees, scholarship administrators, and other stakeholders. While critical comments were raised, the trainees in our sample were largely positive about the Chinese training experiences. Besides the direct transfer of skills and exposure to China's modernity, the indirect outcome of technology transfer has come about through the importation of equipment and technical literature. However efforts to transfer and apply acquired knowledge have been regularly impeded by structural barriers including cross-cultural communication problems, differences in attitude, and the fact that in several cases Tanzania does not have the capacity to absorb some of the advanced Chinese technologies taught in the courses. Two-way communication is needed in order to inform and adapt the Chinese government training programmes to the specific needs of the recipient African economies.

Tanzania has ambitions of moving from a mere consumer of information and communication technologies to a designing and manufacturing base. This paper aims to assess the role of public-private partnerships with Chinese institutions in the achievement of this goal. Through an in-depth case study, this paper examines the contributions of three Chinese multinationals in terms of technology transfer and technological capacity building in local firms in Tanzania. The analysis contrasts the organisation of improvements on the manner of technology transfer and capacity building in these partnerships with prior Sino-Tanzanian partnership efforts in technology and industry. The Chinese multinationals had a labour localisation rate of 60% on average, with some training services provided to Tanzanian nationals and supply of services and equipment to Tanzanian firms. However, the overall level of technology transfer continues to be weak. Observed barriers to technology transfer include weak incentives for collaboration between Chinese and Tanzanian firms and low-level technology embedded in activities offshored by the Chinese multinationals to Tanzania.

19世纪30年代,在法国首次出现了"社会经济"这一术语.到20世纪90年代,才出现了更加精确的"社会经济"概念,关于"社会经济"的理论研究和实践也得到了很大的发展.文章对社会经济的缘起、社会经济的当代定义进行了讨论,认为社会经济包括所有组织形态运行的经济活动,主要指合作社、社团和互助协会,其伦理标准包括对成员或当地社会的服务应优先于盈利;管理自治;实行民主决策机制;在盈余分配上奉行以成员及劳动为本而非以收入分配为本等原则.

The Role of Farmers and Informal Institutions in Microcredit Programs in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

*This article was published in the Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Volume 80 Issue 3 (September 2009). Using data from eleven African countries, examines the impact of liberalization measures on the status, structural organization and performance of cooperatives in Africa. Cooperative development in Africa can be said to have traversed two main eras: the era of state control and that of liberalization. The first era lasted up to the early 1990s and saw the origin and substantial growth of cooperatives on the continent. During that period, different models of cooperative development were introduced on the continent. We distinguish a unified cooperative model, a social economy model, a social movement model, a producers' model and an indigenous model. But in all cases, cooperatives were engulfed into state politics. However, little is known about the impact of liberalization measures on these models. Our research in 11 African countries reveals that cooperatives in Africa have survived the market forces and continued to grow in number and membership. We see a slow but sure erosion of the unified model and the adoption of a social economy model. Cooperatives in Africa are re-examining their organizational forms and diversifying their activities in response to members' interests and needs.

Purpose – This paper aims to fill the academic gaps in the study of the new co‐operative movement in China and its innovative mechanisms, and to assess why new co‐operatives deviate from the orthodox co‐operative model represented by the standards of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA).Design/methodology/approach – As an alternative to the popular ideal‐co‐operative perspective, the paper employs a historical approach to understand the co‐operative renaissance in China. Afterwards, the paper presents an application as well as an example to reinforce this understanding and to demonstrate the validity of the analysis.Findings – Using this approach, this paper demonstrates the formation process of real‐type co‐operatives under the influence of institutional legacies as well as resources and environments. Moreover, The shareholding co‐operatives have been developed as new co‐operative forms. They are characterized by their multiple stakeholdership, their multi‐purpose operations, and their orientatio...

This paper aims to fill the academic gaps in the study of the new co-operative movement in China and its innovative mechanisms, and to get a more comprehensive idea of new co-operatives operating as home-grown Chinese social enterprises, by exploring the dynamic process of co-operative practice and social innovation in rural China. As an alternative to the popularly ideal-co-operative perspective, the paper develops a conceptual model from the perspective of a real-type co-operative concept, by employing a historical neo-institutional perspective combined with power-and-resource-related theory. Using this model it shows how institutional legacies from the past as well as resources and environments in the present can influence and shape co-operative development in rural China. By providing a consistent, systematic analysis with an emphasis on the bottom-up institutional innovation process, the paper helps to explain some of the conceptual and practical difficulties that hamper the understanding of new co-operative development in China.

Cooperative development in Africa can be said to have traversed two main eras: the era of state control and that of liberalization. The first era lasted up to the early 1990s and saw the origin and substantial growth of cooperatives on the continent. During that period, different models of cooperative development were introduced on the continent. We distinguish a unified cooperative model, a social economy model, a social movement model, a producers' model and an indigenous model. But in all cases, cooperatives were engulfed into state politics. However, little is known about the impact of liberalization measures on these models. Our research in 11 African countries reveals that cooperatives in Africa have survived the market forces and continued to grow in number and membership. We see a slow but sure erosion of the unified model and the adoption of a social economy model. Cooperatives in Africa are re-examining their organizational forms and diversifying their activities in response to members' interests and needs.