Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis and persistent hyperglycemia. Drosophila has emerged as a valuable model to study conserved insulin signaling mechanisms; proteomic insights into T1D-like conditions remain limited. Existing T1D models based on complete ablation of insulin-producing cells (IPCs) often exhibit severe developmental defects limiting their utility for dissecting disease-associated molecular and circadian mechanisms. Here, we report the establishment of an alternative Drosophila T1D model by targeting IPC-specific knockdown of dilp2, a homolog of human insulin, without IPC ablation. This novel model recapitulates key T1D-like features without affecting body size or weight, unlike other conventional models. Molecular analysis revealed elevation in phosphorylated Akt, reduced dfoxo and mTOR expression, and lifespan extension, suggesting a compensatory upregulation of dilp3 and dilp5. Our HRAMS-based proteomics study, for the first time, identifies five differentially expressed proteins (DEPs): Disc overgrown kinase (dco), Glutathione S-transferase 1 (GstS1), Turandot A (TotA), Turandot C (TotC), and Proteasome subunit beta type 6 (Prosβ6), validated by qRT-PCR. Downregulation of dco and GstS1 is associated with circadian arrhythmicity and elevated oxidative stress, respectively, whereas upregulation of TotA, TotC, and Prosβ6 reflects activation of stress responses and disruption of proteostasis under T1D-like conditions. Notably, circadian rhythm analysis exhibited hyperactivity and arrhythmic locomotor behavior in T1D flies. Collectively, these findings demonstrate dilp2 knockdown alone can induce T1D-like symptoms including multiple metabolic, circadian, and proteomic insights. The newly identified DEPs may serve as potential candidates for biomarker/therapeutic targets in T1D pathophysiology.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a major unmet medical challenge, with limited tools that integrate early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Considering the pivotal roles of amyloid-β (Aβ) and cholinesterases (ChEs) in AD etiology, we report dual-functional theranostic NIR-I probes. The lead candidate, I-43, exhibits favorable NIR optical properties (Stokes shift ≥ 220 nm) and binds strongly to Aβ fibrils, with Kd values of 58.2 ± 9.7 nM for Aβ1-40 and 104 ± 25 nM for Aβ1-42. Histological staining of brain tissues from transgenic APP-PS1 mice and human autopsy samples confirms selective detection of Aβ plaques with a high signal-to-noise ratio and minimal cross-reactivity toward pathogenic tau tangles and α-synuclein. In addition, I-43 exhibits fluorescence response toward AChE, shows inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.38 µM), and enhances memory in a scopolamine-induced amnesia in Swiss albino mice. Despite this, limited aqueous solubility and metabolic stability necessitate structural modifications and formulation strategies to broaden the scope in preclinical studies. Herein, we demonstrate that probes can be engineered to label key AD biomarkers with ChEs inhibitory activity, paving the way to an alternate theranostic approach in AD management. This study reports NIR probes targeting amyloid-β aggregates and cholinesterases for dual diagnostics and therapy. Lead probe I-43 detects Aβ in APP-PS1 mice, improves memory in a scopolamine model, and offers a template for future probe development.

For sustainable development, the circular economy aims to produce value-added compounds while minimizing waste, either through recycling or reuse. In the present study, an enhancement in the yield of thermostable phycocyanin was achieved by cultivating the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus sp. TA-8 in the sweet lime peel waste extract (SPE). SPE (3%) enhanced the phycocyanin content in the TA-8 by 22%, with a slight reduction in the growth. Along with the yield enhancement, phycocyanin's analytical grade purification level (purity index 4.39) was achieved through a minor modification in extraction techniques. This phycocyanin exhibited more thermostability than the phycocyanin obtained from commercial mesophilic strains. Along with its in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity, it demonstrated significant in vivo ROS scavenging potential against the Alzheimer's disease (AD) model of Drosophila melanogaster. Supplementation with 100 mu g mL- 1 phycocyanin resulted in significant neutralization of ROS, comparable to non-diseased control levels, without any toxic side effects. The reduction in severity of the rough eye phenotype in AD flies suggested the neuroprotective potential of phycocyanin extracted and purified from the thermophilic strain TA-8.

A multifunctional fluorescent material possessing stimuli-responsive optical characteristics for the advancement of sensing, bioimaging and optoelectronic systems.

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide, characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis. While mammalian models are widely used, Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful alternative due to its conserved insulin signaling pathways, genetic tractability, and suitability for high throughput studies. In addition to glucose dysregulation, lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in T2D pathophysiology, as alterations in lipid composition contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Lipidomic studies have emerged as an essential approach to identify metabolic signatures and potential biomarkers for disease progression and therapeutic targeting. In this study, T2D like model was established by inducing insulin resistance through knockdown of the insulin receptor in brain insulin-producing cells using the dilp2-Gal4>UAS-InR RNAi system. This genetic manipulation resulted in significant metabolic dysregulation, including elevated glucose, trehalose, and triacylglyceride levels, along with increased oxidative stress indicators. Additionally, mRNA expression analysis of key insulin signaling components, including insulin receptor substrate 1, dilp2 , dilp3 , dilp5 , and phosphorylated Akt, further validated the model. To further investigate metabolic alterations, Lipid profiling was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) in non targeted LC-MS-based metabolomics approach to identify lipid biomarkers associated with T2D. Multivariate statistical analyses, including PCA and PLS-DA, revealed distinct lipid signatures between wild-type and T2D flies. Notably, specific phosphatidylglycerol species PG 34:0, PG 34:4, PA 38:3, PIP 38:1, PIP2 38:6, and LPS 24:0 demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 1, indicating their strong reliability as lipid biomarkers for T2D diagnosis. Research Highlights InR was knocked down in Drosophila IPCs to T2D like model. T2D flies showed hyperglycemia, elevated lipids, and altered dilp2, 3, and 5 levels Insulin signaling was impaired, with increased oxidative stress and pAkt levels Six novel lipid biomarkers of T2D were identified via UPLC-ESI-MS lipidomics PG 34:0, PG 34:4, PA 38:3, PIP 38:1, PIP2 38:6, LPS 24:0 are potential T2D biomarkers in flies

Glioblastoma (GBM), a Grade IV malignant brain tumor, accounts for over half of all gliomas and remains resistant to current therapies, requiring the development of novel treatment strategies. Aberrant Ras signaling and PI3K/Akt hyperactivation and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are major oncogenic drivers, implicated in approximately 30% of cancers, including GBM. Chromenes, particularly 4H-chromenes, possess diverse anticancer activities, but their application in GBM remains limited. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a novel chromene derivative, ethyl 4-(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (4H-CRCXL), using a Drosophila melanogaster model of RasV12-driven gliomagenesis. In silico docking revealed strong interactions of 4H-CRCXL with Ras, p-Akt, p-ERK, and Bcl-2, suggesting multi-targeted inhibition. In vivo administration of 4H-CRCXL resulted in significant phenotypic rescue, improved CNS morphology, enhanced survival, and attenuated RAS-driven tumor phenotypes. The compound suppressed glial hyperproliferation, reduced oxidative stress, restored metabolic homeostasis, and induced apoptosis, demonstrating a broad spectrum of anticancer effects. These findings highlight 4H-CRCXL as a promising lead compound for targeting RAS-driven gliomagenesis and support its further evaluation in mammalian glioma models.

Blockchain technology is an emerging digital innovation that has gained immense popularity in enhancing individual security and privacy within Information Systems (IS). This surge in interest is reflected in the exponential increase in research articles published on blockchain technology, highlighting its growing significance in the digital landscape. However, the rapid proliferation of published research presents significant challenges for manual analysis and synthesis due to the vast volume of information. The complexity and breadth of topics, combined with the inherent limitations of human data processing capabilities, make it difficult to comprehensively analyze and draw meaningful insights from the literature. To this end, we adopted the Computational Literature Review (CLR) to analyze pertinent literature impact and topic modelling using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) technique. We identified 10 topics related to security and privacy and provided a detailed description of each topic. From the critical analysis, we have observed several limitations, and several future directions are provided as an outcome of this review.

Corticosterone (CORT), a key stress hormone, is vital for energy balance, but prolonged exposure causes hyperglycemia, obesity, and hepatotoxicity. Gallic acid (GA), a natural polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was evaluated for its hepatoprotective effects in Wistar rats. This study aimed to assess how GA protects against CORT-induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats and to explore its molecular interactions through in silico docking studies. Animals received CORT (15 and 30 mg kg−1 body weight) orally for 21 days, with GA pretreatment in selected groups. Hepatic status was assessed via biochemical assays, molecular markers, histopathology, and in silico docking. CORT significantly increased body weight (15%), blood glucose (1.5-fold), malondialdehyde (MDA; 28%), and protein carbonyls (34%,) with a statistical significance, p < 0.05 and <0.01, while glutathione (41.4% to 52.1%) and antioxidant enzymes were significantly reduced (statistical p-value significance at levels of <0.05, <0.01, and <0.001). GA pretreatment restored glucose MDA, and GSH toward control (p < 0.01), and protected histological injury. Docking studies showed strong GA binding to Keap1 (−6.9 kcal/mol), IKKβ (−6.0 kcal/mol), and COX-1 (−6.2 kcal/mol), supporting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. GA confers significant protection against CORT-induced hepatotoxicity, validated by both in vivo and in silico analyses.

Contemporary research evidence has corroborated a gradual loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This progressive deterioration leads to cognitive dysfunction and impaired motor activity, culminating in the brain cell's death in the disease. The approved drugs for AD treatment can only offer relief from symptoms without addressing the underlying pathological hallmarks of the disease. To address the limitations associated with rivastigmine (RIV), a marketed drug for AD, a series of tryptamine derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in various in-vitro and in-vivo AD models. Enzyme inhibition studies identified compounds 6d and 6e as the lead molecules with potent inhibitors against AChE (6d, IC50: 0.99 f 0.009 nM and 6e IC50: 7.97 f 0.016 nM and BChE (6d, IC50: 27.79 f 0.21 nM and 6e , IC50: 0.79 f 0.005 nM), compared to the marketed drug Riv (AChE, IC50: 6630 f 0.76 nM, BChE IC50 = 91 f 0.40 nM). The molecular docking and dynamics studies corroborated the enzyme inhibition studies. The PAMPA assay strongly suggested the BBB crossing ability of the lead molecules. Further, 6d and 6e demonstrated the capability to counteract oxidative stress and A beta 1-42 in various in-vitro studies. Compound 6e exhibited remarkable radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay (IC50: 22.91 f 1.73 mu M) compared to rivastigmine (% radical scavenging activity: 3.71 f 0.09 at 200 mu M). Interestingly, 6d and 6e exhibited promising activity in the AD Drosophila model by protecting eye phenotypes from degeneration induced by A beta 1-42 toxicity and reduced mitochondrial and cellular oxidative stress in this model. Furthermore, upon oral administration, 6d and 6e could reverse scopolamine- induced amnesia by improving spatial and cognitive memory in mice at 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg compared to rivastigmine at 3 mg/kg and were found to have potent ex-vivo anti-ChEs properties, which are correlated with the observed pro-cognitive effects in the Morris Water Maze, likely mediated through the inhibition of both cholinesterases. The expression of various neuroprotection markers, such as BDNF and TRKB, was significantly overexpressed compared to the disease control group.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, which arises due to low levels of acetyl and butyrylcholines, an increase in oxidative stress, inflammation, metal dyshomeostasis, Aβ and tau aggregations. The currently available drugs for AD treatment can provide only symptomatic relief without interfering with pathological hallmarks of the disease. In our ongoing efforts to develop naturally inspired novel multifunctional molecules for AD, systematic SAR studies on EJMC-4e were caried out to improve its multifunctional properties. The rigorous medicinal efforts led to the development of 12o, which displayed a 15-fold enhancement in antioxidant properties and a 2-fold increase in the activity against AChE and BChE over EJMC-4e. Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed the binding sites and stability of the complex of 12o with AChE and BChE. The PAMPA-BBB assay clearly demonstrated that 12o can easily cross the blood–brain barrier. Interestingly, 12o also expresses promising metal chelation activity, while EJMC-4e was found to be devoid of this property. Further, 12o inhibited metal-induced or self Aβ1–42 aggregation. Observing the neuroprotection ability of 12o against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in the PC-12 cell line is noteworthy. Furthermore, 12o also inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuated mitochondrial-induced ROS and MMP damage caused by LPS and ATP in HMC-3 cells. In addition, 12o is able to effectively reduce mitochondrial and cellular oxidative stress in the AD Drosophila model. Finally, 12o could reverse memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced AD mice model, as evident through in vivo and ex vivo studies. These findings suggest that this compound may act as a promising candidate for further improvement in the management of AD.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive brain tumor found in adult humans with a poor prognosis and average survival of 14-15 months. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of proteome and identify novel therapeutic targets, this study focused mainly on the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) of Ras(V12)-induced GBM. Ras(V12) is a constitutively active Ras mutant form essential for tumor progression by continuously activating signaling pathways leading to uncontrolled tumor growth. This study used a transgenic Drosophila model with Ras(V12) overexpression using the repo-GAL4 driver line, specifically in glial cells, to study GBM. The high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based proteomic analysis of the GBM larval central nervous system identified three novel DAPs specific to mitochondria. These DAPs, probable maleylacetoacetate isomerase 2 (Q9VHD2), bifunctional methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (Q04448), and glutamine synthetase1 (P20477), identified through HRMS were further validated by qRT-PCR. The protein-protein interaction analysis revealed interactions between Ras(V12) and DAPs, with functional links to mitochondrial dynamics regulators such as Drp1, Marf, Parkin, and HtrA2. Notably, altered expressions of Q9VHD2, P20477, and Q04448 were observed during GBM progression, which offers new insights into the involvement of mitochondrial dynamic regulators in Ras(V12)-induced GBM pathophysiology.

A diarylethene-based probe (Z)-N'-((2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methylene)-2-hydroxy benzohydrazide (KBH) has been proficiently developed and its structure has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. It displays a selective and sensitive colorimetric sensing of Cu2+ ions in aqueous medium with a naked eye colour change from colourless to yellow. It exhibits a significantly low limit of detection as 1.5 nM. A plausible binding mechanism has been proposed using Job's plot, FT-IR, 1H NMR titration, HRMS and DFT studies. The chemosensor is effectively reversible and reusable with EDTA. Test strip kit and real water sample analysis have been shown to establish its practical applicability. Further, the potential of KBH for the early diagnosis of Cu2+ ion-induced amyloid toxicity has been investigated in eye imaginal disc of Alzheimer's disease model of Drosophila 3rd instar larvae. The in-vivo interaction of KBH with Cu2+ in gut tissues of Drosophila larvae establishes its sensing capability in biological system. Interestingly, the in-vivo detection of Cu2+ has been done using bright field imaging which eliminates the necessity of a fluorescent label, hence making the method highly economical.

A new rhodamine appended probe 3-allyl salicylaldehyde rhodamine hydrazone (RGAL) has been synthesized and thoroughly characterized using various spectroscopic techniques, as well as single crystal XRD. The optical properties of RGAL were investigated in 10 mM HEPES buffer in H2O:CH3CN (2:8, v/v, pH=7.2) in the presence of various cations. RGAL showed selectivity and sensitivity towards Cu2+ during absorption process and "turn on" behavior towards Fe3+ during emission study owing to the opening of a spirolactum ring. The detection limits for Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions using RGAL were determined to be 6.15 ppm and 4.75 ppm, respectively. The binding constant of RGAL with Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions was found to be 1.20 x 10(4) M-1 and 1.71 x 10(4) M-1, respectively. Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint analysis of RGAL provides the in-depth analysis of pairwise interaction between two atoms. Furthermore, the topological analysis of RGAL is performed using NCI, AIM, ELF and LOL analysis. The analysis provides information about O78-H79 & mldr;N71 and C40-H41 & mldr;O77 hydrogen bonding interactions in the monomer of RGAL whereas various inter- and intra- molecular interactions give strength to the dimer pattern of RGAL.

Aim Traditional Ayurvedic herbo-mineral medicines have proven their potential in managing COVID-19. Cell-based assays of the Svarnvir-IV tablet demonstrated the virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 and its therapeutic action, along with safety in cytotoxicity, has been proved. In the present study, in vivo, safety profile and compositional analysis of the Svarnvir-IV tablet were performed. Methods The safety and potency of the Svarnvir tablet were evaluated comprehensively through in vivo drug screening on Drosophila, along with elemental composition analysis of Svarnvir tablets using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Results The Svarnvir tablet was found safe in Drosophila and their larvae up to the dosage of 1 mg/ml. In comparison to the control, morphologically and physiologically healthy and active flies were observed without any change in circadian locomotor activity rhythms or activity patterns. In addition, the elemental composition of Svarnvir tablets was evaluated using AAS, ICP-MS, and SEM-EDS, and the microstructure was examined by means of XRD and SEM. Conclusions Overall, these findings will contribute to an accessible and safe therapeutic approach for traditional age-old Ayurvedic medication to combat SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Amyloid fibrils and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles are widely acceptable histological and biochemical pathogenic markers in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Detecting these markers at an early stage could be beneficial for differentiating AD from other neuronal anomalies. Herein, a series of rhodanine (acceptor) based dyes in conjugation with a coumarin or carbostyril (donor) were synthesized and tested their ability to detect these biomarkers. The lead probe 19 displayed staining affinity for Aβ fibrils and tau tangles with little or no interaction with abundant plasma protein (BSA). Minimal cytotoxicity, brain accessibility, biocompatibility, and fluorescence sustainability across physiological pHs rendering it suitable for in-vivo imaging. Dual staining of histological samples validated affinity of probe 19 for Aβ plaques and tau tangles in AD brain tissue specimens via immunofluorescence, ThT (aggregated Aβ specific dye), and Tau-1 (tau filament-specific dye). Moreover, live in-vivo fluorescence imaging in mice and ocular labeling of Aβ in AD Drosophila models extend the preclinical applicability of probe 19 for screening purposes. On behalf of the following data, we assume that probe 19 can successfully detect pathological AD biomarkers in investigational studies.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia and is characterized by low levels of acetyl and butyrylcholine, increased oxidative stress, inflammation, accumulation of metals, and aggregations of Aβ and tau proteins. Current treatments for AD provide only symptomatic relief without impacting the pathological hallmarks of the disease. In our ongoing efforts to develop naturally inspired novel multitarget molecules for AD, through extensive medicinal chemistry efforts, we have developed 13a, harboring the key functional groups to provide not only symptomatic relief but also targeting oxidative stress, able to chelate iron, inhibiting NLRP3, and Aβ1–42 aggregation in various AD models. 13a exhibited promising anticholinesterase activity against AChE (IC50 = 0.59 ± 0.19 μM) and BChE (IC50 = 5.02 ± 0.14 μM) with excellent antioxidant properties in DPPH assay (IC50 = 5.88 ± 0.21 μM) over ferulic acid (56.49 ± 0.62 μM). The molecular docking and dynamic simulations further corroborated the enzyme inhibition studies and confirmed the stability of these complexes. Importantly, in the PAMPA-BBB assay, 13a turned out to be a promising molecule that can efficiently cross the blood–brain barrier. Notably, 13a also exhibited iron-chelating properties. Furthermore, 13a effectively inhibited self- and metal-induced Aβ1–42 aggregation. It is worth mentioning that 13a demonstrated no symptom of cytotoxicity up to 30 μM concentration in PC-12 cells. Additionally, 13a inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome and mitigated mitochondrial-induced reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential damage triggered by LPS and ATP in HMC-3 cells. 13a could effectively reduce mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Drosophila model of AD. Finally, 13a was found to be efficacious in reversing memory impairment in a scopolamine-induced AD mouse model in the in vivo studies. In ex vivo assessments, 13a notably modulates the levels of superoxide, catalase, and malondialdehyde along with AChE and BChE. These findings revealed that 13a holds promise as a potential candidate for further development in AD management.

Cancer alters host metabolism to meet its nutritional demands. The role of lipids and their association with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains elusive. Scribble (Scrib) is a cell polarity regulator protein that also functions as a tumor suppressor. Scrib dysregulation has been reported in various advanced cancers, including CRC.In this study, we used tissue-specific GAL4-UAS RNAi to knockdown Scrib in the Drosophila hindgut. Scrib knockdown led to the development of a CRC-like phenotype. Lipid droplets were enlarged in the adult fat body with tumor induction. We employed LC-MS-based untargeted lipidomics to explore global lipid changes in Scrib knockdown flies.Our analysis revealed alterations in total lipids, with 63 lipids upregulated, 48 downregulated, and 120 unaffected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed striking differences between wild-type and Scrib knockdown flies. Volcano plot analysis revealed that TAG 54:2, PIP2 35:6, PIP2 34:5, FFA 6:1, and PIP 37:2 were the top five significantly upregulated lipids, while TAG 52:1, GM3 38:2;3, GlcdE 2:6, PIP2 37:4, and PIP2 37:2 were the top five significantly downregulated lipids.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified TAG 54:2, PIP2 35:6, and PIP 42:2 as promising biomarker candidates.In summary, our results highlight the value of integrating LC-MS-based lipidomics with machine learning algorithms to explore significant lipid alterations at an organismal level in Scrib knockdown flies. These findings open avenues to investigate cancer-lipid interactions in CRC and related human cancers, potentially shedding light on new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had highlighted the urgent need for effective preventive measures alongside conventional therapies. Ayurveda, particularly herbal fumigation (dhoopa), may offer potential complementary interventions. The Air Vaidya Herbal Dhoopa (AVHD) stick, based on traditional formulations, is evaluated for its safety and efficacy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Objectives:To assess the safety, compositional profile, and clinical efficacy of AVHD fumigation in preventing and reducing the symptoms of COVID-19.Materials and Methods:(1) Composition analysis: The AVHD stick's elemental and morphological composition was analyzed using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. (2) Clinical study: A Phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 150 subjects in the intervention group and 100 subjects in the control group was conducted, monitoring the prevalence of COVID-19-like symptoms. (3) Safety assessment: In vivo toxicity testing was performed on rodents to evaluate the safety of AVHD fumes.Results:(1) Compositional findings: Elemental analysis of the AVHD ash showed a complex mixture of elements, while the stick combined multiple medicinal plants known for antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. (2) Clinical efficacy: The intervention group (AVHD fumigation) reported significantly lower rates of COVID-19-like symptoms compared to controls. (3) Specific symptoms reduced: Fever, cough, cold, anosmia, and loss of taste were all significantly less frequent in the intervention group. (4) Safety: Rodent toxicity studies confirmed the absence of significant adverse effects with AVHD inhalation.Conclusions:AVHD fumigation is safe and demonstrates significant efficacy in reducing the incidence of COVID-19-like symptoms, supporting its potential as complementary preventive approach against SARS-CoV-2.

A thiazole-based probe, N'-((2-aminothiazol-5-yl)methylene)benzohydrazide (TBH), has been efficiently synthesized and characterized for the selective and sensitive detection of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (EP). The sensing strategy is based on the use of TBH for sequential colorimetric sensing of Ag+ and EP via in situ formation of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from the TBH-Ag+ complex. The generated Ag NPs lead to a bathochromic shift in absorption maximum and a change in color of the solution from light brown to reddish brown. TBH-Ag+ shows remarkable selectivity toward EP versus other drugs, common cations, anions, and some biomolecules. Moreover, TBH-Ag+ has a low detection limit for EP at 1.2 nM. The coordination of TBH-Ag+ has been proposed based on Job's plot, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), 1H NMR titration, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The composition and morphology of the generated Ag NPs have been analyzed by XPS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The proposed sensing mechanism for EP has been supported by XPS of Ag after the reaction. Further, the sensitivity of TBH-Ag+ toward EP in brain tissues of an Alzheimer's disease model of mouse has been evaluated. A thorough comparison was done for evaluation of the proposed method.

A new anthracene-based probe (E)-N'-(1-(anthracen-9-yl)ethylidene)-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (AHB) has been efficiently synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. It exhibits extremely selective and sensitive fluorometric sensing of Al3+ ions with a large enhancement in the fluorescent intensity due to the restricted photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism with a chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect. The AHB-Al3+ complex shows a remarkably low limit of detection at 0.498 nM. The binding mechanism has been proposed based on Job's plot, 1H NMR titration, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and density functional theory (DFT) studies. The chemosensor is reusable and reversible in the presence of ctDNA. The practical usability of the fluorosensor has been established by a test strip kit. Further, the therapeutic potential of AHB against Al3+ ion-induced tau protein toxicity has been tested in the eye of Alzheimer's disease (AD) model of Drosophila via metal chelation therapy. AHB shows great therapeutic potential with 53.3% rescue in the eye phenotype. The in vivo interaction study of AHB with Al3+ in the gut tissue of Drosophila confirms its sensing efficiency in the biological environment. A detailed comparison table included evaluates the effectiveness of AHB.