Coal is an important resource with a high content of organic matter in the context of fossil energy and energy engineering. However, previous studies lacked a comprehensive understanding of the effects and underlying mechanisms of the original components on the chemical structure and micromechanical properties of coals. The space of coal skeleton structure to store small molecule compounds and how small molecule compounds affect the strength of coal skeleton structure are two unresolved issues. Here, we investigated the chemical structure and micromechanical properties of original coal (OC) after removing the weakly soluble small molecule compounds (i.e., decarbonized coal (DC) and then strongly soluble small molecules compounds (i.e., skeleton of coal (SC)) using nanoindentation techniques and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that after removing soluble small molecule compounds, the aliphatic layer interlayer spacing and the aromatic layer interlayer spacing values of coal samples with high hydrogen index decreased, with a more pronounced decrease observed for SC samples. This suggests that coal has a dense, layered microstructure and that weakly and strongly bond soluble small molecule compounds bind the layers together. The removal of soluble small molecule compounds induces the rearrangement of macromolecular aromatic clusters, causing them to stack more closely, leaving the extremely polar soluble molecule compounds and the skeletal structure of the coal. Consequently, the elastic modulus and hardness of the OC decreased. In addition, the creep deformation of the OC increased and a transition from elastic to plastic deformation was observed in the coals. These changes in the mechanical parameters are mainly related to the changes in the chemical structure of the coal. In particular, the DC and SC samples exhibit a decrease in interlayer spacing, which leads to the disintegration of the coal's pile structure and leave behind the main skeletal structure of the coal. This study elucidates the influence of the original components in coal on its mechanical properties from a microscopic mechanism perspective, which will provide important technical support for efficient and clean coal utilization and mining engineering.

Quantitative evaluation of pore-scale oil-water spatial distribution is pivotal for understanding fluid mobility and enhancing recovery in shale reservoirs. However, existing methodologies, such as Chart, Centrifugal, and Heating methods, primarily quantify total free/adsorbed fluid contents but fail to quantify the spatial distribution differences of oil-water in the pores between samples. To bridge this gap, we propose a novel mathematical model that quantitatively resolves the pore volumes occupied by four distinct spatial distribution patterns: "full of oil", "water-wrapped oil", "oil-wrapped water", and "full of water". This model is established based on centrifugal experiments and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data from 23 sealed shale cores from the Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Bohai Bay Basin. Our results reveal that "full of water" pores dominate (avg. 43.99 %), followed by "full of oil" pores (avg. 32.29 %) and "water-wrapped oil" pores are minimally developed with only 4.42 %. Fluid spatial distribution patterns are governed by pore wettability and pore-scale capillary dynamics during the hydrocarbon generation and micro-migration. The model also introduces a wettability assessment based on wetted pore surface area (PSA), showing strong correlation with traditional pore volume (PV) methods, and successfully quantifies adsorbed oil/water film thicknesses (0.50-4.63 nm and 0.61-2.33 nm, respectively). The model-derived oil-film thickness aligns remarkably with independent low temperature N2 adsorption (LTNA) measurements, providing robust validation. This study significantly enhances the mechanistic understanding of shale oil occurrence and provides quantitative insights critical for optimizing hydraulic fracturing design and EOR strategies in shale reservoirs.

The Ordovician reservoirs in both northern Halahatang (N-Halahatang) and western Lunnan (W-Lunnan) areas of the Tabei Uplift, Tarim Basin, experienced extensive biodegradation in the Late Hercynian (Permian). During the Late Himalayan (Neogene–Quaternary), the biodegraded reservoirs in N-Halahatang underwent intense burial-thermal maturation (>6,500 m depth; 1.02–1.22% Ro), whereas those in W-Lunnan experienced milder burial-thermal maturation (<5,800 m depth; 0.70–0.85% Ro). Despite similar δ13Coil values, biodegraded oils from these two areas display divergent biomarker profiles, complicating oil-oil correlations. To clarify whether the discrepancies in biomarker profiles can be attributed to variations in burial-thermal maturation, two relatively shallow-burial biodegraded oils from W-Lunnan (Wells LG40: slight to moderate biodegradation; LG7: heavy to severe biodegradation) were artificially pyrolyzed to various maturities. Subsequently, the biomarker profiles of pyrolyzed oils were compared with those of the naturally matured, deeply buried oils (heavy to severe biodegradation) from N-Halahatang. The results revealed that, when EasyRo exceeded 0.91% or 1.01%, deviations in biomarker parameters for oil-oil correlations exceeded 10%, diminishing their diagnostic utility. Notably, hopane-based parameters (e.g., gammacerane/C30 hopane) exhibited larger variability in the more severely biodegraded LG7 sequence. Furthermore, increased biodegradation severity also amplified variations in specific maturity-related parameters (e.g., diasteranes/regular steranes) during artificial maturation, highlighting the necessity of considering the synergistic effects of early-stage biodegradation and subsequent thermal maturation. Additionally, biomarker profiles of the N-Halahatang oils (1.05–1.15% Ro) matched those of the LG7 pyrolyzed oils at EasyRo = 1.00–1.15%, suggesting that the differences in biomarker profiles between the two areas could be attributed to differences in burial-thermal maturation.

Heatwaves perturb plant physiology and monoterpene emissions, with important consequences for atmospheric chemistry and climate. Acyclic and cyclic monoterpenes differ markedly in their chemical reactivity, biosynthetic pathways, physiological functions, and atmospheric impacts, yet their heatwave responses remain poorly quantified, and current emission models generally assign them similar temperature sensitivities. Here, we combine leaf warming experiments, heatwave observations, and temperature-response modeling to show that acyclic monoterpenes from tropical trees in South China possess substantially higher temperature sensitivity than cyclic forms. As a result, heatwaves shift ambient mixture toward acyclic compounds, which approach half of measured monoterpenes and dominate calculated ozone and hydroxyl-radical reactivity. Default temperature algorithms in current emission models fail to reproduce this cyclic-to-acyclic shift, whereas the revised temperature functions developed here successfully capture the observed increase in acyclic fraction. Climate extremes may therefore alter atmospheric chemistry not only by changing monoterpene abundance, but also by reshaping monoterpene composition. Heatwaves reshape plant monoterpene emissions by preferentially increasing highly reactive acyclic isomers, altering atmospheric composition and increasing ozone and OH reactivity beyond changes in total monoterpene amounts

Nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs), encompassing a complex suite of oxidized and reduced organic nitrogen species, exert significant impacts on atmospheric light absorption, oxidation capacity, and global nitrogen cycling. Despite the growing recognition of NOCs as key components of atmospheric organic matter, their formation through aqueous-phase processes and potential environmental impacts have long been underestimated. This review begins by summarizing the major classes of NOC molecules, then synthesizes observational evidence on their formation in the aqueous-phase, particularly highlighting its critical role in generating nitroaromatic and N-heterocyclic compounds. Built on the observational evidence, we further discuss the related evaluation of the multi-faceted environmental impacts arising from the aqueous-phase NOC formation. The evidence demonstrates that aqueous-phase NOC chemistry exerts significant influence on atmospheric compositions, contributes up to 90% of brown carbon's radiative effects, enhances oxidative capacity and secondary organic aerosol production, and influences nitrogen speciation in wet deposition. However, most current model assessments exhibit considerable limitations in quantifying these effects, stemming primarily from oversimplified parameterizations of aqueous-phase chemistry that fail to adequately represent the full complexity of atmospheric multiphase systems. Furthermore, existing observational data sets remain insufficient, severely constraining efforts to optimize model parameters and validate simulation outputs. To address these critical knowledge gaps, we propose an integrated research framework that combines long-term monitoring of key NOC and various precursors and advanced simulations of aqueous-phase chemistry at the micrometer-scale reaction environments, which would constrain the parameterization of future models for the aqueous-phase chemistry and impacts of NOCs.

Siliciclastic rocks, which are rich in high-valence metal oxides, are an important reservoir type in petroleumgenerating basins. Thermochemical metal oxide reduction (TMeR) can drastically alter the amount, type, and composition of petroleum, making TMeR-altered petroleum different from petroleum evolved under thermal stress. However, no report exists on the quantitative alteration process of crude oil caused by TMeR. Herein, we report a series of simulations conducted using light oil, hematite, and deionized water in a gold tube system, and all major products in different phases were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicated that oil-involved TMeR generated a certain amount of hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide, decreased the amount of liquid oil, and eventually increased the gas/oil ratio. The typical geochemical characteristics of oil-involved TMeR include 13Crich methane, cycloalkane-depleted but aromatic-rich light hydrocarbons, and aliphatic compound-depleted but aromatic-rich heavy hydrocarbons. A comparison of gas chemistry with gas-altered TMeR demonstrated that the initial hydrocarbon type might control the alteration results and process of TMeR. Furthermore, three different low-molecular-weight organic acids were detected as oxidized intermediates in oil-involved TMeR. These acids may play an important role in altering reservoir quality. Thus, this study demonstrated that the alteration process of crude oil by TMeR is substantially different from that under thermal stress. Consequently, hydrocarbon resource evaluation and oil-source correlation in metal oxide-rich siliciclastic reservoirs should consider TMeR as an important factor.

Abstract Petroleum-derived substances that display persistence, mobility, and toxicity (PMT) and those that are very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) are of particular concern because of their heightened potential for groundwater contamination through subsurface migration. In this study, we examined crude oil phototransformation in simulated diurnal cycles. Nontarget chemical analysis and machine learning models were combined to identify and prioritize potential PMT/vPvM substances among 710 phototransformation products. Our findings indicate that the diurnal cycle influences the chemical compositions of crude oil, particularly depleting the “benzenoids” and “aliphatic hydrocarbons” superclasses. The screening work identified 21 potential PMT/vPvM substances, with alkylbenzenes emerging as a significant contribution to high-concern groundwater contaminants. Furthermore, PMT/vPvM intermediates formed during diurnal transitions require extended irradiation for complete photodegradation. This research characterizes the temporal chemical evolution of petroleum under diurnal cycling and provides a prioritized list of persistent and mobile substances, offering new insights for managing groundwater risks in petroleum-contaminated sites.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) couples electron-transfer and photochemical processes, yet how molecular composition relates to this coupling across hydrological states and water-sediment phases remains poorly resolved. We characterized water and surface-sediment DOM from dry- and wet-season campaigns at paired sites in a sluice-regulated Huai River reach and an urban lake. Optical spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, HPSEC, and FT-ICR MS were integrated with measurements of electron-donating and electron-accepting capacities (EDC and EAC), photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRIs), and sulfonamide phototransformation. Aquatic DOM showed stronger aromatic and lignin-like signatures and generally higher steady-state concentrations of 3DOM* and 1O2, whereas sediment DOM contained more assigned formulas, was CHOS-enriched, and exhibited higher EDC and EAC. Steady-state PPRI concentrations and apparent production efficiencies were partly decoupled: wet-season aquatic DOM had more chromophores but lower fTMP and Φ¹O₂, with EDC negatively associated with both metrics. Polyphenol-rich signatures coincided with stronger light absorption but lower PPRI production efficiency, whereas microbial/aliphatic signatures correlated with higher Φ·OH. After light-screening correction, indirect photolysis accounted for 56-69% of sulfamethazine transformation but contributed less to sulfamonomethoxine and sulfamethoxazole; qualitative quenching indicated the strongest triplet-related influence. Overall, DOM redox-photochemical reactivity reflected a phase- and season-associated balance between photosensitization and deactivation/scavenging.

Kerogen is a natural organic macromolecule whose structural characterization remains highly complex and has not been fully achieved. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a favorable method for characterizing structural information in kerogen. However, the most commonly used 13C CP/MAS has a missing detection signal for aromatic carbon, 13C DP/MAS suffers from a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This study employed three NMR techniques - CP/MAS, DP/MAS, and DP with Dipolar Dephasing (DD) - for the integrated analysis (IA) of kerogens at different maturities. DD enables accurate quantification of protonated aromatic carbon, revealing that the aromatic condensation of kerogen during thermal evolution is dominated by the conversion of branched and bridgehead aromatic carbons. IA combines three NMR advantages for accurate functional group quantification. DP aligns closer with IA for medium-to low-maturity kerogen, while CP aligns closer with IA for high-maturity samples. The CP-T and CP-T optimization models offer a rapid calibration approach for CP users. Finally, we summarized three NMR applications in biological and geological carbon samples and established a selection criterion of structural detection techniques across diverse organic matter, showing a CP-DP-CP progression correlated with increasing aromaticity. This framework assists researchers to strategically select NMR methodologies for acquiring precise structural information. This study offers valuable insights into the flexible application of multiple NMR techniques for efficient quantitative analysis of kerogen and other natural macromolecular organic matters.

Tire wear particles (TWPs) are a major source of nonexhaust emissions, yet their distinction from other traffic-related particles remains challenging. This study applied a molecular marker-based approach to identify and quantify TWPs in road airborne particles. We analyzed p-phenylenediamines (PPDs) in car air filters from 16 Chinese megacities, cross-validated them with rubber-derived TWPs, and quantified TWPs' contributions to traffic-related sources. Seventeen of the twenty-three PPDs (Σ17PPDs) were detected (58.9-5000 ng/g), with N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) and 4-nitrodiphenylamine contributing 36 ± 11% and 20 ± 7%, respectively, indicating the predominance of oxidation products. Rubber-derived TWPs were detected in all samples (1.52-36.4 mg/g), showing strong correlations with Σ17PPDs (r = 0.595, p < 0.001) and similar spatial patterns, supporting their coemission from tire wear. 6PPD-Q was identified as a molecular marker for airborne TWPs based on its high detection frequency, statistically significant correlation with rubber-derived TWPs, and relatively high environmental stability. Source apportionment indicated that resuspended road dust, brake wear, TWPs, and vehicular exhaust made comparable contributions of roughly one-quarter each, with nonexhaust sources collectively exceeding 75% of traffic-related emissions. These findings highlight the dominant role of nonexhaust sources in near-road urban environments and the need for their inclusion in future air quality management strategies.

Amino acids, as important constituents of atmospheric organic nitrogen, play significant roles in global biogeochemical cycles. Their atmospheric fate has traditionally been attributed to photochemical processes, whereas the role of the unique chemistry in microdroplet, characterized by spontaneous OH radical generation, remains poorly understood. Here, we used a microdroplet generation apparatus coupled with online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to study the spontaneous transformation of three representative amino acids (tryptophan, serine, and cysteine). By systematically varying reaction time, initial concentration and sheath gas pressure, we confirmed that these reactions occur specifically in microdroplets. Products analysis by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer revealed spontaneously generated OH radicals as the primary driver, yielding distinct products such as hydroxylated monomers and dimers, that differs from that of bulk-phase oxidation. Quantitative assessment further revealed that high salinity, acidic pH, and oxidative atmospheres significantly accelerate the reactions, with notable compound-specific effects. High salinity most prominently enhanced serine transformation (∼7%), acidic condition (pH 3.0) maximally promoted tryptophan conversion (∼11%), and O2 primarily accelerated oxidation pathway of cysteine (∼17%). These findings reveal that the spontaneous transformation of amino acids in microdroplets, modulated by salinity, acidity, and oxygen availability, represents a previously unrecognized pathway for organic nitrogen conversion in the atmosphere. This work provides experimental evidence for integrating such processes into atmospheric chemistry models to reassess the cycling and lifetime of organic nitrogen.

The Carboniferous-Permian transition is characterized by extensive organic carbon (OC) accumulation across the North China Craton, which potentially triggered or sustained the peak of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Furthermore, the pronounced heterogeneity in organic geochemical properties of the coal measures significantly complicates resource estimation. Marine transgressions could influence OC burial and hydrogen index (HI). While the impact of marine influence on OC burial in lacustrine mudstones and paralic coal-bearing strata has been explored, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and controversial. This study evaluates the influence of marine transgressions and regressions on carbon burial and hydrocarbon generation potential in transitional Yanghugou Formation (Ordos Basin). Using a multiproxy approach encompassing lithological variation, rhenium-platinum group elements (Re-PGEs), elemental geochemistry, HI, OC, and stable isotopes (δ34Spyrite, δ13Ckerogen) from mudstones and coals, reliable indicators for short-term sea-level fluctuations are established. The results demonstrate that 2Re/(Pd+Pt) and Re/Ti ratios effectively track high-frequency transgression-regression cycles in both lithologies. Intense transgressions introduce abundant marine sulfates and establish strongly reducing conditions, reflected by a significant negative correlation between Re-proxies and δ34Spyrite.Crucially, marine transgressions exert divergent effects on carbon sequestration: they elevate OC in mudstones but significantly diminish OC in coals. Evaluating this concurrent OC enrichment and depletion holistically is vital for understanding net carbon burial, which likely contributed to the onset of the LPIA. Furthermore, transgressions enhance the hydrocarbon potential of source rocks. Mudstone HI increases due to nutrient-driven aquatic biomass and improved preservation, whereas coal HI is elevated primarily via bacterially-mediated sulfate reduction. Ultimately, compared to lacustrine settings, paralic environments experience more frequent transgressive cycles, driving broader fluctuations in organic geochemistry. Given the currently inferred stratigraphic ages and the limited sample size, future robust chronostratigraphic correlations and expanded datasets are warranted to further elucidate these paralic evolutionary patterns.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has emerged as a widely detected antibiotic in aquatic environments, necessitating efficient removal strategies. Magnetic biochar (MBC) has gained great interest due to its excellent adsorption capacity for organic and inorganic pollutants and its ease of separation from water, however the structure–property–performance relationship of MBCs derived from different iron precursors is not well understand. This study aimed to reveal the effects of iron precursor and pyrolysis temperature on the structural evolution of MBC and their adsorption performance toward SMX. The results showed that increasing the pyrolysis temperatures from 600 ℃ to 900 ℃ significantly enhanced pore development and carbon aromatization of MBCs produced from coconut shells and four types of iron minerals (Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS2), thereby improving their ability to adsorb SMX. Iron incorporation in MBCs altered the pore structures and generated extra reactive sites, leading to an enhanced adsorption capacity for SMX. While the variations in iron precursors lead to different iron-phase evolution during pyrolysis, which further influence the adsorption performance of MBCs. Among all samples, Fe3O4-MBC prepared at 900 ℃ exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (74.1 mg·g−1), broad pH tolerance, and excellent recyclability. Kinetics, isotherms, and mechanistic analyses suggested that the adsorption of SMX by MBCs were may governed by the synergistic effects of pore accessibility, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and possible Fe-centered surface interactions. These findings provide a precursor- and temperature-dependent design strategy for developing high-performance MBC for antibiotic removal.

CO2-EOR and geological storage are key tools for increasing petroleum production and combating climate change. The interaction of CO2 with organic matter has not been appreciated. This study designed a supercritical CO2 reactor and used XRD to analyze the kerogen crystal structure. The soluble organic matter in the reservoir was modeled using varying concentrations of aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons promote kerogen swelling, altering XRD patterns and acting as "contrast agents" for kerogen crystal stacking space size. The CO2 and air group samples were exposed to their respective media for 24h to determine the liquid volatilization rate. The reformulation group was reconstituted to match the CO2 group's residual hydrocarbon proportion after 24h, and XRD was performed to investigate the crystallographic characteristics. Results show faster liquid volatilization under supercritical CO2, confirming its strong binding with hydrocarbons. Liquid enters kerogen's gamma-band and 002-band stacking space during dissolution. Supercritical CO2 + hydrocarbons yield larger aliphatic cluster stacking space than hydrocarbons alone, exceeding a maximum of 7%-10% space. The three stages of the swelling process are classified according to little, appropriate, and excessive amounts of liquid hydrocarbons, validated by the aromatic sheet dimension parameters. Liquid excess occupies the entire stacking space, and free liquid appears on the surface of kerogen. This research experimentally proves the swelling effect of supercritical CO2 from the crystal viewpoint. It reminds us that the swelling effect of CO2 on organic matter needs to be considered in CO2-EOR and geological storage.

Orange hydrogen technology injects water into Fe-bearing basalts to stimulate coupled H2 production and CO2 mineralization, converting carbon storage into a clean energy resource, though how fluid chemistry governs it remains poorly quantified. This study examined Naozhou Island basalt under simulated reservoir conditions (45 °C, 5 MPa, 7 days) using deionized water, artificial seawater (ASW), and ASW amended with biodegradable chelating agents tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS) and tetrasodium glutamic acid-N,N-diacetate (GLDA). Seawater enhanced hydrogen production 3.4-fold over deionized water (117.1 vs. 34.2 μmol/g rock) via carbonate buffering, elevated ionic strength, and SO42− catalysis. The chelating agents promoted Fe-bearing mineral dissolution, raising Fe concentrations up to 1762-fold (1798 mg/L for GLDA), but reduced immediate hydrogen production to 77% (IDS) and 37% (GLDA) of seawater levels via Fe2+ complexation limiting free-ion availability for H2-generating reactions. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed CO2 mineralization efficiencies of 0.10% (IDS) and 0.27% (GLDA), contrasting with net carbonate dissolution in water and seawater controls. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed a diagnostic ∼23 cm−1 blue shift indicating potential organic ligands-carbonate interactions that may enhance storage stability; alkalinity measurements corroborated the enhanced mineralization efficiency. These results identify seawater as optimal for immediate hydrogen production, while the chelating agents enable a conceptual temporal decoupling strategy in which injection accelerates Fe mobilization and subsequent biodegradation could trigger Fe2+ release to sustain hydrogen production from accumulated iron. This approach may suit coastal and offshore basalt storage, addressing freshwater scarcity in large-scale CO2 storage while generating clean energy, though seawater's lower CO2 solubility and injectivity require evaluation.

Geological Carbon Sequestration (GCS), a pivotal technology for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through the capture and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in underground geological formations, plays a crucial role in combating climate change. Montmorillonite, a widely distributed mineral in storage formations, exhibits significant potential for GCS due to its high specific surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity. However, the adsorption mechanisms of CO2 in montmorillonite under reservoir conditions remain insufficiently characterized, particularly concerning two critical aspects: (1) the dynamic diffusion process regulating CO2 intercalation into interlayer space, and (2) the distinct adsorption behaviors-including both adsorption capacity disparity and binding energy differentiation-between external surfaces and interlayer space. This study conducted laboratory simulations of CO2 adsorption experiments using natural montmorillonite and heat-treated montmorillonite (calcined at 600 degrees C to close the interlayer space) at 25 degrees C, 50 degrees C, and 75 degrees C. The results revealed that the adsorption capacity within the interlayer space exhibits a positive correlation with increasing pressure. CO2 molecules entered the interlayer space substantially at pressures >= 14 bar and the adsorption capacity can even reach 62.7% (75 degrees C) of the total adsorption capacity at 50 bar. These findings highlight the critical role of interlayer space of montmorillonite in CO2 adsorption in geological CO2 storage formations, offering new insights into montmorillonite CO2 adsorption mechanism.

Zero-valent iron (Fe0) is widely applied for reductive dehalogenation but is limited by inefficient electron utilization and rapid corrosion in aqueous environments. Herein, 3D printing was employed to engineer the structural and interfacial properties of Fe0 for enhanced reductive transformation of florfenicol (FLO) under anoxic conditions. Compared with pristine Fe0 powders, the 3D-printed Fe0 (3DP-Fe0) exhibited a hierarchical porous architecture, lattice expansion, and enhanced hydrophobicity, which collectively regulated Fe0 corrosion behavior and interfacial electron transfer. These structural and interfacial modifications improved electron utilization efficiency toward FLO dehalogenation while suppressing non-productive hydrogen evolution. Mechanistic investigations revealed that atomic hydrogen was the dominant reactive species responsible for sequential FLO dechlorination. Benefiting from regulated corrosion and preserved Fe0 reactivity, 3DP-Fe0 maintained high FLO removal efficiency during repeated cycles and prolonged anoxic aging, accompanied by substantially reduced Fe0 consumption and Fe leaching. Transformation products generated through sequential dechlorination exhibited markedly decreased antibacterial activity, indicating effective toxicity reduction during FLO degradation. Furthermore, 3DP-Fe0 retained robust performance in complex water matrices and enabled efficient removal of other recalcitrant pharmaceuticals, demonstrating its broad applicability. Overall, this study highlights 3D printing as an effective strategy to enhance Fe0 reactivity and stability for the efficient reductive treatment of emerging contaminants.

Abstract Light strongly regulates plant isoprene emissions, yet tropical light responses vary across studies, partly due to measurement protocol differences. Using a uniform portable chamber protocol across multiple sites, seasons, species, and temperatures in South China, we find a strikingly consistent rectangular‐hyperbolic isoprene light response across sunlit tropical leaves. Pooling 26 response curves yields α (the initial slope) of 0.0026 ± 0.0001, with no detectable light and temperature interaction on minute‐hour scales within our experiments for sunlit leaves. Relative to MEGAN's (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) default α = 0.0014, emission increases about twice faster under sub‐saturating photosynthetically active radiation, reducing underestimation in the morning/late afternoon conditions. Two modeling options match observations: adopt a static α = 0.0026 for sunlit tropical leaves, or increase the constant term in the α algorithm from 0.004 to 0.0053 for tropical Asia. These changes are straightforward to implement and improve diurnal isoprene simulations regionally.

Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition influences terrestrial carbon storage, but its role in regulating plant biogenic volatile organic compound emissions and thus biosphere-atmosphere reactive carbon exchange remains unclear. Here we compile 885 observations spanning nine plant functional types and find that nitrogen addition significantly increases emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes by 52%, 39% and 107%, respectively. Meta-regression indicates a quadratic dose-response: emissions rise with nitrogen inputs up to compound-specific peaks ( ~ 49–118 kg nitrogen·ha−1·yr−1) and decline at higher nitrogen loadings. Over 1980–2020, human-driven shifts in nitrogen deposition reshape regional isoprene emission potential, increasing it by up to ~29% in tropical regions while reducing it where deposition declines, notably in China. These results identify nitrogen deposition as a key modulator of biosphere-atmosphere reactive carbon exchange and suggest that nitrogen management may provide air-quality co-benefits by modulating biogenic volatile organic compound precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosol in a rapidly greening world. Nitrogen addition significantly increases emissions of isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, modulating biosphere-atmosphere reactive carbon exchange, based on a meta-analysis with a dataset of 885 observations spanning nine functional plant types.