In the present report, an environmentally benign, cost-effective, and green route method was adapted to synthesize hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) nanocrystals (NCs) using Magnifera Indica leaf extract (MILE). Crystal structure characterization of Magnifera Indica leaf extract-mediated hematite nanocrystals [MILE@alpha-Fe2O3 NCs] showed rhombohedral crystallinity with space group R3c as confirmed through the Rietveld refinement method. Microstructural characterization carried out using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the nano-dimensional formation of MILE@ alpha-Fe2O3 NCs with an average size of 3.7 nm as derived from the Gaussian distribution of particle analysis. The optical spectrum shows an absorption peak at 264 nm and another broad hump centered at 383 nm. MILE@alpha-Fe2O3 NCs exhibit superparamagnetic behavior and also intact reusability ability or recoverable efficiency after being used due to magnetically separation ability. The anticancerous activity of MILE@alpha-Fe2O3 NCs was carried out against MDA-MB 231 cell lines and it was found that cell viability follows a concentration-dependent manner with a low value of IC50 = 34.70 mu g/mL.

Radiation therapy (RT) is fundamental to the fight against cancer because of its exceptional ability to target and destroy cancer cells. However, conventional radiation therapy can significantly affect the adjacent normal tissues, leading to fibrosis, inflammation, and decreased organ function. This tissue damage not only reduces the quality of life but also prevents the total elimination of cancer. The transformation of epithelial cells into mesenchymal-like cells, termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is essential for processes such as fibrosis, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Conventional radiation therapy increases the asymmetric activation of fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, and the resulting chronic fibrotic changes and organ dysfunction are linked to radiation-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Recent advances in radiation therapy, namely flash radiation therapy (FLASH-RT), have the potential to widen the therapeutic index. Radiation delivered by FLASH-RT at very high dose rates (exceeding 40 Gy/s) can protect normal tissue from radiation-induced damage, a phenomenon referred to as the “FLASH effect”. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that FLASH-RT successfully inhibits processes associated with fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, mitigates damage to normal tissue, and enhances regeneration. Three distinct types of EMT have been identified: type-1, associated with embryogenesis; Type-2, associated with injury potential; and type-3, related with cancer spread. The regulation of EMT via pathways, including TGF-β/SMAD, WNT/β-catenin, and NF-κB, is essential for radiation-induced tissue remodelling. This study examined radiation-induced EMT, TGF-β activity, multiple signalling pathways in fibrosis, and the potential of FLASH-RT to reduce tissue damage. FLASH-RT is a novel approach to treat chronic tissue injury and fibrosis post-irradiation by maintaining epithelial properties and regulating mesenchymal markers including vimentin and N-cadherin. Understanding these pathways will facilitate the development of future therapies that can alleviate fibrosis, improve the efficacy of cancer therapy, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Cutting-edge research on oceans and human health is enhancing our comprehension of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Coastal areas are affected by pollution resulting from the changes in hydrology and land utilization. In the coastal population, an elevated incidence of diabetes was observed. Diabetes mellitus is a prominent metabolic disease that is causing major burdens for patients as well as physicians. Diabetes is an intricate condition that encompasses several molecular pathways associated with the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome significantly influences the permeability of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Alterations in the wide range of gut microbiomes have been associated with various health issues including diabetes. The two major contributors to type 2 diabetes are insulin resistance and inflammation which may result in metabolic dysregulation due to dysbiosis. Due to gut dysbiosis, diabetes may show high prevalence in individuals living in coastal areas. The correlation between dysbiosis and diabetes can be made, especially considering probiotics have been demonstrated to have some impact in helping diabetic patients with their interrupted metabolism revert to normal. Probiotic intake has reportedly resulted in improved metabolic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. Prebiotics can be non-digestible carbohydrates that are naturally extracted or synthetically produced. Uses of synbiotics show a synergistic impact on type 2 diabetes by altering the gut environment. In coastal communities, the potential effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic therapy on the gut microbiome of diabetic patients have been investigated. Although these therapies have demonstrated encouraging results in coastal areas, more research is needed to fully understand their implications for controlling diabetes in this setting. In this review, we describe the role of the gut microbiome in diabetes patients residing in coastal regions and the underlying mechanisms that existed for analysing and predicting the function of the microbiome in diabetic people. The role of pre, pro, and synbiotics in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are precisely summarized. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes, gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes, coastal region, dysbiosis, prebiotics, synbiotics, probiotics.

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Prosopis juliflora in fructose induced hyperglycemia in wistar albino rats in comparison with Metformin. Materials and methods: 30 male wistar albino rats were divided equally into 5 groups. Group I and II were the normal and the disease control groups. While, groups III to V were the treatment groups. Animals in group I received regular drinking water; whereas, groups II to V received 20% fructose water for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, animals in groups II to V had elevated fasting blood sugar, HOMA-IR, weight gain and dyslipidemia. From week 9 to 16 group I animals continued to receive regular drinking water, group II received 2ml of distilled water and groups III, IV and V received Metformin 200mg/kg, P.juliflora extract 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg respectively in addition to 20% fructose water. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 16 weeks and histopathological examination of pancreas was done. Biochemical and hematological assessments were done at baseline and at 16 weeks to assess safety of the interventions. Results: When compared to the disease control group, animals in group III treated with metformin and groups IV and V treated with P.juliflora extract at doses of 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg showed a significant decrease in Fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR and improvement in lipid profile. Even though both the doses of the extract showed significant pharmacological activity, 600mg/kg showed better activity equivalent to metformin. Histopathological examination of pancreas showed regenerative changes in the metformin and P.juliflora 600mg/kg treated groups. No significant abnormality was observed in the biochemical and haematological parameters at the end of the study. Conclusion: P.juliflora seed extract in the dose 400 mg/kg and 600mg/kg exhibited antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity with no significant adverse events, in this study. Both the doses were having anti dyslipidemic effect similar to metformin whereas 600 mg/kg dose of P.juliflora was having better antidiabetic effect comparable to Metformin. Keywords: Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, P.juliflora, Fructose, Metformin, Metabolic syndrome

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic illness that occurs due to a malfunction in the production or action of insulin. Prolonged hyperglycemia may lead to dysfunction and failure of several organs, such as the diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. The incidence of diabetes and the number of patients has consistently risen over the last several decades. Juglans regia, a member of the Juglandaceae family, has been used by practitioners of folklore to treat number of illnesses. Aim: To Evaluate the antioxidant and anti-bacterial effects of a root extract from Juglans regia in in vitro studies and anti-diabetic effect Streptozotocin (STZ) induced Wistar albino rats. Methods: Qualitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant assay were done using DPPH, antibacterial assay have been performed by using agar well diffusion method and anti-diabetic effect tested by inducing rats with STZ followed by administering methanolic root extract of Juglans regia alone and with adjuvants metformin and glipalamide. Result: The root extract of Juglans regia can decrease free radicals, possess antibacterial property in agar well diffusion method and in in-vivo studies group 2 (diabetic control) showed elevated FBS and HbA1C from day 3 to day 28 while group 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 showed significant reduction in FBS and HbA1C levels at the end of study. Safety profiles such as CBC, RFT and LFT did not show any significant difference between the groups from baseline to end of the study. Thus, methanolic root extract of Juglans regia was safe and efficacious against STZ induced rats. Conclusion: Juglans regia can reduce hyperglycemia in STZ induced diabetic rats alone and can be used as an adjuvant to Metformin and Glibenclamide. Also, it possesses anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity in in vitro studies.

The most prevalent carbohydrate on Earth is cellulose, a polysaccharide composed of glucose units that may be found in diverse sources, such as cell walls of wood and plants and some bacterial and algal species. The inherent availability of this versatile material provides a natural pathway for exploring and identifying novel uses. This study comprehensively analyzes cellulose and its derivatives, exploring their structural and biochemical features and assessing their wide-ranging applications in tissue fabrication, surgical dressings, and pharmaceutical delivery systems. The use of diverse cellulose particles as fundamental components gives rise to materials with distinct microstructures and characteristics, fulfilling the requirements of various biological applications. Although cellulose boasts substantial potential across various sectors, its exploration has predominantly unfolded within industrial realms, leaving the biomedical domain somewhat overlooked in its initial stages. This investigation, therefore, endeavors to shed light on the contemporary strides made in synthesizing cellulose and its derivatives. These innovative techniques give rise to distinctive attributes, presenting a treasure trove of advantages for their compelling integration into the intricate tapestry of biomedical applications.

Uric acid (UA) levels in blood serum have been associated with hypertension, indicating a potential causal relationship between high serum UA levels and the progression of hypertension. Therefore, the reduction of serum UA level is considered a potential strategy for lowering and mitigating blood pressure. If an individual is at risk of developing or already manifesting elevated blood pressure, this intervention could be an integral part of a comprehensive treatment plan. By addressing hyperuricaemia, practitioners may subsidize the optimization of blood pressure regulation, which illustrates the importance of addressing UA levels as a valuable strategy within the broader context of hypertension management. In this analysis, we outlined the operational principles of effective xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricaemia and hypertension, along with an exploration of the contribution of nanotechnology to this field.

Hydrogels are 3-dimensional networks synthesized using natural or synthetic polymers with their ability to retain and transport water. The hydrogels have high permeability, biocompatibility, flexibility, and viscoelasticity based on their fabrication processes. Hydrogels are utilized extensively in the pharmaceutical industry and may be administered for oral, rectal, ocular, transdermal, and many more biomedical applications. Hydrogels are more suitable for drug delivery applications when synthesized using biodegradable natural polymers possessing high biocompatibility and lower toxicity. Large volumes of biological fluids either water can be absorbed by hydrogels, but due to their three-dimensional architecture, they are physiologically insoluble. Usually, attention is given to hydrogels that exhibit bioinert properties and stay unaltered upon implantation, also known as non-degradable hydrogels. However, natural hydrogels served in pharmaceuticals, tissue regeneration scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and imaging agents. They are templates for chronic or acute wound healing and dressings. Natural hydrogel–based scaffolds are desirable for skin regeneration and repair due to their homology to the extracellular matrix, which includes mechanical tunability, excellent biocompatibility, and retention of water capacity. This review article summarizes recent and noteworthy advances in natural hydrogel design, properties, and applications in the biomedical field.

The microbiota composition in the human gut is complex and plays an important role in the metabolism of the host's food, xenobiotics, and drugs and the preservation of the gut mucosal barrier structure, gut immune system, and pathogen defense. This review explores the noticeable consequences of coastal groundwater pollution on the human gut microbiome, shedding light on its significant implications for human health. Coastal contamination worldwide, driven by factors such as sewage discharge, chemicals, and improper garbage disposal, negatively influences groundwater quality in these regions. The ensuing contamination of aquifers poses a threat to water suitability for coastal inhabitants and interacts with coastal environments and ecosystems. The constant and toxic nature of heavy metals exacerbates the threat of water pollution through bioaccumulation. Microplastics, nanoplastics, pesticides, phthalates, and trace metals may be present within organisms on consumption from various levels of trophic diversity in the ocean. This review describes how pollution in coastal areas permeates groundwater, and consumption of the groundwater, impacting the composition of the human gut microbiome and influencing the host’s metabolic activity and gastrointestinal functions. Moreover, this review underscores the inadequately managed status of coastal pollution globally, with a particular emphasis on the urgency of addressing groundwater pollution. In a nutshell, in this review, we have discussed from the available research data on the impact of coastal pollutants on the human gut microbiome and its effects on human health.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment modalities, its prevalence continues to rise, notably among younger populations. Unhealthy dietary habits, sedentary routines, and obesity have been identified as one of the key contributors to the development of colorectal cancer, apart from genetic and epigenetic modifications. Recognizing the profound impact of diet and lifestyle on the intricate gut microbiota ecosystem offers a promising avenue for understanding CRC development and its treatment. Gut dysbiosis, characterized by imbalances favoring harmful microbes over beneficial ones, has emerged as a defining feature of CRC. Changes in diet and lifestyle can profoundly alter the composition of gut microbes and the metabolites they produce, potentially contributing to CRC onset. Focusing on recent evidence, this review discussed various dietary factors, such as high consumption of red and processed meats and low fiber intake, and lifestyle factors, including obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption, that influence the gut microbiome composition and elevate CRC risk.

Cubic spinel ferrites have developed significant attention in materials science owing to their distinctive characteristics and diverse applications. The present review emphasizes on the cubic spinel ferrites fabricated via green synthesis routes focusing on their structural characteristics and their influence on the potential biomedical applications. Various green synthesis approaches, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, microwave irradiated, microorganism and plant-mediated methods, are discussed in detail, highlighting their eco-friendly approach allows for the fabrication of ferrites with customizable properties. Metal conjugate ferrites such as zinc, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, copper, nickel, and magnetite are synthesised using these green routes, highlighting the versatility and efficacy of green synthesis techniques in materials fabrication. Furthermore, the biomedical applications of cubic spinel ferrites are elucidated, illustrating their utility in cancer therapy, antibacterial properties, biosensing and drug delivery systems. This review emphasizes the importance of using green chemistry principles and natural resources to advance sustainable material development methods, as well as fully utilising cubic spinel ferrites in various medicinal domains to enhance innovation and tackle global challenges in a sustainable way.

Introduction: The National Medical Commission (NMC) introduced a one-month “Foundation Course (FC)” at the commencement of medical school to promote better adaptation to the new competence-based medical education curriculum starting from the academic year 2019. The effectiveness of the program was studied in previous researches conducted over one month, and it was found to be effective. However, the effectiveness with which students could implement the acquired basic knowledge and skills in subsequent years of study has not been reported. Aim: To explore the effectiveness of various modules and their competencies in the FC immediately at the end of the program and to assess the usefulness of the acquired competencies in subsequent academic years. Materials and Methods: A post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Kattangulathur, South India, within the education department over a period of three academic years. A total of 450 student participants from the academic years 2019 to 2022 were involved in two stages. A total of 36 competencies were evaluated across the six prescribed modules by the NMC. A five-point Likert scale was used for the evaluation. Feedback questionnaires were administered immediately at the end of the program and again at the completion of the academic year. Analysis was conducted using the non parametric “Wilcoxon signed-rank test” to determine the usefulness of the program in subsequent years by comparing immediate feedback with responses after one year. Results: The mean scores for various competencies ranged between 3.5 and 4.5 out of 5, indicating that the overall competencies in the FC were very effective. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a p-value of <0.0001, indicating high significance regarding the effectiveness of usage in subsequent years. Out of the 36 competencies, 16 were most frequently used by the students in the following year, 12 were moderately used, and 8 were least used. Conclusion: The evaluation of the NMC-mandated FC program, in terms of overall immediate performance and its effectiveness in subsequent years, yielded very promising results.

The cancer treatment landscape is significantly evolving, focusing on advanced radiation therapy methods to maximize effectiveness and minimize the adverse effects. Recognized as a pivotal component in cancer and disease treatment, radiation therapy (RT) has drawn attention in recent research that delves into its intricate interplay with inflammation and the immune response. This exploration unveils the underlying processes that significantly influence treatment outcomes. In this context, the potential advantages of combining bronchoscopy with RT across diverse clinical scenarios, alongside the targeted impact of brachytherapy, are explored. Concurrently, radiation treatments serve multifaceted roles such as DNA repair, cell elimination, and generating immune stress signaling molecules known as damage-associated molecular patterns, elucidating their effectiveness in treating various diseases. External beam RT introduces versatility by utilizing particles such as photons, electrons, protons, or carbon ions, each offering distinct advantages. Advanced RT techniques contribute to the evolving landscape, with emerging technologies like FLASH, spatially fractionated RT, and others poised to revolutionize the field. The comprehension of RT, striving for improved treatment outcomes, reduced side effects, and facilitating personalized and innovative treatments for cancer and noncancer patients. After navigating these advancements, the goal is fixed to usher in a new era in which RT is a cornerstone of precision and effectiveness in medical interventions. In summarizing the myriad findings, the review underscores the significance of understanding the differential impacts of radiation approaches on inflammation and immune modulation, offering valuable insights for developing innovative therapeutic interventions that harness the immune system in conjunction with RT.

Tragopogon dubius is commonly consumed as a vegetable and used in traditional medicine for treating inflammatory skin conditions and cutaneous swelling. Despite known pharmacological properties of its leaves and roots, many of its biological characteristics and active phytochemicals remain unexplored. The present study investigates the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of methanolic root extracts and isolated fractions (TdRM-1 and TdRM-2) of T. dubius. Utilizing preparative thin-layer chromatography, the crude extract was successfully separated into TdRM-1 and TdRM-2, characterized by GC-MS and FTIR analysis, revealing a diverse range of bioactive compounds including terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, and other phytoconstituents. Advanced UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis identified 54 metabolites, significantly contributing to the chemical profiling of the extract. The antioxidant activities of the fractions were quantitatively assessed using ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radical scavenging assays, where TdRM-2 exhibited superior activity with IC50 values ranging from 51.29 to 60.03 μg/mL. Anticancer potential was evaluated against A549, LN-18, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, demonstrating that TdRM-2 significantly inhibited cell proliferation with GI50 values as low as 31.62 μg/mL for A549 cells. Additionally, fluorescence microscopy revealed that TdRM-2 induces apoptosis, indicated by changes in nuclear morphology and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining indicate that the TdRM-2 fractions from T. dubius can significantly inhibit the growth of A-549, LN-18, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis These findings suggest that T. dubius root extracts, particularly the TdRM-2 fraction, hold promising therapeutic potential due to their significant antioxidant and anticancer activities, underpinned by their rich phytochemical composition. This study underscores the importance of T. dubius as a source of natural bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.

Introduction: The National Medical Commission (NMC) introduced a one-month “Foundation Course (FC)” at the commencement of medical school to promote better adaptation to the new competence-based medical education curriculum starting from the academic year 2019. The effectiveness of the program was studied in previous researches conducted over one month, and it was found to be effective. However, the effectiveness with which students could implement the acquired basic knowledge and skills in subsequent years of study has not been reported. Aim: To explore the effectiveness of various modules and their competencies in the FC immediately at the end of the program and to assess the usefulness of the acquired competencies in subsequent academic years. Materials and Methods: A post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted at SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Kattangulathur, South India, within the education department over a period of three academic years. A total of 450 student participants from the academic years 2019 to 2022 were involved in two stages. A total of 36 competencies were evaluated across the six prescribed modules by the NMC. A five-point Likert scale was used for the evaluation. Feedback questionnaires were administered immediately at the end of the program and again at the completion of the academic year. Analysis was conducted using the non parametric “Wilcoxon signed-rank test” to determine the usefulness of the program in subsequent years by comparing immediate feedback with responses after one year. Results: The mean scores for various competencies ranged between 3.5 and 4.5 out of 5, indicating that the overall competencies in the FC were very effective. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a p-value of <0.0001, indicating high significance regarding the effectiveness of usage in subsequent years. Out of the 36 competencies, 16 were most frequently used by the students in the following year, 12 were moderately used, and 8 were least used. Conclusion: The evaluation of the NMC-mandated FC program, in terms of overall immediate performance and its effectiveness in subsequent years, yielded very promising results.

Background: Cannabis sativa (CS) has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective effects. However, its potential anticataleptic activity remains unexplored. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the qualitative phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticataleptic activity of methanolic seed extract of Cannabis sativa (CSCME). Methods: The antioxidant activity of CSCME was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial properties were assessed using the agar well diffusion method. For the anticataleptic study, Wistar albino rats (n=30) were divided into five groups: control, disease control (haloperidol 1mg/kg), standard treatment (haloperidol 1mg/kg + trihexyphenidyl 1mg/kg), and two treatment groups receiving haloperidol 1mg/kg with CSCME (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg). Treatments were administered daily for 15 days, and catalepsy severity was assessed using the block and metal bar methods. Results: CSCME exhibited significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity comparable to commercial drugs. In vivo, results showed a significant reduction in cataleptic scores in treatment groups (P<0.05) compared to disease control. Notably, the 20mg/kg CSCME group demonstrated similar reductions in cataleptic scores as the trihexyphenidyl group (P>0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that CSCME possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticataleptic activities, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing catalepsy and other neurological disorders. The findings warrant further investigation into the clinical applications of CSCME.

The present study focused on producing bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Bi2O3 NPs) using methanolic extracts from Rubus niveus fruits and leaves. These extracts were used as both a capping and reducing agent. The properties of the Bi2O3 NPs were determined using advanced characterization methods such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XPS, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The findings demonstrated the formation of spherical and rod-shaped structures in Bi2O3 nanoparticles synthesized using methanol extracts derived from leaves and fruits, respectively. The average diameters of the crystallites were measured as 69.39 nm for RNF-NPs and 62.85 nm for RNL-NPs in Bi2O3 nanoparticles. The grain sizes were observed to be 130 ± 0.25 nm for RNF-NPs and 320 ± 1.22 nm for RNL-NPs, with corresponding D-spacings of 0.314 nm and 0.617 nm. Additionally, the presence of a weak band in the FTIR spectra at 717.29 cm−1 for RNL-NPs and 715.25 cm−1 for RNF-NPs indicated the monoclinic morphology of the synthesized α-Bi2O3 nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of the samples was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique for bacteria and the poisoned food method for fungus. The antibacterial findings demonstrate that the nanoparticles derived from the methanolic extract of leaves (Methicillin resistance S. aureus [ZOI: 23 ± 0.57 mm] and fruits (MDR P. aeruginosa [ZOI: 26.5 ± 0.57 mm]) exhibit comparable zone of inhibition against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Moreover, the antifungal efficacy of Bi2O3 nanoparticles derived from the methanol extract of the fruits (R. necatrix [59.29 ± 0.80 %]) was shown to be superior to that of nanoparticles obtained from the methanol extract of the leaves. Addition, the methanol extract of the flower demonstrated a superior photocatalytic activity, specifically 94.44 %, using Bi2O3 nanoparticles.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO NPs) and their polymeric composites have attracted considerable interest in the biomedical area because of their distinctive physicochemical qualities, such as strong antioxidant activity, resistance to UV radiation, and extraordinary mechanical strength. This study explores the wide range of biomedical uses of CeO NPs and their composites, specifically emphasizing their contributions to bone tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, wound healing, antibacterial treatments, and anticancer therapy. The modification of these nanoparticles improves their ability to interact with living organisms and increases their effectiveness in treating diseases, allowing for specific and regulated release of medications. In order to effectively use their capabilities, it is crucial to promptly solve difficulties like as toxicity, long-term biocompatibility, and regulatory compliance, notwithstanding the considerable promise they possess. Conducting more study is essential for overcoming these challenges and improving the processes of synthesis and functionalization in order to better therapeutic results. This study emphasizes the significant impact that CeO NPs and their polymeric composites may have on developing nanomedicine and transforming patient care. It highlights the urgent need for ongoing innovation and multidisciplinary cooperation in this promising sector. Cerium oxide nanoparticles imitate enzymes owing to their inclusion of Ce4+, Ce3+ ions, and oxygen-free spaces in their matrix. Polymers possess carbonyl and hydroxyl functional regions that may form complexes with the lattice structure of cerium oxide nanoparticles. Polymer coatings enhance the biocompatibility of nanoparticles by decreasing their dimensions and offering durability and stealthiness. Biomedical applications have used cerium oxide nanoparticles coated with polymers.

Postbiotics are produced by microbes and have recently gained importance in the field of oncology due to their beneficial effects to the host, effectiveness against cancer cells, and their ability to suppress inflammation. In particular, butyrate dominates over all other postbiotics both in quantity and anticancer properties. Pancreatic cancer (PC), being one of the most malignant and lethal cancers, reported a decreased 5-year survival rate in less than 10% of the patients. PC causes an increased mortality rate due to its inability to be detected at an early stage but still a promising strategy for its diagnosis has not been achieved yet. It is necessary to diagnose Pancreatic cancer before the metastatic progression stage. The available blood biomarkers lack accurate and proficient diagnostic results. Postbiotic butyrate is produced by gut microbiota such as Rhuminococcus and Faecalibacterium it is involved in cell signalling pathways, autophagy, and cell cycle regulation, and reduction in butyrate concentration is associated with the occurrence of pancreatic cancer. The postbiotic butyrate is a potential biomarker that could detect PC at an early stage, before the metastatic progression stage. Thus, this review focused on the gut microbiota butyrate's role in pancreatic cancer and the immuno-suppressive environment, its effects on histone deacetylase and other immune cells, microbes in major butyrate synthesis pathways, current biomarkers in use for Pancreatic Cancer.