Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) as been used as traditional medicine for many years and they possess antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. Clove is known for its anticancer property on various cancer cell lines and is well established, but its anticancer effect on OSCC cell lines is less known. Aim of the study was to determine the anticancer and antioxidant effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on OSCC cell lines (KB cell lines) and compare the same with normal mouse fibroblasts cell lines (L292 cell lines). KB cell lines and L292 cell lines were commercially obtained. Clove was obtained from local market and ethanolic extract (EC) of clove was prepared. Anticancer activity was assessed by MTT, neutral red, DAPI and Double staining assay and antioxidant assay was carried out by FRAP, PM and DPPH assay. The antioxidant property of EC of clove increased with increase in the concentration in a dose dependent manner. Both MTT and Neutral Red assay showed increase in cell death with increase in concentration of EC of clove. Double staining and DAPI showed increase in cell death when treated with EC of clove. The anticancer and antioxidant activity of EC of clove was comparable with standard drug used in the assay. This in vitro study demonstrates effective anticancer and antioxidant activity on KB cell lines when compared to standard control. However, further studies are to be conducted in order to characterize other potential antitumor components of the clove, so that it can be used as therapeutic agent in treating oral carcinoma.

Ulcerative lesions of the oral cavity are versatile. Autoimmune disorders like pemphigus present themselves with multiple different variants of ulcerative lesions. The diagnosis of such lesion at an early stage is very important to treat the disease condition faster and wiser. It affects the quality of life of patients. This paper pemphigoid case is discussed which was confined to the oral cavity. The final diagnosis was made using histopathology. Later the patient was given steroids and immunosuppressants for the management of the disease. Conclusion-Oral medicine experts or dentists play an important role in diagnosing autoimmune disorders. An early diagnosis and treatment can help the patient recovering soon and it also further improves the patient's quality of life.

Introduction – Bone is a living, dynamic tissue, which undergoes remodelling throughout life, especially in adults. Deterioration of bone microarchitecture involves changes in the thickness and number of trabeculae, separation of trabeculae, and morphometric changes in the trabecula. Some studies suggest that changes in bone metabolism are reflected more so in the trabecular pattern rather than the bone mineral density. To further explore this, a short-study was carried out to investigate radiographically the relationship between the alveolar bone level and different trabecular bone patterns in periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods – A set of panoramic radiographs of 30 subjects was taken from radiology section, which included both males and females. Average alveolar bone level in a quadrant was calculated for each patient. Trabecular bone in the mandibular premolar area was categorised using Taguchi et alcriteria. The two variables were analysed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and regression analysis models. Result – A significant positive correlation was found between alveolar bone loss and density of trabecular pattern. Conclusion–With increasing grade of trabeculation, a larger alveolar bone loss can be expected. This may prove to be useful in preventing tooth loss as well as in implant planning. KeyWords: alveolar bone, trabecular bone pattern, panoramic radiographs.

Aim & Objective: To evaluate taste perception in early and advanced stage OSMF patient’s. Material & methods: By using physiological stimuli method, taste perception was assessed among the cases and controls. A total of 60 OSMF patients and 30 controls were included in the study.Chi square test and MannWhitney test wereused to evaluate the taste response. Results: Showed delayed taste perception in OSMF patients as compared to controls. Advanced stage OSMF patients showed maximum delayed response towards salty taste. Conclusion: Taste perception alters in OSMF patients and progresses as the severity of disease progresses.

Application of electricity in the field of medicine is not a new invention. In fact, it has been used over the past 150 years ago to treat bone fractures. Electromedicine was not in much use, and it has been recently revived due to its therapeutic benefits. Electrotherapy modality, especially transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), is traditionally used for a pain relief and also frequently used modality in the management of dental-related pain. However, microcurrent electrical therapy which is fairly a new technology used for tissue repair along with electroanalgesia for a variety of clinical conditions has been less explored in dental practice microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) uses theoretically negligible amount of current at cellular level in relieving pain and promoting accelerated healing of damaged and inflamed tissue, which makes it as an efficient treatment modality in the management of pain with least number of side effects than drugs in chronic situations. It is also proposed that MENS is a superior modality in the treatment of masticatory muscle pain due to its electroanalgesia and tissue repair action. Hence, this article briefly reviews the application, effects, and side effects of MENS compared to traditional TENS.

Background: Trace elements have been found to be altered in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), an oral potentially malignant disorder which occurs as a result of a derangement in collagen metabolism. The literature on variation observed in the parameters of trace elements, in the saliva of OSMF patients and its correlation with the staging of OSMF, is limited. Hence, a case-control study was carried out to estimate the salivary concentrations of copper, zinc, and iron in OSMF patients. Materials and Methods: Out of the 120 patients enrolled, 60 OSMF cases and 60 healthy individuals were studied. Unstimulated whole saliva from each subject was centrifuged and the supernatant stored at -80°C. Laboratory analysis was done to estimate copper, zinc, and iron and the values were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean values of salivary copper, zinc, and iron were lower in OSMF cases than the controls and the mean copper to zinc ratio was higher in the cases, the differences being statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The chance differences that occurred in our study might have been due to lifestyle variations among the different subjects. Saliva may or may not be a representative of the changes seen in the trace element levels of OSMF patients.

Oral submucous fibrosis is a chronic disease of insidious onset feature of the deposition of fibrous tissue in the submucous layer of the palate, fauces, cheek, lips, pharynx, and esophagus which also affect muscles of mastication resulting in trismus and disability due to muscle hypertrophy highly widespread in the Indian subcontinent and mainly caused by areca nut chewing and other irritants in various forms. It is a potentially cruel condition and is of major concern to oral physicians. The multifactorial nature of this disorder is discussed in past literature. Still now, only one case paper published on tamarind that this is the second paper which presents a case of oral submucous fibrosis in 45 years female patient who had tamarind seed chewing habit.

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell derived malignancy which involves long bones, skull and jaw bone. Sometimes the disease primarily involves jaw bone or occurs along with other bones causing changes in oral cavity which can be detected by a dentist.

Dens invaginatus (DI) which is even called as tooth within tooth is a rare developmental anomaly which results from a deep invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papilla during odontogenesis. This invagination can range from a slight pitting (coronal type) to an anomaly occupying most of the crown and root (radicular type). On clinical examination it may reveal a deep fissure or pit on the surface of a tooth, but radiographic examination is mandatory to diagnose the deep invagination. The presence of DI in the mandibular premolar teeth is rare and unusual. In this paper a 32- year-old female complaining of mobility with a premolar and its management is discussed in detail. The basic objective of this case presentation is to report a rare case of dens invaginatus occurring in the right mandibular premolar with brief review of literature. Keywords: Double dens in dente, Dens invaginatus, Mandibular premolar

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:(1) To determine the usefulness of mandibular ramus as an aid in sex determination. (2) To evaluate Anteroposterior | superioinferior angle of mandibular condyle.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted using orthopantomographs of 60 males and 60 females, which were taken using Kodak 8000C Digital Panoramic and Cephalometric System (73 kVp, 12 mA, 13.9 s). The age group ranged between 18 - 45 years. Mandibular ramus measurements were carried out using Master View 3.0 software. The measurements of the mandibular ramus will be subjected to Discriminant function analysis.RESULTS:Maximum ramus breadth, Minimum ramus breadth, Condylar height, Projective height of ramus Coronoid height were calculated for both the sexes differently with the formula & analyzed with Discriminant function analysis using Fischer exact test. The P value was statistically significant with the P value < 0.05 for the following parameters Max. ramus breadth, Condylar height and Projective height of ramus.CONCLUSION:Mandibular ramus measurements can be a useful tool for gender determination.

As oral physicians, we come across many oral mucosal lesions that usually require a supplementary biopsy with histopathologic examination to establish a definite diagnosis. The selection of the site for biopsy is the most important criteria to arrive at a correct diagnosis. As biopsy site is a subjective choice, it is possible that the biopsy specimens are taken from unrepresentative areas of the lesion. At present, though there are simple chair side methods to aid the diagnosis of such changes, there is a high risk of false positives. Hence, there is a need of a simple and reliable method for selecting the most appropriate area for biopsy. One such method is colposcopy that may be beneficial as compared to routine clinical examination. Hence, this article stresses on the colposcopic method that can be used to select biopsy sites which should be evaluated in further clinical studies.

Aim and Objectives : To estimate the level of nicotine dependence in a group of smokers by using six- question Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND). 1) To assess the level of nicotine dependence. 2) To evaluate the level of nicotine dependence with duration of the habit. Materials and Methods : The total sample size of the above study includes 130 patients. The age groups ranged between 16-60 years were selected. Six- questions from Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) were used to elicit the nicotine dependence. The study group included tobacco users with only smoking habit and excluded the subjects not willing to participate and also smokers who are also tobacco chewers. All the results were transferred onto Microsoft excel sheet and evaluated statistically by using Chi-square test. Results : Depending upon the age of the smokers, 4 grouping was done as follows. The number of individuals in study participation noticed between 21-30 years were 101 smokers (77.69%). With least noticed in >40 years age group 6 (4.6%). Frequency of smoking ranging between <5day to >10 |day, no of smokers, with frequency of <5 |day were more 91 (70%), followed by 6-10 |day among 31 (23.85%) of them, with frequency of >10 |day in 8 (6.15%) individuals. Duration of smoking mentioned in number of years ranging from <5 years to >10 years. Highest no. of smokers that is 105 (80.77%) were smoking <5 years with least number of smokers 5 (3.85%) smoking from last 10 years. Determines type of nicotine dependence, ranging from mild to severe variant. Majority of Nicotine dependence was mild noticed among 86 (66.15%). Smokers with least numbers noticed as severe nicotine dependence among 6 (4.62%) smokers. Association of duration of smoking with dependence statistical significance noticed. Statistical significant noticed between the association of frequency of smoking with dependence. Conclusion: Short study reveals the type of nicotine dependence, ranging from mild to severe by six- question Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) based on duration & frequency of smoking

Pyogenic granuloma is thought to represent an exuberant tissue response to local irritation or trauma. It is a tissue reactional to constant minor trauma and might be related to hormonal changes. Clinically these lesions usually present as single nodule or sessile papule with smooth or lobulated surface. The size at diagnosis may vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Pyogenic granuloma of the oral cavity is known to involve the gingiva more commonly (75% of all cases). Here we are describing a case of pyogenic granuloma presenting on left maxillary upper buccal gingival relation to (14 and 15) in a 38 -year old female patient.

Background: Hypertension is one of the most common medical problems seen in our dental profession. Nutrient canals are spaces in bones and are considered to be channels that transmit blood vessels and nerves. They are observed more frequently in the mandibular anterior region as radiolucent lines in intraoral periapical radiographs. The radiographically observable nutrient canals have been shown to have an association with various systemic diseases like hypertension. This can be used as an evidence for the detection of hypertensive patients for better diagnosis and treatment decisions. Aim and objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate if any correlation exists between nutrient canals and hypertension. Materials and methods: Two hundred patients with hypertension for 1 to 10 years (groups I and II) and 100 age matched controls (group III) were included in the study. The prevalence of nutrient canals in all the groups and with reference to age and gender was observed along with the comparison between intraoral conventional and digital radiography.

Geriatric dentistry or gerodontics is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal ageing and age-related diseases as part of an inter-disciplinary team with other health care professionals. Geriatric health is an ignored and under-explored area worldwide. Oral health reflects overall well being for the elderly population. Conversely, elderly patients are more predisposed to oral conditions due to age-related systemic diseases and functional changes. The major barriers to practising geriatric dentistry are the lack of trained faculty members, a crowded curriculum and monetary concerns. For successful treatment, the practitioner must adopt a humanitarian approach and develop a better understanding of the feelings and attitudes of the elderly. Prevention and early intervention strategies must be formulated to reduce the risk of oral diseases in this population. In future, dental professionals must have a proper understanding of the magnitude of the services to be provided to the elderly. This could only be realised through an education programme in geriatric dentistry, which should be started without further delay. This article hence sets out the objectives, needs, present scenario, strategies and types of dental treatment required by the elderly population.

AbstractIncreasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is a practical strategy to optimize good health and to reduce the risk of various chronic diseases and cancer. There are approximately 5,000 individual phytochemicals which have been identified. These interfere with multiple important cellular pathways and play an important role in maintaining balance between health and disease. This article aims to provide awareness of various additive and synergistic effects of these natural occurring chemical substances (phytochemicals) found in various fruits and vegetables. Their mechanism of action in preventing various chronic diseases and cancer is also been highlighted in this article. Grouping plant foods by color provides simplification, but it is also important as a method to help consumer′s make-wise food choices and promote health. We believe phytochemicals can be best acquired through whole-food consumption and not through the pills or an extracts.