BACKGROUND:The Positive Organizational Culture construct is a set of shared practices, values, and behaviors within an organization that promote healthy and motivating working environments. This study develops a new scale called the Positive Organizational Culture Scale (POCS) to assess how organizational values affect well-being and work performance. METHOD:The sample consisted of 1,420 workers in Chile, with an average age of 39.48 years (SD = 11.13). Over half (55.0%) worked in the public sector, 34.5% worked in private organizations, and 10.5% worked in private non-profit organizations. The study examined item descriptions, the scale's internal structure, its measurement invariance regarding sex and organization, and its relationship with other psychological variables (organizational climate, professional burnout, psychosomatic symptomatology). RESULTS:The POCS showed a good fit to a correlated two-factor structure (People-Oriented Culture and Results-Oriented Culture; CFI = .94; RMSEA = 0.08), demonstrating measurement invariance regarding sex and type of organization. The findings show that the POCS has 36 items exhibiting satisfactory psychometric properties and a structure consisting of two first-order factors, which exhibit distinct associations with the other recorded variables. CONCLUSIONS:The POCS provides relevant information for formulating actions aimed at enhancing the work environment in the Chilean context.

The inaugural editorial of the Ibero-American Journal of Psychology and Public Policy (IJP&PP) aims to introduce the scientific community of Ibero-American psychology to the meaning and purposes behind this periodical, which seeks to facilitate the connection between academic research and professional practice in programs and institutions. It does so by providing evidence that supports the implementation of public policies that incorporate a psychosocial perspective. The discussion of the results of the first four published studies is a starting point for the contribution that psychological science can make to human welfare in Ibero-America. From the editorial team of IJP&PP, we make a call to action for the active participation of the Iberoamerican scientific community in the contribution of research and experiences related to psychology and public policies.

We aimed to provide evidence of validity and reliability for the scores of a stressful life events risk assessment in offender and non-offender Chilean adolescents. The design was instrumental. A total of 2,516 adolescents from two previous projects were part of the study. The offender sub-sample (25.36%) was recruited by non-probabilistic convenience sampling and the non-offender (74.64%) by proportional and stratified by conglomerates sampling. We identified 47 items that are risk factors for delinquency and antisocial outcomes, and we grouped them into six theoretical dimensions. We obtained good content coherence, acceptable internal consistency, adequate factor structure, convergent associations with theoretically related constructs, and predictive capacity for some dimensions. The logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents who accumulated more risk factors had an augmented risk of being an offender. The hierarchical multiple regression indicated that four of the six dimensions were predictors of violent antisocial behavior. As evidence of three validity sources and reliability were demonstrated, we recommend using the scale for detecting events that are risk factors of antisocial and delinquent behavior in adolescents and for intervention to prevent violent criminal and antisocial conduct.

Abstract Co-active coping is a fundamental construct in organizational and work environments as it allows for the exploration of individual and group behaviors within organizations. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Co-Active Coping Inventory in the Chilean context. The sample was comprised of 1,442 workers with an average age of 30.48 years (SD = 11.13). 55% were public-sector workers, 34.5% were workers in private commercial organizations, and 10.5% belonged to non-profit private organizations. Different exploratory factor analyses were performed, and the best exploratory model was verified with a confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, multiple linear regressions were used to analyze which dimensions of co-active coping helped predict workers’ burnout (emotional exhaustion, affective hardening, and personal fulfillment) and symptomatology (psychological and somatic). Based on the exploratory and confirmatory approach, the Co-Active Coping Inventory showed a good fit to a structure of five correlated factors (Reflective Action, Rash Action, Search for Spiritual Support, Search for Affective Support and Evasion), demonstrating measurement invariance in terms of sex and type of organization. The different domains of co-active coping explain between 20% (emotional exhaustion) and 41% (affective hardening) of occupational burnout and around 3–5% of workers’ symptomatology, with reflective action being the most important variable. These results indicate that the new scale has suitable psychometric properties; it can assess coping strategies in the Chilean organizational context in a reliable and valid way. These coping strategies have demonstrated certain importance in relation to organizational and clinical variables.

RESUMENEsta investigación examinó la posible relación entre las experiencias de vida adversas y la desadaptación social, sobre el riesgo de reincidencia sexual en adolescentes involucrados en prácticas sexuales abusivas.Mediante un enfoque cuantitativo se analizó a 115 adolescentes hombres en tratamiento especializado, aplicando tres instrumentos: Cuestionario de Comportamiento Social Adolescente (CACSA), Escala de Enganche Delictivo (EGED) y Escala de Tamizaje de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia (EEA).El riesgo de reincidencia sexual se evaluó mediante ERASOR 2.0.Los resultados destacaron que los adolescentes presentaban un elevado número de experiencias adversas en la infancia, especialmente el grupo de alto riesgo.En términos de comportamiento, el grupo de alto riesgo mostró puntuaciones elevadas en conductas desadaptativas, mientras el grupo de riesgo bajo exhibió un comportamiento más prosocial.Respecto del comportamiento desadaptativo asociado a transgresión a la ley, el grupo de alto riesgo mostró valores más elevados.Se identificó que la presencia de infracción de ley general en estos adolescentes se relaciona con un mayor riesgo de reincidencia sexual.Se resalta la relevancia de un abordaje especializado y se subraya la necesidad de políticas públicas preventivas integrales para la violencia sexual en adolescentes.

Evidence from several longitudinal studies has established the relevance of the approach of evolutionary criminology to understanding and intervening with adolescent criminal offenders, seeking to halt the criminal behavior before its potential consolidation in adulthood. The aim of this study is to present the psychometric properties of the Criminal Engagement Severity Scale (EGED) to discriminate between transitory and persistent delinquency in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. The characteristics of the sample are revealed through descriptive analyses, and evidence of validity and reliability is provided that show its discriminant capacity using ROC curves and odds ratios, measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's α and McDonald's Ω), intraclass correlation, and unidimensional statistics. The results indicate that the EGED adequately discriminates between transitory and persistent delinquency, so that its use in contexts of assessment and intervention with adolescent criminal offenders can be recommended, because it helps to determine the intensity of the intervention required.

En este artículo, en la modalidad de ensayo, se analiza la construcción de identidad en jóvenes infractores de ley a partir del resultado de un conjunto de investigaciones realizadas con población infanto-juvenil urbana, que vive en condiciones de pobreza en regiones del sur de Chile. Estas investigaciones desarrolladas durante más de dos décadas, primero de tipo cualitativo y luego cuantitativo, permiten identificar particularidades en el proceso de construcción de identidad, que hacen posible plantear una identidad delictiva conformada en un proceso de larga data en niños y adolescentes que viven la experiencia de desadaptación social, apreciándose diferentes trayectorias persistentes en el tiempo. En adolescentes que construyen una identidad que valida la delincuencia como forma de vida, si bien se identifican factores de riesgos en diversos planos, similares a los que la literatura destaca, en la realidad estudiada aparecen importantes condiciones contextuales (dinámica familiar, condiciones barriales, experiencias escolares y con programas de intervención, etc.) que desempeñan un papel de relevancia que valida y refuerza esa identidad.

Moral disengagement is a process of cognitive restructuring that allows individuals to disassociate from their internal moral standards and behave unethically without feeling distressed. It has been described as a key predictor of maladaptive behaviors (e.g., delinquency, aggression, and cyberbullying) and as a mediator between individual variables and unethical outcomes (e.g., empathy and aggression). We aimed to provide evidence of validity based on the internal structure, reliability, and correlations with other constructs of the most used instrument to measure disengagement from moral self-sanctions: Bandura's Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS). A non-probabilistic national sample of 528 Chilean adolescents from 14 to 18 years participated in the study. The results showed that the 10-item version of the MMDS had a unidimensional structure and good internal consistency. As expected, the MMDS-10 showed positive and medium correlations with abusive, violent antisocial, and delinquent behaviors and negative and medium associations with prosocial behavior and empathy. Additionally, moral disengagement fully mediated the relationship between empathy and violent antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis on moral disengagement as a self-regulatory cognitive process. The results confirm previous research, and the findings are discussed in terms of their implications for reducing the use of moral disengagement strategies in adolescence.

This article, in the form of an essay, analyses the construc-tion of identity in young law-breakers based on the results of a series of investigations carried out with urban children and young people living in poverty in the southern regions of Chile. This research, developed over more than two decades, first qualitatively and then quantitatively, allows identifying particularities in the process of identity construction, which make it possible to propose a criminal identity formed during a long-standing process in children and adolescents who live through the experience of social maladjustment, showing different persistent trajectories over time. In adolescents who construct an identity that validates delinquency as a way of life, although risk factors are identified at various levels, similar to those highlighted in the literature, in the reality studied there are important contextual conditions (family dynamics, neighbourhood conditions, school experiences and intervention programmes, etc.) that play a relevant role in validating and reinforcing this identity.

The FER-R, Risk and Resource Assessment Form, is a multidimensional inventory of structured professional judgment that assesses criminogenic risks and resources for the design and management of individualized intervention plans with criminally sanctioned adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the FER-R, reviewing its factorial structure to contribute evidence of convergent and discriminant construct validity in a sample of adolescents sentenced for crimes in Chile. For each domain (risks and resources) with its respective facets, a unidimensional bifactor structure (CFA-BF) was obtained, with adequate indices of fit that confirmed its construct validity, while the convergent validity was demonstrated with the YLS/CMI and the divergent validity with two MACI scales. The FER-R adds factorial validity to the evidence of the previously reported predictive validity, making it a robust inventory for the evaluation of young offenders, and a relevant tool to manage differentiated interventions in Chile, with a high potential for use in Latin America. The importance of finding a suitable balance in assessing risks and protective factors is discussed, in order to manage interventions adjusted to the needs of the adolescents to promote their criminal desistance.

Objective: To explore the psychometric properties of the ERASOR 2.0 instrument in a sample of Chilean adolescents who have committed abusive sexual practices. Methodology: The records of 196 adolescents males between the ages of 12 and 18 from six regions of the country were analyzed through an instrumental design. Results: Based on external criteria from the MACI and CACSA instruments, the psychometric properties of reliability analyses (Cronbach's Alpha 0.75), inter-rater reliability (Fleiss' Kappa 0.67) and concurring validity. Discussion: This study stands out because it is the instrument's first psychometric exploration in Latin America in which adequate evidence of reliability and validity is reported, which support its use in treatment programs and legalforensic contexts in Chile.

Antecedentes. El clima organizacional (CO) es un constructo fundamental en entornos laborales y organizacionales, ya que permite la exploración de comportamientos individuales y grupales dentro de las organizaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar una nueva escala llamada Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo (ECALS) en el contexto chileno. Método. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.442 trabajadores con una media de edad de 30,48 años (DT: 11,13). Un total de 55% fueron trabajadores públicos, un 34,5% fueron trabajadores de organizaciones privadas con fines de lucro y un 10,5% pertenecían a organizaciones privadas sin fines de lucro. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes análisis factoriales exploratorios y el mejor modelo exploratorio se comprobó en un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Además, se analizó si existían diferencias en las dimensiones del ECALS entre los trabajadores pertenecientes a las diferentes organizaciones. Resultados. La escala estuvo formada por 38 ítems con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y una estructura bifactor, con un factor general (CO) y cinco dimensiones específicas (Confianza organizacional, Tensión laboral, Apoyo social, Retribución, y Satisfacción laboral). Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que la nueva escala tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, permitiendo evaluar de manera fiable y válida el clima organizacional en el contexto chileno. Background. Organizational climate is a fundamental construct in work and organizational settings, as it provides an appropriate context for studying organizational behavior, allowing the exploration of individual and group behaviors. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Organizational Climate Scale of the Subjective Work Environment (Escala de Clima Organizacional del Ambiente Laboral Subjetivo; ECALS) in a Chilean context. Method. The sample consisted of 1,442 workers with a mean age of 30.48 years old (SD: 11.13). A total of 55% were public employers, 34.5% were employers of for-profit organizations and, 10.5% worked for non-profit organizations. Various exploratory factor analyses were carried out and the best exploratory model was checked in confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, it was analyzed whether there were differences in the dimensions of the ECALS among workers belonging to the different organizations. Results. The scale was made up of 38 items with adequate psychometric properties and a bifactorial structure, with a general factor (organizational climate) and five specific dimensions (Work confidence, Work stress, Social support, Compensation and Job satisfaction). Conclusions. These results indicate that the new scale has adequate psychometric properties, allowing reliable, valid assessment of organizational climates in the Chilean context.

Universidad de La Frontera, (Chile), DIUFRO Project [120510]; Principality of Asturias [BP17-78]

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las variables psicosociales y criminológicas asociadas a los adolescentes que desarrollan prácticas abusivas sexuales (PAS), en función de la edad de las víctimas. Mediante un diseño no experimental y transversal, con características descriptivas y correlacionales, se analizan antecedentes psicosociales y criminológicos de 232 adolescentes varones que han realizado PAS. Los resultados indican diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los adolescentes que cometen PAS contra víctimas menores, en contraste con quienes abusan de víctimas pares, tanto en las variables psicosociales (trayectoria escolar e historial de victimizaciones) como en las variables criminológicas (contexto de la práctica abusiva sexual y relación adolescente-víctima). Finalmente, se discuten los resultados en relación con la evidencia internacional y las implicaciones de la generación de conocimientos sobre la temática.

Universidad de La Frontera, (Chile), DIUFRO Project [120510]; Principality of Asturias [BP17-78]

Objetivo: Explorar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento ERASOR 2.0 en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos que han cometido prácticas sexuales abusivas. Método: A través de un diseño instrumental se analizaron los registros de 196 adolescentes varones entre 12 y 18 años, procedentes de seis regiones del país. Resultados: Con base en criterios externos extraídos de los instrumentos MACI y CACSA se informan aceptables propiedades psicométricas de análisis de fiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach 0.75), confiabilidad interjueces (kappa de Fleiss 0.67) y validez concurrente. Discusión: El presente estudio destaca por ser la primera exploración psicométrica del instrumento en Latinoamérica, en la cual se reporta una adecuada evidencia de confiabilidad y validez que sustentan su uso en programas de tratamientos y contextos jurídico-forenses de Chile.

Aim: The study is framed in evolutionary criminology, analyzing the role of personality, risk and criminal history in the development of persistent criminal trajectories observed in young adulthood. Personality variables observed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III), criminal risk levels according to the Risk-Need-Responsivity model (RNR), and criminal trajectory according to the Multidimensional Model of Differentiated Intervention with Adolescents (MMIDA) are identified. Method: 200 young men (18 to 26 years old) held in two Chilean prisons took part. All voluntarily responded to two instruments (MCMI-III and EDA-A) in individual applications and penitentiary professionals assessed the risk instrument (IGI). Results: A cluster analysis was performed with the scores obtained on the MCMI-III, establishing 5 groupings that define and describe risk levels and criminal history, comparing them conceptually with the typology of the MMIDA. Discussion: It was concluded in 4 clusters that central characteristics of the types defined by the MMIDA in adolescents are preserved, whereas in the fifth differences attributable to neuropsychological maturation processes inherent to the age are observed. The results are discussed, demonstrating the need to recognize the period of youth, beyond 18 years, as a phase that requires specialized interventions from the youth penal system, given their greater neuropsychological plasticity and receptivity to interventions.