2D/3D perovskite heterostructures have advanced the performance of perovskite solar cells. However, ion diffusion at the 2D/3D interface under illumination and prolonged heat affects device stability and scalability. Here, we studied the electron-withdrawing strength of aromatic ammonium ligand on perovskite interface stability. We tuned the electron-withdrawing strength of the ligand through the incorporation of oxygen atoms on heterocyclic rings, and found that the ligand possessing the strongest electron-withdrawing capability effectively suppresses 2D formation while preventing cation interdiffusion and maximizing defect passivation, outperforming conventional 2D/3D strategies. Consequently, we achieved power conversion efficiencies of 26.1% in 0.16 cm(2) lab-scale cells and 19.1% in 809 cm(2) industrial-scale solar modules. These encapsulated modules exhibited excellent damp-heat (85 degrees C/85% relative humidity) stability and operational durability, with <10% efficiency loss after 2500 and 3000 h, respectively. Moreover, the modules maintained steady power output over 30 days of outdoor operation, underscoring their potential for practical real-world applications.

Precise control of low-temperature crystallization of SnO2 is crucial for high-performance flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs). Nevertheless, conventional sol-gel-derived SnO2 nanocrystals (NCs) are plagued by low crystallinity and high defect density due to inherent synthesis limitations, which limit charge transport and interfacial stability. Here, we report a pre-treatment strategy using aqueous KOH as a hydrolysis regulator to direct the crystallization of SnO2 NCs at 80 degrees C. The in-situ generated KCl by-product simultaneously passivates the buried electron transport layer (ETL)/perovskite interface. This dual-role strategy yields high-quality K-SnO2 NCs with markedly improved crystallinity and particle morphology, leading to a lower charge transport barrier (73.5 mV vs. 126.2 mV) and superior interfacial adhesion. Thereby, we achieve champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.13% (rigid) and 25.37% (flexible), along with significantly improved device stability (Active area: 0.048 cm2). This study establishes a robust pretreatment protocol for low-temperature fabrication of highly quality and stable ETLs for F-PSCs.

Faced with the global water crisis, seawater desalination and sewage treatment represent excellent countermeasures. For sewage treatment, the ideal approach is to achieve the rapid evaporation of water molecules and simultaneous separation of oil contaminants from water bodies. So the dual-functional materials have been urgently developed to meet the integrated application demands in complex scenarios. This study proposes a novel integrated design strategy of "one membrane for dual applications". A ternary synergistic mixed-matrix composite membrane (MCxPy) composed of MOF-801/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)@poly(ionic liquid) was successfully constructed on a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate. The micropores and mesopores of MOF-801 and CNTs form the interconnected water/steam transport channels and promote bulk water into water-clusters. It effectively lowers down water's vaporization enthalpy and raises evaporation rate, which has been verified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and DSC measurement. Consequently, the material acts as efficient "artificial leaves" in solar-driven interfacial evaporation, enabling the high-rate water evaporation (2.6 kg & sdot;m- 2 & sdot;h- 1) and energy conversion efficiency (50.7%). The evaporation rate remains almost unchanged within 20 h. And it functions as smart "molecular sieves", achieving high emulsion flux (0.015 L & sdot;m- 2 & sdot;h- 1 & sdot;Pa- 1) and high selectivity separation (95.5%) through hydrophilic networks and precise pore structures in oil-water separation systems. The MCxPy membranes exhibit excellent structural stability in a wide range of aqueous solutions at pH = 2-13. This demonstrates their robust environmental adaptability, making them suitable for sewage treatment in various complex acid-base environments. This work not only provides a controllable fabrication paradigm for multifunctional membrane materials, but also demonstrates the great potential of a single material platform to adapt to multiple application scenarios via the design of structure, providing a new material perspective for addressing complex water environment issues.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been widely developed and are now moving toward large-scale commercialization. Hole transporting material (HTM) is an important part of PSCs, where it plays a crucial role in facilitating hole extraction to the anode and blocking electrons from passing through it. Although 2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) and polytriarylamine are the commonly explored HTMs in PSCs, they need unstable hygroscopic ion dopants and additives to enhance their hole mobility, which can deteriorate the performance/stability of the device. Benefiting from the low-cost synthesis, well batch-to-batch stability, excellent hole mobility and good moisture resistance of the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), it has then been used as an alternative HTM in PSC applications. However, the energy level mismatch and the poor interface contact between the perovskite material and P3HT have limited hole transfer to the anode, thus affecting the device performance and stability. In this review, the research progress of the P3HT HTM through interface modification, doping strategy, P3HT derivatives, etc. is summarized to address the aforementioned problems. Finally, this review also provides guidance for further improving the efficiency and stability of P3HT-based PSCs.

Passivating defects at the wide-bandgap perovskite/C60 interface without impeding interfacial charge transport can effectively enhance the efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs). Herein, we study the impact of benzene-derivative ligands with elaborately modulated binding strength and acidity on wide-bandgap perovskites for high-performance perovskite/silicon TSCs. Specifically, the acidity/alkalinity and binding strength are preliminarily tuned using different functional groups of -PO₃H₂, -COOH, and -NH₂, and further finely adjusted by altering the chain lengths between the benzene ring and the functional groups. The results show that strong binding is indispensable for effectively suppressing voltage loss. However, the commonly used benzylphosphonic acid (BPPA) for firm surface binding exhibits too strong acidity that can etch the perovskite surface, resulting in halide-vacancy defects and pronounced hysteresis. Increasing the side chain length of BPPA to (2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid not only enables a suitable acid dissociation constant (pKa) to avoid acid-induced etching but also achieves robust anchoring to the perovskite surface with a parallel adsorption orientation, which reduces the charge transport barrier at the interface. These properties enable strong-adsorption surface termination (SAST) of the perovskite surface while preventing acid-induced etching. As a result, the SAST strategy achieves a remarkable efficiency of 32.13% (certified 31.72%) for hysteresis-free perovskite/silicon TSCs.

Interfacial energy-level alignment is critical for the efficient charge extraction and suppression of nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the specific role of halide substituents in diamine ligands in regulating this property is insufficiently understood. Here, halide-substituted diamine ligands (C6-DAX2, X = Cl, Br, I) were employed to modulate the surface electronic structure of perovskite films. Stepwise halide substitution decreased the work function and simultaneously shifted the Fermi level upward, thereby reducing the conduction band offset with C60. This interfacial modulation facilitates electron transport and mitigates recombination losses. As a result, inverted PSCs incorporating C6-DAI2 deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.0% and maintain 85% of their initial efficiency after 1100 h of continuous operation.

2D perovskites as interfacial modifiers have demonstrated potential for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, 2D structures based on flexible long-chain cations often lead to a high degree of octahedral distortions and larger interlayer spacing. These factors hinder efficient charge extraction between the perovskite and charge transport layers and affect the stability of 2D/3D devices. Here, imidazolyl spacers with rigid ring structures are employed as interfacial modifiers. The spacers of different molecular rigidity influence their anisotropic orientation with [PbI6]4- octahedral, leading to reduced crystal distortion while maintaining compatible octahedral layer spacing, which facilitates efficient hole extraction from bulk perovskite to the surface layer, and increases structural stability of 2D perovskite. As a result, the optimized 2D/3D PSCs achieve power conversion efficiencies of 26% for unit cells (0.16 cm2) and 22.4% for solar modules (38.9 cm2). Moreover, these spacers enhance the phase stability of the 3D perovskite and effectively mitigate phase degradation, enabling the device to retain 98% of its initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous operation under 1 sun illumination at 40 °C. These results suggest the potential of imidazolium-based interfacial modifiers in achieving efficient and stable 2D/3D PSCs.

Defect passivation engineering, an effective strategy to optimize grain boundaries and reduce defects in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, has been widely used to improve device performance; however, knowledge of its impact on the carrier transport property is still limited. Herein, we take carbon dot (CD) passivation as an example to explore the effect of surface modification on the longitudinal carrier diffusivity (D) in CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films by using transient reflection spectroscopy. The results show that the D value remarkably increases from 0.30 cm2 s-1 in unmodified film to 1.02 cm2 s-1 in CD-modified film due to their enhanced conductivity, where CDs act as a highly conductive interstitial medium to enhance intergrain contact. Benefiting from the increase in carrier diffusivity, the power conversion efficiency of CD-modified perovskite solar cells (PSCs) increased from 23.1% (unmodified) to 25.4%, strongly confirming the positive effect of CD passivation on the PSC performance. Our finding highlights a novel avenue for enhancing PSC performance through the improvement of longitudinal carrier diffusivity via high-conductivity nanomaterial doping.

The optimization of hole transport layer (HTL) is crucial for achieving high efficiency and stability in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its role in facilitating hole transport and passivating the perovskite bottom interface. While self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are commonly used for this purpose, the inherent limitations of a single SAM, such as fixed energy levels and rigid structure, restrict their adaptability for different perovskite components and further efficiency enhancement. Here, we demonstrate a stepwise deposition method for SAM-based HTLs to address this issue. We regulated the energy level gradient by depositing two SAMs with distinct energy levels, while the interactions between the phosphate groups in the SAMs and perovskite effectively reduce defect density at the bottom interface of the perovskite film. The as-fabricated PSCs achieved enhanced efficiency and stability with PCEs of 25.7% and 24.0% for rigid and flexible PSCs, respectively; these devices maintain 90% of their initial PCE after 500 h of maximum power point tracking, and retain 98% of their initial PCE after 4,000 bending cycles, representing one of the most stable flexible PSCs reported to date. (c) 2025 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Mountainous regions are often described as 'water towers' because they are important sources of freshwater that sustain downstream water supply and ecosystems. With the increasing demand for groundwater extraction and climate change, detailed knowledge of the recharge patterns of mountain spring systems is required. Mountain spring recharge can be challenging to determine due to its various potential sources such as snowmelt, local rainfall or deeper, older groundwater. In this study, we used the stable (delta 18O and delta D) and radioactive (3H) isotopes of water to distinguish the recharge sources and flow paths of 13 springs in the Changbai Mountain area in Northeast China ('CBM springs') as well as nine springs located in a nearby area to the west ('western springs'). Our results showed that the sources of spring water were highly variable across the region, with high-elevation meltwater a dominant source for the CBM springs, while lower-elevation meltwater and local rainfall were the primary sources of the western springs. The western springs were fed by young waters (3H higher than 7.1 TU; young water fractions between 0.66 and 1) that exhibited high seasonal variability (0.6 to 4.1 %o increase in delta 18O between spring and summer), whereas the CBM springs had more depleted and less variable isotopic compositions (-2.6 to 1.2 %o change in delta 18O between spring and summer) and more complex age distributions (3H between 0.6 and 10.7 TU; young water fractions between 0.06 and 1). Our study provided insights into the vulnerability of CBM springs to climate change and western springs to increased human activities, particularly groundwater extraction.

Iodine-rich inorganic perovskites possessing desirable bandgaps as well as high thermal and chemical stability are facing serious issues of low polymorphic stability, whereas chlorine-rich inorganic perovskites hold outstanding thermodynamic stability but suffer from low efficiency. Here, we develop function-gradient inorganic perovskites adopting a surface halide substitution strategy, where a stable chlorine-rich skin protects efficient iodine-rich layers, incorporating high stability of chlorine-rich perovskites with high efficiency of iodine-rich perovskites. This strategy simultaneously passivates surface defects and stabilizes the photoactive polymorphs of perovskite, leading to a power conversion efficiency of 21.2% for unit cells (0.16 cm2) and 19.2% for solar modules (23.9 cm2). Notably, the compositional gradient mitigates light-induced ion migration and enhances resistance to environmental erosion. Thus, our devices exhibit negligible efficiency loss after 1000 h storage in air and 3200 h operation under continuous 1-sun illumination at 40 °C, representing the most stable wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells reported to date.

Forming a low-dimensional (LD) capping layer over the surface of three-dimensional (3D) perovskites has been a typical approach for stabilizing perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the performance of treated PSCs is still limited by inefficient charge transfer across the LD/3D interfaces. Here, we realized a 1D capping layer over the perovskite surface via post-treatment with a conjugated quinolinamine (QA) halide salt. In contrast to 2D perovskites, this unique configuration enables charge transfer between inorganic slabs and adjacent QA spacers in the capping layer, resulting in a reduced dielectric confinement effect and enhanced carrier mobility. In this way, the hole extraction from bulk perovskite is facilitated while non-radiative recombination is suppressed at the 1D/3D interface. As a result, we realized 1D/3D PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of 24.8%, along with negligible efficiency loss after 3500 h operation under the maximum power point tracking on 1 Sun illumination. Furthermore, our cells maintained over 95% initial efficiency after rigorous 1200 h damp-heat testing at high temperature (85 °C) and high humidity (85%) conditions, positioning our PSCs among the most stable 1D/3D PSCs.

Tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have received increasing attention due to their low toxicity, high theoretical efficiency, and potential applications as wearable devices. However, the inherent fast and uncontrollable crystallization process of tin-based perovskites results in high defect density in the film. Meanwhile, when fabricated into flexible devices, the prepared perovskite film exhibits inevitable brittleness and high Young's modulus, seriously weakening the mechanical stability. In this work, we design and synthesize a cross-linkable fullerene, thioctic acid functionalized C60 fulleropyrrolidinium iodide (FTAI), which has multiple interactions with perovskite components and can finely regulate the crystallization quality of perovskite film. The obtained perovskite film shows an increased grain size and a more matched energy level with the electron transport material, effectively improving the carrier extraction efficiency. The FTAI-based rigid device achieves a champion efficiency of 14.91 % with enhanced stability. More importantly, the FTAI located at the perovskite grain boundaries could spontaneously cross-link during the perovskite annealing process, which effectively improves the conductivity and elasticity of grain boundaries, thereby giving the film excellent bending resistance. Finally, the FTAI-based wearable device yields a record efficiency of 12.35 % and displays robust bending durability, retaining about 90 % of the initial efficiency after 10,000 bending times.

Cesium-based inorganic perovskites have emerged as promising light-harvesting materials for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their promising thermal- and photo-stability. However, obstacles to commercialization remain regarding their phase instability. In this work, we report a facile and effective strategy to regulate the surface compressive strain via in situ surface reaction to stabilize CsPbI3 perovskite. The use of a chelating ligand with a molecular configuration closely matching the integer multiples of the unit cell lattice parameters of CsPbI3 induces compressive strain at the surface of CsPbI3. The chemical bonding and strain modulation synergistically not only passivate film defects, but also inhibit perovskite phase degradation, thus significantly improving the intrinsic stability of inorganic perovskite. Consequently, enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.0 % and 18.6 % were respectively achieved in 0.16-cm2 lab-scale devices and 25.3-cm2 solar modules. Further, surface reaction enables PSCs with enhanced thermal and operational stability; these devices retain over 95 % of their initial PCE after damp-heat tests (i.e., in 85 °C and 85 % R. H. air) for 2000 h, and remain 99 % of their initial PCE after operating for 2000 h, representing one of the most stable inorganic PSCs reported so far.

In this study, we report the successful synthesis of few-layer parallel PtSe2 ribbons on an Au foil employing a surface melting strategy via the chemical vapor deposition growth method at 650 degrees C. The controlled formation of parallel ribbons was directed by the Au steps generated through antimony treatment. These ribbons exhibit an average length of exceeding 100 mu m and a width of approximately 100 nm across a substantial area. Electrocatalysis measurements showcase the catalytic performance of PtSe2 ribbons grown on Au foil, which can be further augmented through subsequent oxidation treatment. This investigation introduces an effective growth method for few-layer ribbons at low temperatures and broadens the scope of employing the substrate-guided strategies for the synthesis of one-dimensional materials. Additionally, it underscores the potential of PtSe2 ribbons as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) feature a higher maximum theoretical efficiency and a lower cost than silicon-based solar cells, while also offering additional advantages of being flexible and transparent. However, the commercialization of PSCs remains a great challenge due to rapidly degraded efficiency and stability when scaled up to industrial sizes. Here, we develop an interfacial coordination strategy utilizing chelating ligands to address both the efficiency and stability issues on a large scale. The ligands can form a layer of Pb(ii) coordination polymers with robust chemical bonds that not only effectively passivate surface defects but also serve as a tightly adhered capping layer for protecting the perovskite surfaces. Then, the as-fabricated solar module with an area of up to 31.6 cm2 exhibits a projected T80 lifetime of over 9000 hours under 1-sun illumination at 25 degrees C. Moreover, the ligands introduce suitable energy levels between the perovskite and electron charge transport layer to facilitate charge transfer across the interface. As a result, we simultaneously achieve a power conversion efficiency of 25.0% for a 0.16 cm2 single cell, and 22.6% for a 31.6 cm2 module, comparable to the efficiencies achieved by state-of-the-art solar modules of similar sizes.

Early-life exposure to different sizes of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) affects biotoxicity, which is related not only to the dose but also directly to particle size. In this study, pregnant ICR mice received drinking water containing 5 μm polystyrene microplastics (5 μm PS-MPs) or 0.05 μm polystyrene nanoplastics (0.05 μm PS-NPs) from pregnancy to the end of lactation. Histopathological and molecular biological detection, 16s rRNA sequencing for intestinal flora analysis, and targeted metabolomics analysis were used to look into how early-life exposure to MNPs of various sizes affects young mice's growth and development, gut flora, and metabolism. The outcomes showed that 0.05 μm and 5 μm PS-MNPs can pass through the placental and mammary barriers, and MNPs accumulating in various organs were size-dependent: the greater the accumulation in organs, the smaller the particle size. Further studies found that the larger 5 μm PS-MPs caused only small accumulation in organs, with the main health hazard being the disruption of intestinal barrier and liver function, indirectly causing gut dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. In contrast, the smaller 0.05 μm PS-NPs caused excessive accumulation in organs, not only impaired the function of the intestine and liver, but also caused direct mechanical damage to physical tissues, and ultimately resulted in more severe intestinal and metabolic disorders. Our findings underline the size-dependent risks associated with micro- and nanoplastics exposure early in life and highlight the necessity for tailored approaches to address health damages from early MNPs exposure.

The defects and phase segregation in perovskite will significantly reduce the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a deformable coumarin is employed as a multifunctional additive for formamidinium–cesium (FA‐Cs) perovskite. During the annealing process of perovskite, the partial decomposition of coumarin passivates the Pb 2+ , iodine, and organic cation defects. Additionally, coumarin can affect colloidal size distributions, resulting in relatively large grain size and good crystallinity of target perovskite film. Hence, the carrier extraction/transport can be promoted, trap‐assisted recombination is reduced, and energy levels are optimized in target perovskite films. Furthermore, the coumarin treatment can significantly release residual stress. As a result, the champion power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 23.18% and 24.14% are obtained for Br‐rich (FA 0.88 Cs 0.12 PbI 2.64 Br 0.36 ) and Br‐poor (FA 0.96 Cs 0.04 PbI 2.8 Br 0.12 ) based devices, respectively. The flexible PSCs based on Br‐poor perovskite exhibit an excellent PCE of 23.13%, one of the highest values for flexible PSCs reported to date. Due to the inhibition of phase segregation, the target devices exhibit excellent thermal and light stability. This work provides new insights into the additive engineering of passivating defects, stress relief, and inhibition of phase segregation of perovskite films, offering a reliable method to develop state‐of‐the‐art solar cells.

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.

As one of the most representative forms of groundwater, mineral water provides a critical understanding of regional hydrogeochemical features and rock weathering processes. However, current studies have mostly focused on the quality of mineral water and have rarely addressed the weathering process during its formation. Therefore, a multi-tracer approach combines chemical parameters, major ions, selected trace elements, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios for mineral water samples in Changbai Mountain during 2020–2021. First, we determined the hydrogeochemical characteristics of different types of mineral water. Secondly, the water-rock interaction processes governing the water mineralization were described to fix the hydrogeochemical background. Thirdly, the chemical weathering rate was calculated. The total dissolved load generated by rock weathering was around 6.76 tons/km2/year in the mineral water catchment area; 44.6