Background: The rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab faces sustainability risks due to soil fertility depletion, rising cultivation costs and environmental pollution hazards because of the large-scale burning of rice crop residues. Two-year field experiments investigated wheat sowing techniques by keeping rice crop residues under various irrigation schedules to optimize production and economic outcomes in Ambala, Haryana. Three sowing methods, i.e., conventional sowing (CS), Happy Seeder (HS) and Super Seeder (SS) and four irrigations scheduling, i.e., scheduling at critical growth stages (IS1), IW/CPE ratio 0.9 with first irrigation at CRI (IS2), IW/CPE ratio for whole crop season (IS3) and depletion of 50% available soil moisture (IS4). Methods: Happy Seeder sown wheat exhibited a significantly higher average yield of 58.38 q ha-1 than conventional (57.69 q ha-1) and Super seeder (56.85 q ha-1) sown wheat. Overall, Happy Seeder and irrigation schedule (IS3) produces the highest grain yield of 65.23, 63.56 and 64.40 q ha-1 in the first, second year and pooled year results. In conventional sowing of wheat, the average total cultivation cost was 107134.02 and 110907.71 Rs ha-1, which was less in Happy Seeder sown wheat, i.e., 99077.07 and 102932.27 Rs. ha-1 respectively, in the year 2021-22 and 2022-23. Result: The average benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the happy seeder technique, 1.42 and 1.44, outperforms the conventional sowing wheat approach during both years of experiments. The recent wheat sowing using happy seeder under residue mulching conditions, must adopt modified irrigation scheduling practices to enhance yield and profitability, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. The study highlights the potential of recent agricultural practices to boost farmer income, promote sustainable agricultural growth and environment conservation.

Fertigation in rice-based cropping systems is catching up the attention of farmers for producing high yield of crops and improved fertilizer use efficiency. As fertigation with different combinations of irrigation and nitrogen (N) levels can interact with depth of rooting system of different crops as well as soil tillage, this study was carried out in 2017 in the fourth year of on an on-going long-term experiment initiated in the summer (Kharif) season of 2014 to understand the effect of fertigation on soil organic carbon pools and yield in zero-till direct-seeded rice-based cropping systems. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three levels of fertigation as main plots: N @ 20 kg ha−1 in rice through fertigation followed by 200 mm irrigation in post rice crops (W1), N @ 40 kg ha−1, in rice through fertigation followed by 300 mm irrigation in post rice crops (W2), N @ 60 kg ha−1, in rice through fertigation followed by 400 mm irrigation in post rice crops (W3). The sub-plot treatments consisted of zero till direct seeded durum wheat, barley, chickpea, linseed, lentil and lathyrus crops after rice. The rice crop was also under zero till direct seeded cultivation system. The highest grain yield of rice was observed in the rice-lathyrus cropping system with treatment W3 where N was applied in three equal splits, first being basal application and the two subsequent applications through surface inline drip irrigation. Both in surface and sub-surface soil layers, soil carbon stock, carbon pools and aggregate associated carbon were found to be more in the legume based cropping systems and with W3 fertigation regime than in other cereal based cropping systems. The grain yield was found negatively and highly significantly correlated with less labile pool (r=-0.63**) whereas very labile pool was positively significantly correlated with labile (r = 0.89**), less labile (r = 0.53**) and non-labile (r = 0.91**) pools of carbon. Overall, fertigation levels influenced the crop yield and soil organic matter in zero-till direct-seeded rice-based cropping systems.

The use of targeted radionuclide-tagged vector molecules forms the basis of the foundation of the emerging science of nuclear medicine. These vector molecules play a pivotal role in screening the extent of disease spread in cancer patients. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) overexpression is noted in > 75% of cancers such as breast cancer, lymphoma, lung cancer, etc. Plerixafor is a CXCR4 antagonist used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells. It binds to CXCR4 by three acidic residues in binding pockets Asp171, Asp262, and Glu288.

Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasm comprising proliferating lymphoid cells or their precursors. The two main types are Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma. The current treatment modalities include radiation therapy; chemotherapy; radio-immunotherapy and small-molecule inhibitors. Lymphoma cells over-express chemokine receptors that favor leukocyte infiltration and promote metastasis. Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonists disrupt the specific interaction of chemokines with its receptor and may elicit therapeutic potential. CXCR4 receptor over-expression in malignant lymphomas has been targeted using radiolabelled plerixafor. Standardization of conjugation of plerixafor with bifunctional chelating agents (DTPA, NOTA, etc.). Optimization includes radiolabelling of conjugated plerixafor with 68Ga and 177Lu for imaging and therapeutic purpose respectively. The quality control of radiolabelled plerixafor included radionuclide, radiochemical purity, sterility, pyrogenicity, and serum stability. CXCR4 binding efficacy and toxicity studies were performed on CXCR4 expressing cancer cell lines. The biodistribution studies were performed in normal rats. After obtaining clearance from the institutional ethics committee, 68Ga- plerixafor PET/CT was performed in lymphoma patients. DTPA conjugation of plerixafor (1087 Da) and NOTA conjugation (1014 Da) was confirmed with MALDI-TOF. The radionuclide and radiochemical purity of 68Ga and 177Lu plerixafor was >99%. The synthesized radiopharmaceuticals were sterile and pyrogen-free. Radio-ligand binding assay confirmed high specificity (Kd = 57.16 nM) towards CXCR4 expressing cancer cells. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity studies indicate a log absolute IC50 concentration of 2.628 nM. Immunocytochemistry depicted positive nuclear staining of CXCR4 receptors in cancer cells. In-vivo physiological biodistribution of 68Ga- plerixafor was found in the liver, lung, and spleen. The radiotracer showed faster renal clearance and low blood pool activity. High CXCR4 receptor affinity of radiolabelled plerixafor elicits theranostic potential for malignant lymphomas.

Thermogravimetry analyzer was used for the study of thermal degradation of plywood under air and nitrogen environment. The investigation was carried out at a heating rate in the range of 5–100 K min−1 from a temperature atmosphere to 1050 K. Thermal decomposition steps dehydration, oxidative reaction (air environment), pyrolysis degradation (nitrogen environment) and char degradation with temperature evolution were reported. Kinetic parameters of thermal degradation step were investigated with model fitting Coats–Redfern method. Arrhenius kinetic reaction model was used for oxidative and pyrolysis reaction degradation stages kinetic parameter estimation. Model kinetic triplets were estimated for different heating rates of the thermal degradation step. The experimental data deviation percentage with the proposed model was found to be below 5% with reasonable accuracy for different heating rates.

The present study deals with the assessment of soil nutrients at four adjacent villages, 15 km NE of Almora, to understand the soil fertility and suitability of crops to help rejuvenate the agricultural activities in the region which subsequently will be used as a testing ground to mitigate prevailing Human-Wildlife Conflict in the study area. Soil samples were analyzed for textural classification, power of hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Organic Carbon percentage (OC%), available Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Sulphur (S), Boron (B), Manganese (Mn), 0.1M Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), and Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA) extractable, Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) to examine the soil fertility of the area. The soils of the region vary from loam to sandy loam. The soil reaction varies from slight to extremely acidic whereas the salinity was varying from non-saline to slightly saline. Low soil fertility index of N, P, K, Zn, B, and Fe; and medium soil fertility index of S, Mn, and Cu were observed, which is suggestive of additional requirement of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and fertilizers to make them suitable for plantation. Through this study, an attempt has been made to recommend the selection and cultivation of high yield indigenous cash crops with the support of bio-fertilizers to maximize the use and production of these fallow lands and enhance the agricultural activities in the region and provide better livelihood options. The shift from the traditional method of plowing and sowing to new basic techniques has brought about encouraging results to the extent that these fields have now become favorite destinations of wild boars and monkeys. Hence, allowing us to mitigate this problem through various means.

In recent decades, climate change induced by enhanced global warming is one of the biggest challenges at the global level. Agriculture sectors significantly contribute to total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission to the atmosphere. Wheat and maize, cultivated globally, and consumed in different forms, are considered as crucial staple cereal for ensuring food security to global population. The management practices involving land preparation, sowing, fertilizer application, irrigation, pest management, etc. significantly influence the emission of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from agricultural soil. In this study, CO 2 and N 2 O emission were assessed from maize and wheat crops at four different levels of N fertilizer using cool farm tool model. Emissions of CO 2 per hectare varied from 331.4 to 1,088.3 kgCO 2 in maize and ranged from 292.3 to 765.3 kgCO 2 in wheat on application of different doses of N. The total GHG emission in maize crops ranged from 859.5 to 3,003.4 kgCO 2 eq per hectare with the application of nitrogen at varying levels (0–240 kg N per hectare). The highest N 2 O efflux (0.368 kg per ton) was observed at 240 kg N per hectare under wheat crop. The total on-farm emissions, through fertilizer production, account for about 33.7%, and emission of N 2 O contributes only 65.9%, whereas pesticides account merely 0.4% under maize-wheat cropping. This study confirms that the direct emission of N 2 O was totally dependent on N fertilizers application rate; however, the indirect emission was controlled by the fuels and energy consumption.

Inherited genes, hormonal imbalance, environmental factors, and mutation in genes are responsible for the development of breast cancer in females. Nowadays, passive immunotherapy is used to combat cancer. Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) and has a pronounced effect when used as adjuvant therapy, but high doses (4-8 mg/kg) and greater molecular weight (MW) increases liver retention. To fill this hiatus, antibody fragments (Fab) are generated and showed similar target specificity. The radiolabelling of Fab may provide the theranostic application in breast cancer patients. The Fab was generated from mAb trastuzumab and characterized by MALDI-TOF. The purified Fab was standardized for conjugation with bifunctional chelating agent DTPA. The purified conjugated Fab-DTPA product was considered for radiolabelling with Ga-68, Lu-177. The radionuclide and radiochemical purity of the product was determined. HER2 binding efficacy was checked on SKBR3 cells along with the bio-layer interferometry (BLI) technique. After quality control checks: sterility, pyrogenicity, human serum, and PBS stability; radiolabelled Fab-DTPA was subjected to molecular imaging. PET and SPECT imaging were correlated with LABC and histopathologically HER2 proven cases. The generated Fab (45 kDa) and Fab-DTPA (47 kDa) was confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Radiochemical purity of 68Ga/177Lu-Fab-DTPA was > 99 %. The high specificity of 177Lu-Fab-DTPA towards HER2 receptor was confirmed. The binding kinetic analysis (Kd)was 2 nM for Fab and 20 nM for Fab-DTPA. The products were stable and free from bacterial, fungal contamination up to 21 days, and endotoxin concentration (5-7 EU/mL) was found within the limit (175 EU/injection). The IC50 value calculated from the MTT assay of Lu-177 DTPA Fab was 71.1 nM (IC50 of trastuzumab 121.06 nM). PET/CT imaging of the patient was performed, MIP of 68Ga-Fab DTPA showed SUVmax-6 in the left breast which was concordant to 18F-FDG with SUVmax-11. SPECT/CT imaging with 177Lu- Fab-DTPA showed significant uptake in IHC proven HER2 breast cancer, while 18F-FDG showed SUVmax-17. Radiolabelled Fab-DTPA can be used as a theranostic molecule for HER2 positive breast cancers.

Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that develops 24 to 48 h followed by quitting drinking after a prolonged period of heavy drinking.AWS is mild to severe depending upon the duration and quantity of alcohol intake.Up to 50% of patients who use alcohol experience withdrawal symptoms.The AWS is primarily mediated by GABA and glutamate receptors.Many plants and plant derivatives are used to relieve the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.Though, benzodiazepines serve as the first-line drugs in treating AWS, on long-term usage they develop an addiction.This review consists of plants with potential therapeutic effects against AWS, published in the literature from 1999 to 2021.The review contains plant profiles include information about the botanical name, family, animals, methodology, model, the degree of protection, and the active agents against AWS.The literature review was undertaken by searching databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for articles using relevant keywords.Fifteen plants and nine plant derivatives were selected based on their potency in treating AWS.Studies have confirmed the effects of these medicinal plants and plant derivatives on alcohol withdrawal syndrome.The effects of these plants may prevent, reduce or treat alcohol withdrawal syndrome and other symptoms associated with it.

Application of K in soil at higher level showed significant enhancement in yield ,quality parameters of Bottle gouard and different forms of K. Highest value of total extractable K was found (2404 kg ha -1 ) with the application of 200 % K as basal (T4) while elimination of K from treatment (T1) resulted in considerable decrease in step K from initial status of soil.High degree of correlation value of available K with exchangeable K (r= 0.98 ** ) than with water soluble K (r= 0.78 ** ) showed that soil exchangeable phase played more significant role in regulating the availability of K. Key Word; Soil, Potassium ,Fertilizer, Quality parameters, Yield and Correlation. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Date of Submission: 12-06-2020 Date of Acceptance: 29-06-2020 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ranchi, Jharkhand, during Kharif and Rabi season to assess the effects of crop residue incorporation on soil total nitrogen dynamics at different stages of crop growth under maize-wheat cropping system.There were 5 treatments each replicated four times.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design.The result showed that application of N, P and K either alone or in combination with crop residue recorded significantly higher total N content over nutrient omission plots and total N was increased progressively with NPK + crop residue treatment over residue removal.The incorporation of crop residues significantly increased soil total N content with advancement of crop upto V 10 stage which varied from 0.066 -0.098 per cent while the lowest total N was reported at after harvest varied from 0.034-0.050per cent in maize crop.The lowest soil total nitrogen content was recorded in N omitted plot viz., 0.025 and 0.024 per cent with and without residue, respectively in wheat crop.Total N content of the soil at lower depth decreased with the depth (15-30 cm) varied from (0.022 -0.090 per cent) and (0.015 -0.071 per cent) with and without incorporation of wheat straw, respectively in maize crop.

An experiment was conducted in farm area of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, to study the indigenous nutrient supply from nutrient omission plots with and without incorporation of crop residues and their response on partial factor productivity, recoveries and efficiencies of applied nutrients under maize-wheat cropping system. The experiment comprising five treatments with and without crop residues incorporation, replicated four times in a RBD. The results revealed that Partial Factor Productivity of applied N, P & K under maize – wheat cropping system, for SSNM treatment was 37.88 and 35.19, 78.14 and 72.58 & 78.14 and 72.58 kg grain yield per kg N, P and K applied, which was higher than that of NPK treatment (34.57 and 33.01, 60.11 and 57.40 & 62.85 and 60.01 kg grain yield per kg N, P and K applied) with and without incorporation of crop residues, respectively. The agronomic use efficiency of applied N was higher (25.11 25.64 kg increase in grain yield per kg applied N) than applied P (24.69 – 27.43 kg increase in grain yield per kg applied P) and followed by applied K (15.77 – 20.34 kg increase in grain yield per kg applied K) in maize-wheat cropping system with and without incorporation of crop residues. With the incorporation of crop residues the nutrient internal use efficiency increased by 3% in wheat but there was not effect of residue incorporation on N internal use efficiency of maize and maize-wheat cropping system. Apparent recovery efficiency of applied N in maize, wheat and maize-wheat cropping system (61.54 – 62.16, 45.97 – 56.87 and 55.64 – 63.15 kg N taken up per kg N applied) was higher than applied P (9.16 – 12.43, 9.58 – 10.45 and 7.83 – 8.57 kg P taken up per kg P applied) and followed by K (84.24 – 89.79, 56.45 – 67.28 and 38.05 – 49.57 kg K taken up per kg K applied).

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effect of sulfur and zinc on yield attributes, yield and quality of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) crop on sandy loam soil, with each of four levels of sulphur i.e. 0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm and zinc i.e., 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 ppm, during rabi season, 2014-15, in pot culture house of Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The experiment was conducted in CRBD with four replications. The results indicated that application of 40 ppm S pot-1 and 5.0 ppm Zn pot-1 improved the yield components viz number of capsules plant-1 (55.80 a 54.47), number of seeds capsules-1 (8.40 a 8.35), 1000-seed weight (8.60 a 8.55 g), seed (14.33 a 13.91 g pot-1) and stover (20.75 a 20.45 g pot-1) yield as compared to other treatments. However, the yield values were statistically at par at 40 and 60 ppm S levels and 5.0 and 7.5 ppm Zn levels. The results also exhibited that oil and protein content of seed increased with the application of sulfur and zinc upto their highest levels. The oil and protein contents in seeds increased upto 60 ppm S (40.85 a 20.12 %) and 5.0 ppm Zn (40.70 a 19.87 %) respectively.

This study aims to portray the producer surplus and determinants of paddy in the district of Varanasi by using 90 samples comprise of less than one hectare, one to two hectare and above two hectare with the help of analytical tool linear and Cobb-Douglas production function. Result reveals that yield per hectare of paddy decreases with increasing size of farm and Absolute quantity of sale decreases with the size of family. Forced sale (distress sale) is a common feature on all the size group of farms because positive difference between marketable and marketed surplus Volume of production on marketable surplus is positively significant at one percent On large size group these factors volume of production, estimated consumption and the size of household membership which are significant at one per cent, two per cent and five per cent levels respectively. Linear function is fit very well compared to Cobb-Douglas function. Key word: Producer Surplus, determinant of marketable and marketed surplus, linear production function Research Article Cite this article: Kumar, R. and Appasmandri, S., Determinant and Quantifying Producer Surplus of Paddy in Varanasi District, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6(5): 97-101 (2018). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/23207051.6474 Kumar and Appasmandri Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 97-101 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 98 This study aims to quantify the amount of marketable and marketed surplus and to find the factor that determining these surpluses. MATERIAL AND METHODS The district Varanasi has been selected purposively for study as rank second in food grain production and Arajiline block was selected because of the fact that paddy is major crop, well equipped irrigation facility & infrastructure and major share in the markets of Rajatalab and Bishwehwar ganj market. Within the block five villages were selected based on the gross sown area and 30 farmers in each category (less than one hectare, one to two hectare and more than two hectare) thus 90 farmers totally surveyed for the study. Both Linear and Cobb-Douglas production function used for finding factor determining producer surplus. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Marketable surplus was influenced by many factors such as volume of production, size of family, land holding and etc. Table 1: Marketable surplus based on volume of production Particulars Less than one ha 12 ha Above 2 ha Total Farm Area under Paddy (ha) 0.31 0.47 1.69 0.69 Per hectare production (quintals) 34.18 34.02 25.30 16.03 Per form Production (quintals) 10.70 16.03 42.76 17.97 It is clear from the table.1. that the yield per hectare of paddy decreases with increasing size of farm. However, it varies from 34.18, 34.02, 25.30 quintals (per hectare) for less than one hectare, one to two hectare and above two hectare, respectively. A farm producing of small quantities may not be in a position to for sale as the production will be hardly sufficient for their family consumption. Table 2: Marketed surplus based on size of farm Particulars Less than one ha 12 ha Above 2 ha Total Farm Total production 10.73 16.03 42.76 19.97 Marketed surplus 5.16 9.33 26.67 11.57 Percentage of sale to total production 48.06 58.19 62.37 57.93 Percentage of sale to total sale 19.31 26.88 53.80 100.00 Table.2. indicate that as the size of farms increased, the percentage of sale to total production also increased. Below 1.00 hectare farms disposed of only 48 per cent of the total production. One to two hectares and above two hectare of farms sold 58 per cent and 63 percent of total production respectively. Thus it’s evident that the major portion of marketed surplus was contributed by above two hectare farms followed by one to two hectare farms and less than one hectare farm. Table 3: Marketed surplus based on size of household Particulars Size of household and membership All household Small Medium Large Less than one ha Production 11.94 10.27 11.00 10.73 Sale 8.19 (69) 4.44 (43) 3.00 (27) 5.16 (48) one to two hectare Production 12.67 17.53 14.50 16.03 Sale 10.00 (79) 11.92 (68) 4.73 (33) 9.33 (58 ) above two hectare Production 28.33 333.75 40.80 42.76 Sale 20.52 (72) 32.76 (65) 23.65 (58) 26.67 (62) All farms Production 15.37 19.02 24.88 19.97 Sale 11.02 (72) 11.37 (60) 12.32 (50) 11.57 (58) Kumar and Appasmandri Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 97-101 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 99 Note: Figures in parentheses show percentage to the marketed surplus in the respective size group The relationship is apparent from table 3 which shows production, sale and percentage to total production of paddy by size of household. As the size of household increases, the volume of marketed surplus in terms of percentage to total production decrease on the farms under group of below 1.00 hectare, it may be observed in the table that the absolute quantity of sale decreases with the size of family and its quite reverse to the all farms trend, while on the other size group of farms there is no specific trends of marketed surplus with the size of household. Table 4: difference between marketed and Marketable surplus of paddy Particulars Less than one ha 12 ha Above 2 ha Total Farm Marketable surplus(quintals) 3.58 (100) 7.73 (100) 25.90 (100) 10.31 (100) Marketed surplus (quintals) 5.16 (134) 9.33 (120) 26.67 (103) 11.57 (112) Difference (quintals) 1.31 (34) 1.60 (20.70) 0.68 (2.62) 1.26 (12) Note: Figures in parentheses show percentage to the marketed surplus in the respective size group. Table 4 reveals that the forced sale (distress sale) is a common feature on tall the size group of farms. This is evident by the positive difference between marketable and marketed surplus. In other words the marketed surplus is more than the marketable surplus in every size group of farms. The decreasing trend of the differences in percentage term reveals that as the size of farm increases the difference between marketed and marketable surplus in percentage to the marketable surplus decreases. Marketing channel for paddy in Varanasi district The common and mostly adopted channel for the purchase and sale of paddy in the study area observed were; (i) Producer  commission agent  miller  wholesaler  retailer  consumer In this channel, commission agent work on behalf of the produces, get offers and sell rice to the millers. (ii) Producer  itinerant trader  miller  wholesaler  retailer consumer In this merchant replaces commission agent. (iii) Producer  miller  wholesaler  retailer  consumer Here miller directly purchases from the producer and through wholesaler. (iv) Producer  consumer (v) Producer  Primary wholesaler  retailer  consumer Functional analysis: Linear Production Function Y= a + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + b3 X3 + b4 X4 Cobb-Douglas Production Function Y= a X1 b 1 X2 b 2 X3 b 3 X4 b 4 Whereas, Y= marketable Surplus X1= Proportion of area under paddy to the net area sown, X2= Volume of production of paddy, X3= Estimated family consumption during the year, and X4= Size of family in adult units. Table 5: Regression coefficient and other parameters for the marketable surplus by size of group (Linear Production function) Function and group size Degree of freedom a Regression co-efficient R b1 b2 b1 b1 Below 1 ha 34 -1.64 (1.58) 1.36 (1.97) 0.89* (1.58) 0.06 (1.05) 0.56 (1.36) 0.92 One to two hectare 25 -0.86 (1.38) -2.01 (4.56) 0.87* (0.06) -0.74* (0.26) 0.04 (0.24) 0.97 Above two hectare 16 -1.33 (1.76) -0.10 (6.82) 0.80* (0.02) 1.17** (0.41) 0.45 (0.40) 0.99 * Significant at 1 per cent level, ** Significant at 2 per cent level Kumar and Appasmandri Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 6 (5): 97-101 (2018) ISSN: 2320 – 7051 Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2018; IJPAB 100 Figures in parentheses show the standard Error. As per the table 5 which involves the results obtained through the use of linear function, the effects of volume of production on marketable surplus is positive and is significant at one percent level on all the size groups of farms. There is no other factor having significant effects on the volume of marketable surplus on a farm under the size group of below one hectare. However, on the other two size groups of the effect of estimated consumption is negative and significant at one per cent and two per cent levels of significance in second and third size groups respectively.The figures in table 6 which are the results of Cobb-Douglas production function depict that there is no factor (considered in the study) having any significant effect on the volume of marketable surplus on medium size group of farm. But, on the small size groups the level of production is the only affecting factors which have significant effect. On large size group these factors are volume of production, estimated consumption and the size of household membership which are significant at one per cent, two per cent and five per cent levels respectively. Table 5: Regression coefficient and other parameters for the marketable surplus by size of group (CobbDouglas Production function) Function and group size Degree of freedom a Regression co-efficient R b1 b2 b1 b1 Below 1 ha 34 -0.001 (1.41) -1.65 (1.21) 4.72* (1.25) -4.92 (3.74) 1.49 (4.89) 0.59 One to two hectare 25 0.37 (1.16) 0.95 (2.36) 3.71 (2.44) -3.48* (3.66) -0.29 (4.65) 0.60 Above two hectare 16 0.48 (0.11) 0.41 (0.22) 1.36* (0.15) 1.68** (0.61) 1.37*** (0.63) 0.94 * Significant at 1 per cent level, ** Significant at 2 per cent level Figures in parentheses show the standard Error. A comparison of R value in both the table depict that on all the size groups of farms the linear function find the best because of the higher values of R. CONCLUSION It is clear that the yield per hectare of paddy decreases with increasing size of farm. Size of farms increased the percentage of sale to total production also increased. It’s evident that the major portion of marketed surplus was contributed by above two hectare farms followed by one to two hectare farm

A registered product biozyme is extracted from a Norwegian Sea weed known as Ascophyllum nodosum.It is biodegradable and non-toxic for the plant and soil health as claimed by Biostadt company.Beside biozyme, several other zymes are also available in the market with some prefixes in the name.They claim, the zyme is toxin free, eco-friendly, bio degradable product containing growth hormones, elements, minerals and vitamins.Highly compatible with fertilizers and pesticides, it also increases the resistance of plants against various pests, diseases and climatic stress.These zymes are available in solid and liquid form and are being used as either top dressing or spraying on the crop canopy at important crop growth stages.As per some earlier studies, biozyme have claimed to have beneficial in crop growth both in vegetative part as well as in grain production.Keeping in view of its importance a field trial was formulated and being conducted in research farm of Bihar Agricultural University Bhagalpur (Bihar) to see the impact of Biozyme on the yield and soil microbes.