Graphene and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have emerged as advanced carbon nanomaterials owing to their exceptional surface area, tunable electronic properties, and versatile structural features. The integration of graphene-derived materials with organic components has created highly functional hybrid nanostructures with enhanced charge transfer, structural stability, surface functionality, and adsorption efficiency. These graphene-organic hybrids have attracted significant attention for applications in environmental remediation, sensing, optoelectronics, energy storage, and biomedicine. This review critically discusses recent progress in the synthesis, interfacial engineering, and structure-property relationships of graphene-organic hybrid nanomaterials. Special emphasis is given to the adsorption mechanisms involved in the removal of organic pollutants, including dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals, through π-π interactions, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic effects. Representative hybrid systems exhibit remarkable adsorption capacities and rapid pollutant removal, while GQDS-based nanocomposites demonstrate enhanced photoluminescence, sensing capability, and directional sensitivity. The influence of surface chemistry, porosity, and defect engineering on adsorption selectivity and functional performance is comparatively analyzed. Finally, key challenges related to large-scale production, reproducibility, environmental safety, and cytotoxicity are highlighted, together with future perspectives for the rational design of sustainable graphene-based hybrid nanomaterials.

A novel series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-based derivatives (NPDs) was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR and LC-MS. For all the novel NPDs (SRS1-SRS18) the antioxidant activity via DPPH assay and antibacterial evaluation against the Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) was carried out. All the compounds (SRS1-SRS18) showed strong antioxidant behavior and SRS6 exhibits the relatively far better antibacterial than rest of the compound's activities against the B. subtilis. The density functional theory (geometry optimization, UV-Vis Prediction and Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), homology modeling, molecular docking and bond dissociation energy (BDE) analysis were carried out to support the experimental antioxidant activities. BDE reveals that the indicates the strong antioxidant properties whereas the UV-Vis details reveal that all compounds shown the pi-pi* transition in the range of 210 nm to 250 nm, except SRS18 which is due to the quite similar structural scaffold similarity. The molecular docking of the lead NPDs SRS6 and chloramphenicol (standard drugs) with a homology Model-1 and Model-2, confirmed the high binding affinity of SRS6, surpassing chloramphenicol. The molecular docking results are following the initial experiment antibacterial assessments. ADMET profiling showed favorable drug-like properties. Overall, SRS6 emerged as a promising lead for further development and can be fine tune to alter its properties and in-vivo study.

In this study, we introduce a new class of metal-organic ionic frameworks (MOIFs), synthesized via a simple aqueous ion-exchange route involving K-4[Fe(CN)(6)], K-3[Fe(CN)(6)], and Na-2[Fe(CN)(5)NO] with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, as promising adsorbent materials for the efficient removal of hazardous organic dyes. Comprehensive structural characterization using powder X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of MOIFs. The MOIFs demonstrated exceptional selectivity and efficiency toward anionic dye adsorption achieving removal rates of up to 97 % for methyl orange, congo red, and nigrosine while exhibiting moderate performance against cationic dyes (70-75 %) and picric acid (similar to 80 %). Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process follows a pseudo-first-order model, highlighting the strong affinity of these for anionic pollutants and underscoring their potential for wastewater remediation applications. Adsorption of both the anionic and cation dyes show the novelty of MOIFs due to their hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains.

Sm³⁺/ Eu³⁺/ Gd³⁺ based Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) conjugated nanohydrogels were synthesized via glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent as multifunctional materials for efficient dye adsorption and catalytic reduction of nitroaromatic pollutants in water. Structural and morphological analyses were done through FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy, confirmed successful interaction of lanthanide ions within the CMC matrix. Adsorption performance using Langmuir and Freundlich models was evaluated for methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and congo red (CR), demonstrating strong pH-dependent removal efficiency, and found as about 60

Clindamycin derivatives stand for its high biological activity and practical clinical application. These antibiotics exert bacteriostatic effects at higher concentrations also. As the biological and clinical applications of the clindamycin are well known, this discovery describes the two distinct methods for synthesizing clindamycin from lincomycin. The prior art methods for synthesizing clindamycin are known but it required a straightforward, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and single-step method for producing clindamycin from lincomycin. The researchers have thoroughly explored and successfully developed a novel approach for synthesis of clindamycin. The proposed synthesis routes and concise procedures for synthesizing clindamycin are outlined here. The analytical data supports the same which includes HPLC data for purity, PMR, 13CMR and mass spectra for molecular mass and structural determination. XRD withparticle size calculation for crystalline structure and particle size distributions are studied for synthesized clindamycin.

Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a neuroprotective compound with antioxidant properties, widely used in the treatment of conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and ischemic stroke. Traditional synthetic methods often involve toxic reagents and environmentally taxing processes. In this study, we present a sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis of edaravone using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, ethyl acetoacetate, and water, with Baker’s yeast (Sacromasi sevoasi) serving as a biocatalyst. This biocatalytic route offers a green alternative by operating under mild reaction conditions and minimizing the formation of harmful by-products. The methodology encompasses optimized reaction parameters, effective purification techniques, and structural characterization of the final product through spectroscopic analysis. The proposed approach not only improves the environmental profile of edaravone synthesis but also demonstrates the potential of integrating biological catalysts into pharmaceutical chemistry.

Herein, we report the novel bi and tri metallic nano redox catalysts (NRC) such as Cu-Cr@MoO4 and Cu-Cr-Ag@MoO4 via solid-state mechanism and oxalic precursor as an intermediate. The precursor was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and its thermal behavior was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared NRC were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and TGA. Their redox catalytic performance was investigated with organic dyes and phenolic compounds. NRCs exhibited very high efficiency in the catalytic reduction of the nitro group to amine group as well as organic functional groups present in dyes up to 97 % monitored using UV visible absorption measurements.

Within the realms of analytical and biological sciences, precisely detecting biomolecules through diverse biosensing modalities exhibiting superior selectivity, heightened sensitivity, robust stability, and high reproducibility is pivotal for advancing disease diagnostics, evaluating therapeutic responses, and enabling personalized medical interventions. Noble metal nanoparticles’ unique optical, catalytic, and surface electrochemical properties render them particularly promising for such applications. Among these, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have garnered considerable attention for their extensive utility in detecting biologically relevant molecules, including hormones, glucose, and glutamic acid. Nonetheless, substantial challenges remain in bridging the gap between laboratory efficacy and practical deployment in real-world settings. In response to these persistent limitations and informed by our scientific perspective, we present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in Pt NP-based biosensing technologies while critically examining the prevailing barriers to their real-world integration. This study aims to furnish strategic insights and forward-looking recommendations for deploying Pt NP-based biosensors across medicine, agriculture, and food safety.

The present study described the synthesis and anticancer activity of new indole–piperidine hybrids functionalized with piperidin‐4‐yl‐benzamide ( 9a–n ) and piperidin‐4‐yl‐urea ( 11a–g , 13a–f ) moieties. All the newly synthesized compounds were purified by reverse phase flash chromatography and characterized by FTIR, 1 H and 13 C NMR, LC–MS, and elemental analysis. Their in vitro anticancer activity was tested against the NCI‐60 human tumor cell lines (National Cancer Institute, USA). The results revealed that compounds 9c , 11d , 13b , and 13e were found active against UO‐31 (renal cancer) having growth (%) as −22.98%, −49.98%, −83.76%, and −82.75%, respectively. While compound 11f exhibited notable activity against RPMI‐8226 (leukemia) and MDA‐MB‐468 (breast cancer). Moreover, in silico docking studies revealed effective VEGFR‐2 binding with the receptor and formed stable protein–ligand complex with low docking scores. Additionally, drug‐likeness and ADMET predictions indicated favorable pharmacokinetic profiles with no associated toxicity concerns.

Herein, we report the removal of organic dyes by metal–organic ionic frameworks (MOIFs) incorporating Mo7O246- and alkyl ammonium ions synthesized via an ion-exchange process in aqueous medium, [CnH2n+1)nN(CH3)3][Mo7O24], where n = 12, 14, 16. These were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. A thermal transition occurring at 300–400 °C attributed to the decomposition of organic moieties analyzed through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Coats-Redfern analysis revealed an activation energy of approximately −1.32763 kJ/mol, suggesting rapid interaction capability of MOIFs with pollutants. The heat capacity found approximately 135 J/K, indicating thermal stability investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). MOIFs exhibited remarkable adsorption of organic dyes demonstrated through complete removal (100 %) of anionic congo red dye and 88 % of cationic safranin dye. MOIFs functionalized with protein conjugates (MOIF@BSA) were evaluated for their adsorption efficiency on mix dye compared to MOIFs, displaying superior performance with up to 95 % removal of mixed dyes. Kinetic studies employing pseudo-first-order kinetics indicated that the adsorption process is primarily governed by the diffusion of dye molecules within the MOIFs structure. Desorption analysis demonstrated complete recovery of MOIFs, dyes, and solvent, highlighting the environmentally friendly nature of the approach employed, consistent with green chemistry principles.

Retapamulin represents a groundbreaking antibacterial medication belonging to the recently discovered pleuromutilin class, and it has entered the realm of clinical testing in human patients as the first of its kind. Functioning by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through a distinctive mode of action, there is a pressing need to devise a more efficient and accessible method for its production. The current synthetic route offers a reliable, user-friendly, cost-effective, and economically viable process for generating both halopleromutilin and retapamulin with superior yield and purity.The preparation of halopleuromutilin stands out due to its streamlined single-step approach, effectively addressing challenges encountered in previous methodologies. Notably, this process steers clear of hazardous chemicals and reagents, underscoring its environmental friendliness, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Characterization of the products resulting from different phases was accomplished using a combination of infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of each produced compound.

In recent times, the green synthesis of nanomaterial (NM) especially metal based, has emerged for their sensing ability in several fields where many approaches have been used to prepare NMs. Green nanotechnology (GNT) is an effective tool to evade the undesirable effects of chemical and physical methods of NM preparation. Such NMs are being widely used in sensing of heavy metal ions in solution as well as in biomolecules, owing to their high surface area and physical properties where they show color change or change in wavelength/absorbance. In accordance with this, present chapter focusses on the green synthesis of metal based NMs and their sensing application including metal ions and biological molecules. Various biomaterial used to prepare NMs as well as their process of synthesis is also included. This chapter presents all the characteristics and potential applications of different metal based NMs for sensor development with high sensitivity, selectivity, and portability.

Herein, we report an environmentally friendly synthesis of the iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO_NPs) employing Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (NiP) leaf extract, which was then examined using UV, FTIR, TGA/ DSC, and SEM tools. Their antimicrobial activity (AMA) was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms, where they have shown good AMA demonstrated by zone of inhibition. They have also been found to be effective in trapping free radicals up to 80%, reflecting their antioxidant activity (AOA) estimated through 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay where the decreasing in absorbance of DPPH was considered a measure. These NPs were also taken for their binding potential with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DNA, where they have shown up to 50% binding capacity due to trapping themselves into a grove of BSA and DNA. This feature enables them for medicinal purposes.

Nature friendly and sustainable practices have been the prominent aspects reviving the modern agricultural practices. Development of broad spectrum insecticides with the minimal use, maximum efficacy and least environmental deterioration are swiftly emerging as reliable measures. Analogous to drug delivery in animal and human cells, nanocarriers are swiftly emerging as biocompatible and nature friendly aids for pesticide delivery to the agricultural crops. These practices manifest a higher importance for the agriculturally intensive global economies, wherein substantial livelihood means are eventually dependent on agriculture. Amicably transcended from the extraordinary investigational success for drug delivery, trafficking of pesticides through nanoemulsions has emerged as a boost to safeguard the environment and aquatic habitats in particular. The nanoemulsions, with the option of varying surfactant and co-surfactants, engineer the slow release of pesticides which could be targeted for the pest specific elimination. The outcomes have already eased the farmer’s economy besides significantly moderating the toxicity. The threat to soil and surrounding water bodies has been the most significant, wherein almost 90% of the unaided pesticide used to run off as excessive chemical load in the soils or water bodies. The constitutional robustness of emulsions with varied hydrophilic-lipophilic balances and surfactant-co-surfactant stoichiometries have been the distinguishing aspect for the pesticide delivery to the crops. With such insights, this review article focuses on emulsification, the distinguishing working principles, physicochemical characterization driven performance control parameters and finally a discussion of past five year attempts encompassing nanocarrier mediated pesticide delivery for sustainable agriculture and reduced environmental stress.

This study presents the synthesis of two new metal-organic ionic frameworks (MOIFs) and their potential utility as adsorbents for deleterious organic dyes. The frameworks were created through an ion-exchange process in aqueous conditions, employing K2Cr2O7/KMnO4 and 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-N-(4-methyl-3-{[4(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}phenyl)mesylate (Im) as reactants. Structural characterization of the MOIFs was conducted using powder XRD, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy, enabling precise identification. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis provided insights into critical properties such as activation energy, enthalpies of crystallization/melting, and specific heat capacity (0.4318 J per kelvin). These thermal characteristics were further correlated with the MOIFs' structural attributes. The activation energy for MOIF was determined using the Coats-Redfern model with TGA data (-0.85 kJ/M). Anionic dyes (Methyl orange/Congo red/Nigrosine) exhibited significantly higher adsorption rates (almost 100 %) compared to cationic dyes (70-80 %) such as safranin and crystal violet. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption mechanism of MOIFs followed a pseudo first-order model. Overall, the adsorption analysis suggested that MOIFs strongly adsorb anionic dyes in comparison to cationic ones.

Phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have recently been identified as potential cancer targets. In our work, a new family of quinoline analogues was designed, developed, and evaluated as dual inhibitors of PI3K8/mTOR. The preliminary biological activity analysis led to the discovery of the lead compounds 5h and 5e. Compounds 5h and 5e exhibited excellent anti-tumor potency with IC50 of 0.26 mu M and 0.34 mu M against Ramos cells, respectively. Importantly, based on the enzymatic activity assay results, compounds 5h and 5e were identified as dual inhibitors of PI3K8 and mTOR, with IC50 values of 0.042 mu M and 0.056 mu M for PI3K8 and 0.059 mu M and 0.073 mu M for mTOR, respectively. Furthermore, these compounds showed superior selectivity for blocking PI3K8 compared to other PI3K isoforms (alpha, ll, and gamma), supporting the concept of developing inhibitors that specifically target PI3K8/mTOR. The most effective compound 5h was chosen for additional biological testing. At a low dose of 0.5 mu M, a western blot investigation confirmed the anticancer effects by inhibiting the PAM cascade, which in turn reduced downstream biomarkers pAkt (Ser473), pAkt (Thr308), and pRPS6 (Ser235/236). Furthermore, it increased apoptosis at the early (10.03 times) and late (17.95 times) stages in the Annexin-V assay as compared to the standard. In addition, the expression of p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and the Bax/BCl-2 ratio were all significantly increased by compound 5h in the ELISA assay. Based on these results, it appears that 5h may activate the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, which in turn triggers cell death. Furthermore, the anticancer effects could be attributed to the inhibition of PI3K8/mTOR, as shown by docking interactions. Lastly, it demonstrated improved in vitro metabolic stability and passed the in silico ADMET/drug-likeness test. This profile recommends 5h for future in vivo PK-PD and efficacy investigations in animal cancer models.

Herein, we report 2-propyl-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylate complexes of Cu/Co/Fe/Ni metal ions. The complexes have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and mass spectrometry. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) established their thermal stability, enduring temperatures of up to 650 degrees C. The interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and DNA with these complexes was examined, revealing a significant binding affinity up to 70%. Fluorescence quenching experiments also showed the binding of complexes with biomolecules. These interactions were substantiated by molecular docking studies against the proteins 3v03 (BSA) and 1d28 (DNA), shedding light on the essential interactions driving their potential medicinal activity. The Cu complex displayed a notably high GSC score and a substantial area as determined through the Patch Dock server. Free radical interaction with 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) shows their antioxidant activity where Cu and Fe complexes expressed greater activity as compared to others. The catalytic properties of the compounds were assessed using p-nitrophenol (PNP) where the complexes exhibited reducing activity, leading to a conversion of over 90% of PNP into p-aminophenol. Analysis revealed a pseudo-second-order model closely aligned with experimental values, indicating second-order reduction kinetics.