PURPOSE:Noise, considered the second leading cause of environmental pollution, negatively affects health and cognitive performance, while music may enhance concentration. This study evaluates how different auditory environments influence the dynamics of the accommodative response, reading performance and subjective perceptions during a sustained near-vision reading task. METHODS:Twenty-five healthy young adults participated in three randomized experimental sessions under pleasant (water sounds and preferred music), unpleasant (traffic noise and disliked music), and control (silence and classical music) auditory conditions. During each session, participants performed a 5-minute reading task at 50 cm while accommodative responses were recorded using the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 autorefractor. Perceived visual fatigue and reading performance were also assessed. RESULTS:The lag of accommodation was sensitive to the auditory stimuli (p = 0.015), where a higher lag of accommodation was observed for the unpleasant auditory condition compared to the control (corrected p-value = 0.017). No statistically significant differences were found for the variability of accommodation (p > 0.05). Reading performance showed statistically significant differences for the auditory conditions (p = 0.042), with a higher number of words read in the control condition compared to the unpleasant condition (corrected p = 0.037). Symptoms showed a lower activation level, greater fatigue and less comfort in the unpleasant condition in comparison to the control condition (p = 0.037, p = 0.039, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:These findings emphasize that for efficient reading and optimal visual performance, unpleasant sounds such as traffic noise should be avoided, and silence or classical music is preferable.

This study evaluated the effects of four different break schedules on symptoms and signs of Digital Eye Strain (DES) during a 40-min reading task. Twenty-four young adults participated in four experimental conditions, performed on four different days in random order: no break, one break at 20 min, one break every 10 min and self-paced breaks. Primary outcomes included visual symptoms reported after the reading task, accommodative lag and variability during the reading task, and the near work-induced transient myopia (NITM) assessed post-task (including initial NITM and its decay). Visual symptoms were evaluated using a 10-item questionnaire, while accommodative measures were obtained with a binocular open-field autorefractor (Grand Seiko WAM-5500). Participants reported higher "eye irritation or burning" in the no-break condition compared to the 3-break (p < 0.001) and self-paced breaks conditions (p = 0.008). Eye strain was also greater in the no-break condition than in the 3-break (p = 0.04) and self-paced breaks conditions (p = 0.04). Accommodative variability showed significant effects for both break schedule (p = 0.03) and time period (p = 0.02), with greater variability observed in the no-break and 3-break conditions during the final time interval. NITM was higher in the no-break condition compared with the 3-break (p = 0.02) and self-paced breaks conditions (p = 0.02), while NITM decay was faster in the 3-break condition (p = 0.001). Accommodative lag did not differ significantly across conditions. These findings highlight the potential benefits of individualized and frequent breaks for managing DES during prolonged screen use.

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to compare the visual function, using standard optometric clinical procedures, between children with ADHD and healthy controls, and to examine the mediating role of psychostimulant medication. This work aims to provide clinically relevant evidence that may contribute to a better management of children with ADHD in eye care settings. METHODS:A total of 112 children aged 6 to 14 years old were divided into three different groups: 58 non-medicated ADHD children, 22 medicated ADHD children, and 32 age-matched controls. A series of visual variables commonly assessed in clinical practice (i.e. refractive error, visual performance, accommodation, and binocular system) were measured according to standard procedures. RESULTS:Statistically significant differences were observed for contrast sensitivity (p-value = 0.014), with the control group showing better results. Regarding accommodative and binocular parameters, only the accommodative facility showed a statistically significant (p = 0.048) tendency toward a worse ability to change accommodative focus in children with ADHD compared to controls. Psychostimulant treatment did not have any effect on visual function (p > 0.05 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS:From all the variables assessed, only accommodation facility and contrast sensitivity appear to differ from the control group, and these appear to be independent of psychostimulant treatment in children with ADHD.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE:The results of this study present novel insights into the impact of spherical and astigmatic refractive errors on overall, corneal and internal aberrations and may provide a clear understanding of the emmetropisation process and the development of visual function. BACKGROUND:This study aimed to assess the association between overall, corneal and internal higher-order aberrations and the spherical and astigmatic components (magnitude and angle) of refractive error in a large sample of children. METHODS:A total of 311 children aged 7 - 8 years old were classified based on spherical equivalent refraction (myopic, emmetropic and hyperopic); magnitude of astigmatism (none, low and moderate); and angle of astigmatism (with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique). Refractive error and overall, corneal and internal higher-order aberrations were measured using the OPD-Scan III workstation. RESULTS:Regarding spherical equivalent refraction, myopic eyes had greater root mean square (RMS) overall higher-order values, total spherical, tetrafoil and secondary astigmatism aberrations, and internal higher-order, total spherical and tetrafoil aberrations in comparison to emmetropic eyes. The magnitude of astigmatism was positively associated with all overall RMS aberrations and with internal higher order, coma, total coma, total spherical and tetrafoil aberrations. Eyes with with-the-rule astigmatism showed higher RMS values of coma and total coma compared to eyes with against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism. CONCLUSIONS:Higher-order aberrations are dependent on the spherical as well as astigmatic components of refractive error. These findings enhance the current understanding of the emmetropisation process and visual function development.

Background Aniseikonia is a binocular vision disorder that has been associated with asthenopic symptoms. However, asthenopia has been evaluated with subjective tests that make difficult to determine the level of aniseikonia. This study aims to objectively evaluate the impact of induced aniseikonia at different levels on visual fatigue by measuring the orbicularis oculi muscle activity in the dominant and non-dominant eyes while performing a reading task. Methods Twenty-four collegiate students (24.00 ± 3.86 years) participated in this study. Participants read a passage for 7 minutes under four degrees of aniseikonia (0%, 3%, 5% and 10%) at 50 cm. Orbicularis oculi muscle activity of the dominant and non-dominant eye was recorded by surface electromyography. In addition, visual discomfort was assessed after each task by completing a questionnaire. Results Orbicularis oculi muscle activity increased under induced aniseikonia (i.e., greater values for the 10% condition in comparison to 0%, and 3% conditions (p = 0.034 and p = 0.023, respectively)). No statistically significant differences were observed in orbicularis oculi muscle activity for the time on task and between the dominant and non-dominant eyes. Additionally, higher levels of subjective visual discomfort were observed for lower degrees of induced aniseikonia. Conclusion Induced aniseikonia increases visual fatigue at high aniseikonia degrees as measured by the orbicularis oculi muscle activity, and at low degrees as measured with subjective questionnaires. These findings may be of relevance to better understand the visual symptomatology of aniseikonia.

The ±2.00 D accommodative facility test presents several limitations, including the lack of objective information and inherent characteristics such as vergence/accommodative conflict, change in apparent size of the image, subjective criteria for judging blur and motor reaction time. By using free-space viewing conditions and an open-field autorefractor to monitor the refractive state, we examined the impact of manipulating these factors on the qualitative and quantitative assessment of accommodative facility. Twenty-five healthy young adults (24.5 ± 4.5 years) took part in this study. Participants performed three accommodative facility tests (adapted flipper, 4D free-space viewing and 2.5D free-space viewing) under both monocular and binocular conditions in random order. A binocular open-field autorefractor was used to assess the accommodative response continuously, and these data were used to characterise accommodative facility quantitatively and qualitatively. There were statistically significant differences between the three testing methods both quantitatively (p < 0.001) and qualitatively (p = 0.02). For the same accommodative demand, a lower number of cycles was obtained for the adapted flipper condition in comparison with the 4D free-space viewing test (corrected p-value < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.78). However, this comparison did not reach statistical significance for qualitative measures of accommodative facility (corrected p-value = 0.82, Cohen's d 0.05). These data provide evidence that the qualitative assessment of accommodative facility is not influenced by the inherent limitations of the ±2.00 D flipper test. The use of qualitative outcomes by incorporating an open-field autorefractor allows examiners to increase the validity of the accommodative facility test in both clinical and research settings.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) applied to the legs at different pressures (40% and 60%) on intraocular pressure (IOP) during the execution of ten repetitions maximum (10RM) in the half-squat exercise. Methods: Quasi-experimental, prospective study with 17 healthy physically active subjects (9 males and 8 females; 24.1 ± 4.2 years). Two sessions were conducted. The 10RM load was determined in the first session. The second session consisted of 10RM under three BFR conditions (no-BFR, 40%-BFR, and 60%-BFR) that were applied in random order. IOP was measured before each condition, immediately after each repetition, and after 1 minute of passive recovery. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (restriction type [no-BFR, 40%-BFR, and 60%-BFR] x measurement point [basal, repetitions 1–10, and recovery]) was applied on the IOP measurements. Results: A significant main effect of the BFR condition (p = .022, ƞp2 = 0.21) was observed due to the significantly higher mean IOP values for the 60%-BFR (19.0 ± 0.7 mmHg) compared to the no-BFR (18.0 ± 0.8 mmHg; p = .048, dunb = 1.30). Non-significant differences with a large effect size were reached between 60%-BFR and 40%-BFR (18.1 ± 0.8 mmHg; p = .081, dunb = 1.16) and between no-BFR and 40%-BFR (p = .686, dunb = 0.18). IOP increased approximately 3–4 mmHg from baseline to the last repetition. Conclusions: Low-pressure BFR (40%-BFR) in combination with moderate-load (10RM load) resistance exercise could be an effective and safe strength training strategy while avoiding IOP peaks associated with heavy-load resistance exercises. These findings incorporate novel insights into the most effective exercise strategies in individuals who need to maintain stable IOP levels (e.g., glaucoma patients).

Despite the critical importance of binocular vision integrity in daily activities, there exists limited understanding of how alterations in binocular vision integrity impact gaze behaviour during dynamic, complex psychomotor skills. This study aimed to measure how alterations in binocular vision integrity, created by Bangerter filters (BF), affect gaze behaviour during multiple object tracking (MOT).During the experiment, 22 volunteers completed the MOT task under three different visual conditions. The first condition involved natural binocular viewing, while the second and third conditions used 0.4 and 0.2 neutral density BF, respectively, resulting in monocular blur in the sensorially dominant eye. During the MOT task, participants were instructed to track three of eight balls for 10 s, and the speed was adjusted using a staircase procedure. Throughout the task, the following gaze parameters were recorded: fixation duration, saccade duration, amplitude and frequency as well as blink rate.During MOT execution, participants employed three gaze strategies regardless of viewing conditions: saccadic movements were predominant, followed by maintaining fixation on a central location throughout the trial and to a lesser extent, smooth pursuit eye movements. There was a significant effect of manipulating viewing conditions on the MOT scores (p = 0.046, η2 = 0.09). As the viewing conditions became more difficult, we observed a decrease in fixation duration (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.16) and blink rate (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.20) and an increase in saccadic amplitude (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.29).The results support the notion that perceptual-cognitive skills depend on the integrity of binocular vision, underscoring the sensitivity of gaze behaviours to any impairment of binocular function.

Background There are some claims that blue-blocking (B-B) filters may be effective in reducing symptoms and signs of digital eye strain. However, recent studies have suggested that there is no sufficient evidence to support their use. This study assessed the short-term effects of a commercially available, B-B filter on orbicularis oculi (OO) muscle activity and symptoms of digital eye strain during the execution of a 30-min reading tas. Methods Twenty-three healthy young adults (22.9 +/- 3.2 years of age) performed two reading tasks from a computer screen with or without a B-B filter on two different days. OO muscle activity was recorded by surface electromyography 4-5, 9-10, 14-15, 19-20, 24-25 and 29-30 min into the trial. Participants reported their perceived levels of visual discomfort and activation before and after completing the reading task. Results A Bayesian analysis favoured the null hypothesis that there was no change in OO muscle activity with or without using the B-B filter (Bayes Factor01 [BF01] = 7.08). Regarding symptomatology, the analysis favoured the time model that reading increased visual fatigue and discomfort but reduced activation levels (BF01 < 0.33 in all cases). However, our data did not support the alternative model that using B-B filter affected these visual symptoms. Conclusions The B-B filter did not alter OO muscle activity or visual symptomatology significantly during the execution of a 30-min reading task in asymptomatic subjects. These findings support the idea that B-B filters do not attenuate signs and symptoms of digital eye strain.

Clinical Relevance Background: Steady-state accommodation is frequently evaluated with open-field autorefractors; however there is no consensus regarding the optimal test duration. Our results allow us to standardise the procedure followed for the assessment of the steady-state accommodative response in clinical and laboratory settings and may be of great relevance in time-constrained situations. Background: The present study aims to determine the optimal recording time to assess the magnitude and variability of the accommodative response with a binocular open-field autorefractor. Methods: The steady-state accommodative response of 84 healthy undergraduate students was dynamically measured using the Grand Seiko WAM-5500 autorefractor at 500 cm, 40 cm and 20 cm for 90 s while participants maintained focus on a stationary target. We examined the reliability and level of agreement between four time intervals (the first 10-s, 30-s, 60-s and 90-s) at three accommodative demands (0.2D, 2.5D and 5D). Results: The magnitude of accommodation showed an excellent level of reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]> 0.90) for the comparisons between the 90-s, 60-s and 30-s time intervals at the three viewing distances tested. However, when including the 10-s interval, there was a moderate reduction of the reliability indices and an increase of the mean difference between two time intervals (intra-class correlation [ICC] ranging from 0.89 to 0.97; and ESs ranging from 0.16 to 0.42). For the variability of accommodation, we observed an excellent reliability for the comparisons of the 90-s and 60-s measures at the three accommodative demands (ICC: 0.95-0.96), whereas for the rest of comparisons we observed from moderate to good levels of reliability. Conclusion: Our data indicate that of 30-s and 60-s are enough to accurately assess the magnitude and variability of the accommodative response with the WAM-5500 autorefractor, respectively.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE:The use of face masks has demonstrated to be an effective strategy to prevent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Wearing face masks, mainly Filtering Face Piece 2 (FFP2) masks, during exercise practice has demonstrated to affect several physiological measures. BACKGROUND:This study was aimed at assessing the intraocular pressure (IOP) behaviour during the execution of the dynamic and isometric biceps-curl exercise with a surgical and FFP2 face mask. METHODS:Twenty two physically active young adults performed sets of 10 repetitions against the 10-RM (repetition maximum) load and 1-minute isometric effort against a load 15% lower than the 10-RM load with the FFP2 and surgical mask and without any mask. A total of six exercise sets (3 experimental conditions [FFP2, surgical and control] × 2 exercise modalities) were performed. A rebound tonometer was used to measure IOP before, during (10 measurements), and after (30-seconds of passive recovery) each training set. RESULTS:At rest, there were not statistically significant IOP differences (p = 0.222). During dynamic exercise, there was a progressive IOP rise (p < 0.001), and a higher IOP response with the FFP2 than without the mask (corrected p-value = 0.003). For the isometric exercise, there was a greater IOP response as a function of accumulated effort (p < 0.001), which was dependent of the face mask used (FFP2> surgical>control; corrected p-values< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:The FFP2 masks cause a heightened IOP response during the execution of dynamic and isometric biceps-curl exercise, suggesting that, when possible, glaucoma patients should limit the use of FFP2 masks during resistance training.

SIGNIFICANCE Our results show significant diurnal variations in accommodative function and the magnitude of the phoria. Therefore, when comparing visual measures in clinical or laboratory settings, performing the visual examination at the same time of day (±1 hour) is encouraged. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the accommodation, binocular vergence, and pupil behavior on three different times during the day. METHODS Twenty collegiate students (22.8 ± 2.1 years) participated in this study. Participants visited the laboratory on three different days at 2-hourly intervals (morning, 9:00 to 11:00 am ; afternoon, 2:00 to 4:00 pm ; evening, 7:00 to 9:00 pm ). The binocular vergence and accommodative function were measured using clinical optometric procedures, and the accommodative response and pupil function were evaluated in binocular conditions using the WAM-5500 autorefractometer. RESULTS The accommodative amplitude for the right and left eyes showed statistically significant differences for the time interval ( P = .001 and P = .02, respectively), revealing higher accommodative amplitude in the morning and afternoon in comparison with the evening. Participants were more esophoric when assessed in the morning in comparison with the evening at far and near ( P = .02 and P = .01, respectively) and when assessed in the afternoon in comparison with the evening at far distance ( P = .02). The magnitude of accommodative response was higher in the morning, and it decreased throughout the day at 500 ( P < .001), 40 ( P = .05), and 20 cm ( P < .001). No statistically significant differences were obtained for any other variable. CONCLUSIONS This study shows small diurnal variations in some accommodative and binocular vergence parameters, but no effects were observed for the pupil response. These outcomes are of special relevance for eye care specialists when performing repeated accommodative or binocular vergence measures. However, the diurnal variations were modest and may not influence a routine orthoptic examination.

This study aimed to assess the impact of wearing swimming goggles (SG) on corneal biomechanics. Corneal deformation response, central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP) and biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) were measured with the Corvis system (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) in thirty-one healthy young adults while wearing a drilled SG. All measurements were obtained before, at 30 s, 2 min, 3.5 min and 5 min of wearing SG, just after SG removal and after 2 min of SG removal. The corneal biomechanics is sensitive to SG wear, observing lower corneal deformability during SG use. Specifically, wearing SG caused an increase in the time and length of the first applanation and radius curvature at the highest concavity, as well as a decrease and in the velocity of the first applanation and time and deformation amplitude of the second applanation (p < 0.001 in all cases). After SG removal, corneal biomechanical parameters showed a rebound-effect, obtaining a higher corneal deformability in comparison with baseline reading (p-corrected < 0.05 in all cases). Additionally, IOP and bIOP significantly increased while wearing SG (p < 0.001 in both cases), whereas CCT remained stable (p = 0.850). Wearing SG modifies the biomechanical properties of the cornea, with reduced corneal deformability during SG wear. The outcomes of this study should be taken into consideration when making clinical decisions in subjects at high risk of developing corneal ectasias or glaucoma, as well as in the post-surgical management of these ocular conditions.

Purpose: The use of swimming goggles (SG) has demonstrated to alter different ocular parameters, however, the impact of wearing SG on the tear film stability remains unknown. The main objective of this study was to determine the short-term effects of wearing SG on tear film surface quality break-up time (TFSQ-BUT). Methods: Twenty-eight young healthy adults (14 men and 14 women) wore a drilled SG, and TFSQ-BUT was measured before, during and after SG use. Dynamic-area high-speed videokeratoscopy was used for the non-invasive assessment of TFSQ-BUT. Results: TFSQ-BUT was significantly reduced while SG wear in comparison to the baseline measurement (4.8 +/- 4.5 s vs. 8.8 +/- 6.9 s; corrected p-value = 0.017, d = 0.57, mean difference = 4.0 [0.6, 7.3]; 45% reduction). Immediately after SG removal, TFSQ-BUT rapidly recovered baseline levels (8.2 +/- 5.9 s vs. 8.8 +/- 6.9 s; corrected p-value = 0.744). The impact of wearing SG on TFSQ-BUT were independent of the gender of the participants (p = 0.934). Conclusion: The use of SG induces a TFSQ-BUT reduction, with these changes returning to baseline levels immediately after SG removal. These data may be of relevance for the management of dry eye patients, who need to avoid circumstances that exacerbate tear film instability. Nevertheless, these results must be interpreted with caution since the experiment did not entirely mimic real-life conditions (e.g., eye cup piece drilled, time of exposure, environmental conditions). Future studies should consider the inclusion of dry eye patients and older individual in order to explore the generalizability of these findings. (c) 2020 Spanish General Council of Optometry. Published by Elsevier Espan similar to a, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).

Ocular physiology is sensitive to cognitively demanding tasks. However, it is unknown whether the intraocular pressure is also affected by the cognitive demands of military operations. The main objective was to determine the impact of a virtual reality shooting simulation with two levels of complexity on intraocular pressure levels in military personnel. Eighteen active-duty members of the Spanish Army and eighteen civilians performed two 4 min simulated shooting tasks with two levels of complexity using a virtual reality. In the "easy" task participants performed a simulated shoot when the stimulus (military with a rifle) appeared, while in the "difficult" task the stimulus randomly was a military with a rifle or with his hands on the air and participants were instructed to respond only when the military with a rifle appeared. Intraocular pressure was measured with a rebound tonometer before and immediately after each task. Complementarily, perceived levels of mental load and shooting performance (reaction time) were assessed. Intraocular pressure was greater after completing the more complex task in both military personnel (p-value < 0.01, Cohens d = 1.19) and civilians (p-value < 0.01, Cohens d = 1.16). Also, perceived levels of task load and reaction time were higher in the difficult compared to the easy shooting tasks (both p < 0.001). The rise in intraocular pressure is positively associated with the cognitive demands of simulated military operations. The potential application of this finding is the development of objective tools based on intraocular pressure for the evaluation of the mental state in real-world contexts, permitting to improve soldiers safety and performance.

Objectives The execution of isometric resistance training has demonstrated to cause changes in the ocular physiology. The morphology of the cornea and anterior chamber is of paramount importance in the prevention and management of several ocular diseases, and thus, understating the impact of performing isometric exercise on the eye physiology may allow a better management of these ocular conditions. We aimed to determine the short-term effects of 2-minutes upper-body isometric effort at two different intensities on corneal and anterior eye morphology. Methods Eighteen healthy young adults performed a 2-minutes isometric biceps-curl exercise against two loads relative to their maximum strength capacity (high-intensity and low-intensity) in a randomized manner. An Oculus Pentacam was used to measure the corneal morphology and anterior chamber parameters in both experimental conditions at baseline, during the isometric effort (after 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds), and after 30 and 120 seconds of passive recovery. Results We found that isometric effort causes an increase in pupil size ( P < 0.001), and a decrease in the iridocorneal angle ( P = 0.005), anterior chamber volume ( P < 0.001) and K-flat ( P < 0.001) during isometric effort, with these effects being more accentuated in high-intensity condition ( P < 0.005 in all cases).Performing 2-minutes upper-body isometric effort did not alter anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, corneal volume, and K-steep ( P > 0.05 in all cases). Conclusions Our data exhibit that performing 2-minutes of upper-body isometric exercise modifies several parameters of the corneal morphology and anterior eye biometrics, with these changes being greater for the high-intensity exercise condition. The findings of this study may be of relevance for the prevention and management of corneal ectasias and glaucoma.

Purpose Recent technological advances have permitted to objectively record the accommodative response while shifting between two different levels of accommodation. This study is aimed at examining the concurrent validity of a new objective method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of binocular accommodative facility, which is named 2Q-AF test, in comparison to the +/- 2.00 DS lens flippers. Methods Fifty-six individuals took part in this study (36 healthy young adults [24.4 +/- 3.2 years] and 20 children [12.2 +/- 0.4 years]). Participants randomly performed the 2Q-AF and the +/- 2.00 DS lens flipper tests. For the 2Q-AF test, a binocular open-field autorefractor was used to record the magnitude of accommodative response during a 60-sec period, while participants repeatedly changed fixation from a 5 m to a 40 cm chart when clarity of vision was achieved at each level. Due to the advantages of the proposed method, we have determined the number of cycles and the 2Q-AF score, with the latter also considering the accuracy of changes in accommodation. A standard procedure was followed for the +/- 2.00 DS flipper test. Results Our data exhibited a moderate association between the number of cycles with the +/- 2.00 DS lens flippers and the number of cycles in the 2Q-AF test in the group of young adults (p = .005, r = 0.46 [0.15-0.68]) and children (p = .007, r = 0.58 [0.19-0.81]), whereas a stronger relationship was observed when considering the number of cycles with the +/- 2.00 DS lens flippers and the 2Q-AF score (young adults: p < .001, r = 0.83 [0.69-0.91]; and children: p < .001, r = 0.78 [0.52-0.91]). Conclusions The current findings show that the 2Q-AF test is a valid method for accommodative facility assessment, as suggested by its good levels of reliability and validity. This method allows to examine the accommodative facility in qualitative terms and solve most of the limitations associated with the +/- 2.00 DS lens flipper test.

Dual‐focus soft contact lenses for myopia management have demonstrated to be an effective strategy to reduce myopia progression. However, this optical design has been shown to alter visual quality and accommodative function. The aim of this study was to examine the accommodative and behavioural performance during the execution of a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) while wearing dual‐focus and single‐vision soft contact lenses.

This study aimed to determine the influence of physical fitness level and sex on intraocular pressure (IOP) during the low-intensity aerobic exercise. Forty-four participants (twenty-two men) cycled 30 minutes at low intensity (10% of the maximal power). Maximal power was determined by asking participants to perform maximal sprints of 6 seconds against 3-4 different resistances separated by 3 minutes of rest. The IOP was measured on 9 occasions (1) prior to the warm-up, (2) after the warm-up, (3-7) every 6 minutes during the low-intensity cycling task, and (8-9) 5 and 10 minutes after the cycling task. Low-intensity aerobic exercise had a lowering effect on IOP, being the beneficial effect more accentuated and prolonged in the High-fit group (IOP reduction compared to baseline lasted 30 minutes) than in the Low-fit group (IOP was only reduced at 6 minutes of exercise compared to baseline). Participants´ sex had no effect on the IOP behaviour at any time point (p = 0.453). These findings indicate that individuals who need to reduce IOP levels (i.e., glaucoma patients or those at risk) should increase or maintain a high fitness level to benefit more from the IOP lowering effect during low-intensity aerobic exercises.